Beamforming Antennas

Beamforming Antennas for
Wireless Communications
Yikun Huang, Ph.D.

ECE/CCB
[email protected]
November 24 2003
Outline
Introduction
Beamforming and its applications
Beamforming antennas vs. omnidirectional antennas
Phased Array Antennas

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
Beamforming
Basic configurations: fixed array and adaptive array
smart antenna systems:switched array and adaptive array
Vector Antennas
DOA and polarization

super CART
3-loop and 2-loop vector antenna array
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
Vector antenna vs. phased array antenna
Beamforming antennas for WLAN

Infrastructure mode
An indoor WLAN design
Ad hoc mode
Ad hoc WLAN for rural area
Conclusion
Applications of beamforming technology

Applications
Description
RADAR
Phased array RADAR; air traffic control; synthetic

aperture RADAR
SONAR
Source location and classification
Communications
Imaging
Smart antenna systems; Directional transmission and

reception; sector broadcast in satellite communications
Ultrasonic; optical; tomographic
Geophysical Exploration
Earth crust mapping; oil exploration
Astrophysical Exploration
High resolution imaging of universe
Biomedical
Neuronal spike discrimination; fetal heart monitoring;

tissue hyperthermia; hearing aids
Source: B.D.Van Veen and K.M. Buckley, University of Michigan, Beamforming: A

Versatile approach to spatial filtering,1988
Phased array RADAR
1
6
Phased array spike sorting

1
5
0.148
0.534
t
1.210
1.210
1
4
0.139
1
3
Rn( 13 t )
0.534
1
2
0.183
0.539
t
1.210
1
0
0.147
Rn( 9 t )
0.534
t
1.2 10
0.147
Rn( 7 t )
Neuronal
spikes
recorded by
electrode
array
1
1
Rn( 11 t )
0.534
t
1.2 10
0.183
0.539
4
1.210
1.210
1.210
Rn( 5 t )
0.139
Rn( 3 t )
0.534
Phased array spike sorting system
Rn( 15 t )
0.14
Rn( 1 t )
0.534
0
Center for Computational Biology, MSU
0.042
Ey 3n ( t )
0.187
0
1.2 10
0.056
Ey 2n ( t )
0.205
0
1.2 10
Sorted
Spike of
individual
neurons.
0.139
Ey 1n( t )
0.544
0
1.210
side view(vertical)
top view(horizontal)
Patterns, beamwidth & Gain

side lobes
Main lobe
nulls
1/ 2
Half-power
beam width
Half-power
beam width
78
Isotropic dipole
half-wave dipole
Half-power
beam width
1/ 2
beamformer
Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas

1)
Beamformers have much higher Gain than omnidirectional antennas:

Increase coverage and reduce number of antennas!
GN
N2
Gain:
G1
120
90
6
6
60
4
150
30
2
Field( 6 0 )
Field( 2 0 )
Field( 1 0 )
180
210
330
240
300
270
9.96110

2) Beamformers can reject interference while omnidirectional
antennas cant: Improve SNR and system capacity!
interference
user
null
interference
user
3) Beamformers directionally send down link information to the

users while omnidirectional antennas cant: save energy!

4) Beamformers provide N-fold diversity Gain of omnidirectional antennas:
increase system capacity(SDMA)
5) Beamformers suppress delay spread:improve signal quality
null
user
multipath
user
DOA estimation
Plane wave
N-3
N-2
N-1
k d sin k
phase delay
2d
sin k kd sin k
Beamforming
1,,k
2,,k
3,,k
4,,k
5,,k
6,,k
N-3
N-2
N-1
N-3,,k N-2,,k N-1,,k N,,k
7,,k
phase shifters
N ,k (N 1)(kd sin k )
Basic phased array configurations

sN(k)
y (k )
w*2
s2(k)
s1(k)
w*1
s1(k)
w*2,1
Z-1
w*1,0
Narrowband
.
.
.
Z-1
w*2,0
.
.
.
w*N,1
w*N,k-1
Z-1
.
.
.
s2(k)
.
.
.
w*N,0
Z-1
w*2,k-1
Z-1
w*1,1
.
.
.
w*N
sN(k)
Z-1
w*1,k-1
broadband
phased array (fixed/adaptive) configurations-time domain
y (k )
s2(k)
s1(k)
F
F
T
F
F
T
w*N
.
.
.
.
.
.
w*2
I
F
F
T
d (t )
y (k )
MSE
F
F
T
sN(k)
F
F
T
Basic phased array configurations
w*1
broadband
phased array (fixed/adaptive) configuration-frequency domain
Smart antenna systems
Military
networks
switched array
adaptive array
Cellular
communication
networks
switched array
adaptive array
3G Data rate:100kbps
Wireless
local area
networks
switched array
adaptive array
Wi-Fi Data rate:11Mbps

