1. The document discusses inverters that convert DC to AC power, specifically switch-mode DC-AC inverters and push-pull inverters.
2. It describes the operation of a single-phase bridge current source inverter (ASCI), noting it operates in four intervals where the load current switches between thyristors while charging and discharging commutating capacitors.
3. Six-step voltage source inverters are discussed, including their switching sequences, output waveforms, and characteristics like certain harmonics being absent from the output.
1. The document discusses inverters that convert DC to AC power, specifically switch-mode DC-AC inverters and push-pull inverters.
2. It describes the operation of a single-phase bridge current source inverter (ASCI), noting it operates in four intervals where the load current switches between thyristors while charging and discharging commutating capacitors.
3. Six-step voltage source inverters are discussed, including their switching sequences, output waveforms, and characteristics like certain harmonics being absent from the output.
1. The document discusses inverters that convert DC to AC power, specifically switch-mode DC-AC inverters and push-pull inverters.
2. It describes the operation of a single-phase bridge current source inverter (ASCI), noting it operates in four intervals where the load current switches between thyristors while charging and discharging commutating capacitors.
3. Six-step voltage source inverters are discussed, including their switching sequences, output waveforms, and characteristics like certain harmonics being absent from the output.
1. The document discusses inverters that convert DC to AC power, specifically switch-mode DC-AC inverters and push-pull inverters.
2. It describes the operation of a single-phase bridge current source inverter (ASCI), noting it operates in four intervals where the load current switches between thyristors while charging and discharging commutating capacitors.
3. Six-step voltage source inverters are discussed, including their switching sequences, output waveforms, and characteristics like certain harmonics being absent from the output.
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Inverters
DC to AC Solid State Converters
Prof. A K Kapoor
Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverter
Four quadrants of operation
Push-Pull Inverter 1ph The output voltage Vo1pk = m.Vd/n (m1)
and Vd/n < Vo1pk <(4/).(Vd/n) , m>1 Vpk = 2Vd, & Ipk = iopeak/n Transformer saturation difficult to avoid
The push-pull inverter can be operated in square or PWM
mode and the waveforms would be identical to those of full bridge inverter. In a push-pull inverter the peak switch voltage and current ratings are: VT = 2.Vd & IT = iopeak/n Advantages: 1. only one series switch conducts at a time.
Problems of push-pull inverter
Since the output current is a slowly varying current at the fundamental output frequency, it can be assumed to be constant during a switching interval. When a switching occurs the current shifts from one half to the other half of the winding. To reduce the energy associated with the leakage reactance of the two primary windings, very good magnetic coupling is required between these two halves of the windings. Low frequency transformers require large number of turns, which results in a large leakage inductance, which is proportional to the square of the number of turns. This makes it difficult to operate a SPWM push pull inverter at switching frequencies higher than approximately 1kHz
Leading p.f. load
Voltage and current
waveforms for 1 bridge inverter with a series RL load a), b) pole voltage waveforms, c) Load voltage, d) load current and e) Supply current
Equivalent circuit for a 3ph six-step inverter with a balanced wye connected resistive load
Six step VSI 1200 operation
Vab = 3 van,+30 0 phase advance There is a delay of /6 between turn-off of Q1 & Q4 Conduction sequence of switches is 61,12,23,34,45,56,61
Gating signals for 1200
conduction
2VS n
van cos sin (nt ) 6 6 n 1, 3, 5..... n
2VS n
vbn cos sin (nt ) 6 2 n 1, 3, 5..... n
2VS n 7 vcn cos sin (nt ) 6 6 n 1, 3, 5..... n
Comparison of output waveforms between
delta and star connections in 1800 operation
Adjustable voltage dc supply for a six step inverter using
a) A ph. Controlled rectifier and b) a diode bridge rectifier and dc chopper
Operation of a six step inverter with direct control of inverter
frequency
Operation of a six step inverter with direct control of dc
link voltage
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI B. Pulse-Width Modulated VSI II. PWM Methods A. Sine PWM B. Modified sine PWM C. Harmonic Elimination Technique D. Hysteresis (Bang-bang) E. Space Vector PWM
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI Six-Step three-phase Voltage Source Inverter
Fig. 1 Three-phase voltage source inverter.
