PHYSICS PROJECT

2015-2016

XII-A
RAMJAS PUBLIC SCHOOL
BY- DEVANSH JAIN

LASER AS SECURITY ALARM

INDEX

CONTENT

PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CERTIFICATE

WHAT IS LASER

LASER PHYSICS

5-6

LASER AS SECURITY ALARM

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTANCE

TRANSISTOR AND APPLICATIONS

9-12

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

13

PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION

14

USES

15

SUMMARY

16

BIBLIOGRAPHY

17

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher,
MISS. RENU A.KUMAR as well as lab assistant, UPENDER SHARMA
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic: LASER AS A SECURITY ALARM, which also helped me in doing
a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.

Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within limited time frame.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Physics Project: LASER LIGHT AS SECURITY
ALARM has been submitted by the candidate DEVANSH JAIN with ROLL
NO:

for the class 12 Practical Examination Of Central Board

of Secondary Education IN THE YEAR 2015-2016. IT IS FURTHER

CERTIFIED THAT THIS PHYSICS PROJECT IS THE INDIVIDUAL
WORK OF THE CANDIDATE.

SIGNATURE

DATE:

WHAT IS LASER?
L.A.S.E.R stands for Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation
A Laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical

amplification based in the stimulated emission of electromagnetic

radiation. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light
coherently. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot,
enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial
coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances
(collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also
have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very
narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light. Temporal
coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond.

Laser have many important applications. They are used in common

consumer devices like optical disk drives, laser printers, and

barcode scanners; fiber-optic and free-space optical
communication; laser surgery and skin treatments; cutting and
welding materials; military and law enforcement devices for
marking targets and measuring range and speed. Laser lighting
displays use laser light as an entertainment medium.

LASER PHYSICS
Electrons and how they interact with electromagnetic fields are important

in our understanding of chemistry and physics.

STIMULATED EMISSION
In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is

larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum
mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals.
Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom
When an electron absorbs energy either from light (photons) or heat

(phonons), it receives that incident quantum of energy. But transitions are

only allowed in between discrete energy levels such as the two shown
above. This leads to emission lines and absorption lines.

An external electromagnetic field at a frequency associated with a transition can affect

the quantum mechanical state of the atom. As the electron in the atom makes a transition
between two stationary states (neither of which shows a dipole field), it enters a
transition state which does have a dipole field, and which acts like a small electric
dipole, and this dipole oscillates at a characteristic frequency. In response to the external
electric field at this frequency, the probability of the atom entering this transition state is
greatly increased. Thus, the rate of transitions between two stationary states is enhanced
beyond that due to spontaneous emission. Such a transition to the higher state is called
absorption, and it destroys an incident photon (the photon's energy goes into powering
the increased energy of the higher state). A transition from the higher to a lower energy
state, however, produces an additional photon; this is the process of stimulated
emission.

 When an electron is excited from a lower to a higher energy level, it will not stay

that way forever. An electron in an excited state may decay to a lower energy state
which is not occupied, according to a particular time constant characterizing that
transition. When such an electron decays without external influence, emitting a
photon, that is called "spontaneous emission". The phase associated with the photon
that is emitted is random. A material with many atoms in such an excited state may
thus result in radiation which is very spectrally limited (centered around one
wavelength of light), but the individual photons would have no common phase
relationship and would emanate in random directions. This is the mechanism of
fluorescence and thermal emission.

LASER SECURITY ALARM

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Printed Circuit Board(PCB)
Connecting Wires
Transistor 2N7000
L.E.D
Buzzer
100 and 6.8k Resistors
9V Battery
Laser Light
Soldering Machine
Soldering Wire

LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTANCE(LDR)
A photo resistor or light-dependent

resistor (LDR) or photocell is a lightcontrolled variable resistor.

The resistance of a photo resistor
decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photo
resistor can be applied in light-sensitive
detector circuits, and light- and darkactivated switching circuits.

 A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo

resistor can have a resistance as high as several megohms (M), while in the light,
a photo resistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident
light on a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction
band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo
resistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photo
resistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength
bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic
semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor,
for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in
the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called
dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since
the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer
wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample
of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there
will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic
semiconductor.

TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used

to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed

of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices,

and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in

1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the
way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other
things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and the
inventors were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their
achievement.

TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER
The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in

voltage (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the
transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit
mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout.
Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some

providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.

From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include

amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal

processing. The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a
few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as
better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are

common and relatively inexpensive.

TRANSISTOR 2N7000
The 2N7000 and BS170 are N-channel, enhancement-

mode MOSFETs used for low-power switching applications. The two are
nearly identical except that the leads are arranged differently and the current
ratings are somewhat different; they are sometimes listed together on the
same datasheet, along with other variants 2N7002, VQ1000J, and VQ1000P.
The 2N7000 is a widely available and popular part, often recommended as

useful and common components to have around for hobbyist use, along with
such other popular discrete semiconductors as the 1N4148 and 1N4001
series diodes; the 2N2222,2N3904, and 2N3906 bipolar junction
transistors; and the IRF510 power MOSFET. The BS250P is "a good pchannel analog of the 2N7000.

Packaged in a TO-92 enclosure, both the 2N7000 and BS170 are 60 V devices,

capable of switching 200 mA (2N7000) or 500 mA (BS170), with a maximum onresistance of 5 at 10 V Vgs.
The 2N7002 is a slightly higher resistance, lower current variant, in a TO-236

package, also known as "small outline transistor" SOT-23 surface-mount package,

which is the most commonly used three-lead surface-mount package.

APPLICATIONS OF 2N7000
A typical use of these transistors is as a switch for moderate voltages and

currents, including as drivers for small lamps, motors, and relays. In

switching circuits, these FETs can be used much like bipolar junction
transistors, but have some advantages:
low threshold voltage means no gate bias required
high input impedance of the insulated gate means almost no gate

current is required
consequently no current-limiting resistor is required in the gate input

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

LASER SECURITY ALARM

PROCEDURE
Draw the circuit on PCB
Assemble all the parts as described in the circuit diagram
Fix all the elements in the circuits by connecting wires and soldering

machine.
Check all the connections and attach 9V battery to give power supply.
Buzzer will start blowing and LED starts glowing.
Laser light is allowed to fall on the LDR.
As soon as the laser light falls on the LDR, Buzzer stops blowing.

OBSERVATIONS
As soon as the light from the laser falls on the LDR, the buzzer does not blow.

USES OF LASER SECURITY

ALARM
Instead of L.E.D, we can use digital counter for counting the number of

students entering in the school for refreshment purpose and also for
attendance purpose.
It is Best used in night in banks for security purpose.
It can be used as counter in banks to count the number of notes in the bank.
It can be used for counting the number of people entering the building by

placing it at the entrance of the gate.

SUMMARY
When the light level is high, the resistance of the LDR decreases and buzzer

does not blow.

When the light level falls, the resistance if the LDR increase. As this

resistance increases in relation to the other resistor, which has a fixed

resistance, it causes the voltage dropped across the LDR to also increase.
When this voltage is large enough it will cause the transistor to turn on.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
YOUTUBE
N.C.E.R.T PHYSICS CLASS 12
PHYSICS LAB MANUAL BOOK
GOOGLE
WIKIPEDIA
REFERENCE BOOKS