5
interference
8
16
10
15
11
12
13
14
Switched array (predetermined)
user

Interference 1
user 1
user 2
Interference 2
Adaptive array
Smart antenna system

Example: Vivato 2.4 GHz indoor & outdoor Wi-Fi Switches
(EIRP=44dBm;Gain=25 dBi;3-beam)
In door range
(Mixed Office)
11 Mbps: up to 300m
5.5 Mbps: up to 400m
2 Mbps: up to 500m
1 Mbps: up to 600m
Out door range

(outdoor to indoor)
11 Mbps: up to 1.00km
5.5 Mbps: up to 1.25km
Out door range

(outdoor to outdoor)
5.5 Mbps: up to 5.10km
Active user per switch
100
www.vivato.net
100
12
Polarization
circular
Ei
E i sin e j
ellipse
linear
Z
i
E cos
=90
=45
=0
Super CART
SuperCART
Compact array radiolocation technology
Flam&Russell,Inc.,1990
U.S. Patent No., 5,300,885;1994
Frequency range: 2 30 MHz
3-loop
V6
V4
Ve I ( ) Z L
V1
V2
V3
V5
kb0.5
i
I z H 0
i
I y E0
V0e I (0) Z L
2-loop
Blind point
H
S
Steering vector
ey
0
4
ez
hx
h
z
sin 0 cos
sin
sin 0
cos 0
cos 0 cos
Ei0
H
i
0
ex2 ey2 ez2 1
hx2 hy2 hz2 1
sin
sin e j
cos
Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas
Vector antennas measure: ,,,, and power simultaneously,

no phase shift device, or synchronization is needed.
Phased array antennas with omnidirectional element measure:

,, and power

VA
SA
VA
SA
Source: Nehorai,A.,University of Illinois at Chicago

Vector antenna: no ambiguities for DOA estimation
e x , e y , e z , h x , h y , hz , , , , P
Phased array antennas: spatial ambiguities exist
1
2
f1 sin 1 f2 sin 2
Vector antennas Vs. phased array antennas

Disadvantages of vector antennas
Low profile?
f=2.4GHz, =0.125m; vector antenna size: 0.0125m ~ 0.063m
Phased array:d /2=0.063m;L=(N-1)d: 0.188m-0.69m(N=412)
f=800MHz, =0.375m; antenna size: 0.04m ~ 0.19m
Phased array:d /2=0.19m;L=(N-1)d: 0.56m-2.06m(N=412)
Cheap?
Can use hardware and software of existing communication
systems for performance?
Working in scattering environment
source:M.R. Andrews et al., Nature, Vol. 409(6818), 18 Jan. 2001, pp 316-318.
Low profile antennas with polarization diversity

(a) 2-dipole(monopole)
(b) 2-loop
(c) dipole-loop
Packet switching
AP1
AP2
A
user
Handoff between Aps

was not standardized
at the same time as
802.11b
TDD/TDMA
Packet switching: 3 beam system

Pi 1
Pi 1 Pi 1
Pi
Pi
i
max
1 / d 2 ( / 2), d 1
i
DOA max
d ( / 2),
d 1
i
max 1 / d 2 ( / 2), d 1
Pi 1
P. Sanchis, et al. 02

A 4-story office building (including basement), high 30 m, wide 60m and long 100m. We plan
to install a Vivato switched array on the 3rd floor.
Switched array
3
h=30m
2
1
Basement
w=60m
L=100m

Data rate
1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps
APs EIEP
44dBm
APs antenna Gain GA
25 dBi
PC antenna Gain GP
0 dBi
Shadowing
8dB
APs antenna receiving sensitivity Smin
-95dBm ,-92dBm, ,-89dBm, -86dBm
APs Noise floor
-178dBm/Hz
Body/orientation loss
2dB
Soft partition attenuate factor (p= number)
p1.39 dB
Concrete-wall attenuate factor(q= number)
q2.38 dB
Average floor attenuation(floor number)
14.0dB(1),19.0dB(2),23.0dB(3),26.0dB(4)
Frequency
2.4GHz
Reference pathloss PL0 (LOS/NLS, r=1m)
45.9dB/ 50.3dB
Pathloss exponent (LOS/NLS, r=1m)
2.1/3.0
Pathloss standard deviation (LOS/NLS)
2.3dB/4.1dB
Average floor attenuation(floor number)
14.0dB(1),19.0dB(2),23.0dB(3),26.0dB(4)
Data of APs antenna is from www.vivato.net