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Six-Step VSI
Gating signals, switching sequence and line to negative voltage
2 Waveforms of gating signals, switching sequence, line to negative vol
where, 561 means that S5, S6 and S1 are switched on
Fig. 3 Six inverter voltage vectors for six-step voltage
source inverter.
3-ph Bridge Inverter output voltage waves in square wave (or Six Step) mode
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) Six-Step VSI
Line to line voltages (Vab, Vbc, Vca) and line to neutral voltages (Van, Vbn,
Line to line voltages
Vab = VaN - VbN
Vbc = VbN - VcN
Vca = VcN - VaN
Phase voltages
Van = 2/3VaN - 1/3VbN - 1/3VcN
Vbn = -1/3VaN + 2/3VbN - 1/3VcN
Vcn = -1/3VaN - 1/3VbN + 2/3VcN
Fig. 4 Waveforms of line to neutral (phase) voltages and line to
line voltages
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) Six-Step
VSI
Amplitude of line to line voltages (Vab, Vbc, Vca)
Fundamental Frequency Component (Vab)1
3 4 Vdc 6 (Vab )1 (rms)
Vdc 0.78Vdc
2 2
Harmonic Frequency Components (Vab)h
: amplitudes of harmonics decrease inversely proportional
to their harmonic order
0.78 (Vab )h (rms) Vdc h where, h 6n 1 (n 1, 2, 3,.....)
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) Six-Step
VSI
Characteristics of Six-step VSI
is called six-step inverter because of the presence of six ste
the line to neutral (phase) voltage waveform
Harmonics of order three and multiples of three are
absent from both line to line and line to neutral voltages and consequently Output amplitude in a three-phase inverter can be absent from the currents controlled by
only change of DC-link voltage (Vdc)
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Pulse-Width Modulated VSI Objective of PWM
Control of inverter output voltage
Reduction of harmonics
Disadvantages of PWM
Increase of switching losses due to high PWM frequency
Reduction of available voltage
EMI problems due to high-order harmonics
Current source Inverter
CSI
Introduction Current-fed inverters requires a stiff constant current source input - thus are sometimes referred to as CSI (current source inverters or current stiff inverters). A large inductance can be used to change a variable voltage input to a variable current input. VSI-inverters and CSI-inverters are dual to each other.
Introduction (contd) Power semiconductor devices used in CSI inverters must be able to withstand large reverse voltages. Therefore, power MOSFETs, BJTs, IGBTs, MCTs, IGCTs and GTOs are not used. Symmetric blocking GTOs and thyristors can be used in CSI inverters. Generally CSI inverters are nowadays used in very high power applications.
1 ASCI Inverter
1ph bridge autosequentially commutated current source inverter with
series RL load
The operation of ASCI can be divided in 4
intervals
Interval A: constant current Id flows through the load
through TH1, D1, load, D4,TH4 and Vload = R.Id Capacitors C1 and C2 are charged to a voltage vc = +Vo from the previous half cycle; Vo > Vload
Interval B: TH2 & TH3 are turned on, capacitor C1 and C2
apply a reverse bias to TH1 & TH4 respectively turning them off. The load current Id continues to flow in the same direction through TH3,C1,D1,load,D4,C2,and TH2. The capacitors are in series with the load and discharged by the load current Id When the capacitor voltage falls from Vo to RId, diodes D2 and D3 conduct and the interval B ends.
Interval C: Thyristor TH2, TH3 and all four diodes are
conducting so that load is connected in parallel with both commutating capacitors. This RLC ckt undergoes a transient response during which load current falls to zero and reverses. When load current attains a value Id, D1 &
Voltage and current waveforms for 1ph bridge current