Mean pathloss with smin:
Allowable pathloss:
L EIRP Smin GP
PLallowable L Lw Lsm Lfl Lsd Lo
Path loss model: PL( r ) PL0 10 log(
r
)
r0
PL(r ) PLal
Case 1: user is on the 3rd floor: 3 concrete walls, 3 soft partitions
The coverage ranges are: r=176m,140m,111m and 88m for date rate at 1Mbps,
2Mbps, 5.5Mbps and 11Mbps respectively .
Case 2: user is in the basement : 3 floors; 2 concrete walls, 3 soft partitions
The coverage ranges are:r=36m,29m,23m and 18m for date rate at 1Mbps, 2Mbps,
5.5Mbps and 11Mbps respectively
Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
throughput obtained by each node
new
routing
protocol
P.Gupta and P.R. Kumar,00
W
n log n
new
channel
access
scheme
Beamforming
antennas

Z0=50,L/2 Z0=25,L/2
Z0=50
Series resonant patch array

interference
Phased patch
antenna
target
Phased patch array
D.Lu and D.Rutledge,Caltech,02

Medium Access Control Protocol(CSMA/CA)
CSMA/CA:carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance
( for omnidirectional antennas)
No standard MAC protocols for directional antenna
No obvious improvement for throughput using beamforming antennas
Neighbor discovery
Neighbor discovery become more complex using beamforming antennas.
Packet routing (Scheduled/On-demand)

Ad hoc networks may achieve better performance in some cases
using beamforming antennas.
Beamforming antennas can significantly increasing node and
network lifetime in ad hoc networks.
Channel access
1) traditional exposed node
problem for omnidirectional
antennas
A
RTS
2) Omnidirectional and
directional antennas solve
the exposed node problem
A
RTS
RTS
CTS
CTS
CTS
DATA DATA
DATA
CTS
RTS
CTS
CTS
DATA
The nodes
are
prohibit to
transmit or
receive
signals
DATA
DATA DATA
ACK
Source:Y Ko et al., 00
ACK
The node
is free to
transmit or
receive
signals
ACK
DATA
ACK
The node is
blocked to
communica
te with C
1) No coverage change. May save power.

2) B may not know the location of C.
Channel access
3) beamforming antennas create new problems
A
RTS
RTS
CTS
CTS RTS
RTS
CTS
DATA
DATA
collision
collision
DATA
deaf
Neighbor discovery
Nt
Hello
C
E
D
AP
Neighbors
A
B
C
D
E
B,C
A,C
A,B,E
E
C,D
Ad hoc WLAN for rural area
Conclusion
Beamforming antenna systems improve wireless
network performance
-increase system capacity
-improve signal quality
-suppress interference and noise
-save power
Beamforming antennas improve infrastructure
networks performance. They may improve ad hoc
networks performance. New MAC protocol
standards are needed.
Vector antennas may replace spatial arrays to
further improve beamforming performance

Beamforming Antennas

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Beamforming Antennas for

Yikun Huang, Ph.D.

Phased Array Antennas

DOA and polarization

Beamforming antennas for WLAN

Applications of beamforming technology

Phased array RADAR; air traffic control; synthetic

Source location and classification

Smart antenna systems; Directional transmission and

Earth crust mapping; oil exploration

High resolution imaging of universe

Neuronal spike discrimination; fetal heart monitoring;

Source: B.D.Van Veen and K.M. Buckley, University of Michigan, Beamforming: A

Phased array RADAR

Phased array spike sorting

Phased array spike sorting system

Center for Computational Biology, MSU

Patterns, beamwidth & Gain

Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas

Beamformers have much higher Gain than omnidirectional antennas:

Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas

3) Beamformers directionally send down link information to the

Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas

5) Beamformers suppress delay spread:improve signal quality

N-3,,k N-2,,k N-1,,k N,,k

Basic phased array configurations

phased array (fixed/adaptive) configurations-time domain

Basic phased array configurations

phased array (fixed/adaptive) configuration-frequency domain

Smart antenna systems

Wi-Fi Data rate:11Mbps

Smart antenna systems

Switched array (predetermined)

Smart antenna systems

Smart antenna system

Out door range

Out door range

Active user per switch

ex2 ey2 ez2 1

hx2 hy2 hz2 1

Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas

Vector antennas measure: ,,,, and power simultaneously,

Phased array antennas with omnidirectional element measure:

Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas

Source: Nehorai,A.,University of Illinois at Chicago

Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas

Phased array antennas: spatial ambiguities exist

Vector antennas Vs. phased array antennas

Working in scattering environment

source:M.R. Andrews et al., Nature, Vol. 409(6818), 18 Jan. 2001, pp 316-318.

Low profile antennas with polarization diversity

Handoff between Aps

Packet switching: 3 beam system

An indoor WLAN design

An indoor WLAN design

1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps

APs antenna Gain GA

APs antenna receiving sensitivity Smin

-95dBm ,-92dBm, ,-89dBm, -86dBm