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    Chemistry Oct2011

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    Jerc Zaj
    A winner knows that they still have more to learn, even when considered an expert by others. A loser wants to be seen as an expert before truly learning. Chemistry is the science of matter and its properties. It examines the composition, structure and properties of substances, and how they change during chemical reactions. Hypotheses, experiments, theories and laws are key concepts in the scientific method used to study chemistry.

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    Chemistry Oct2011

    Uploaded by

    Jerc Zaj
    80 views87 pages
    A winner knows that they still have more to learn, even when considered an expert by others. A loser wants to be seen as an expert before truly learning. Chemistry is the science of matter and its properties. It examines the composition, structure and properties of substances, and how they change during chemical reactions. Hypotheses, experiments, theories and laws are key concepts in the scientific method used to study chemistry.

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    Chemistry

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    A winner knows that they still have more to learn, even when considered an expert by others. A loser wants to be seen as an expert before truly learning. Chemistry is the science of matter and its properties. It examines the composition, structure and properties of substances, and how they change during chemical reactions. Hypotheses, experiments, theories and laws are key concepts in the scientific method used to study chemistry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    80 views87 pages

    Chemistry Oct2011

    Uploaded by

    Jerc Zaj
    A winner knows that they still have more to learn, even when considered an expert by others. A loser wants to be seen as an expert before truly learning. Chemistry is the science of matter and its properties. It examines the composition, structure and properties of substances, and how they change during chemical reactions. Hypotheses, experiments, theories and laws are key concepts in the scientific method used to study chemistry.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 87

    A WINNER knows how much he

    has to LEARN,
    even when he is considered an
    EXPERT by
    others.
    A LOSER wants to be considered
    an EXPERT by others before he
    has learned enough to
    know how LITTLE he knows.

    CHEMISTRY
    - From egyptian kme, meaning
    earth
    - the science concerned with the
    composition, structure, and
    properties of matter, as well as
    the changes it undergoes during
    chemical reactions.

    Hypothesis A statement or idea that


    describes or attempts to explain
    observable information.
    Experiment Is a controlled testing of the
    properties of a substance or system
    through carefully recorded measurements.
    Theory The result of thorough testing and
    confirmation of a hypothesis. A theory
    predicts the outcome of new testing based
    on past experimental data.
    Law A hypothesis or theory that is tested
    time after time with the same resulting
    data and thought to be without exception

    1. Who is said to be the founder


    of the scientific method?
    A. Alexander Fleming
    B. Joseph Priestly
    C. Galileo Galilei
    D. Antoine Lavoisier

    2. In the universe, it is anything


    that occupies space and has
    mass.
    A. Matter
    B. Isotope
    C. Atom
    D. Solid

    Matter - anything that occupies


    space and has mass (i.e.,
    anything that has density). It
    commonly exists in three
    phases: solid, liquid, and gas.

    3. Electron came from the greek


    word:
    A. Helios
    B. Elektra
    C. Amber
    D. Volta

    4. Which of the following falls


    under fluids?
    A. gas
    B. solid
    C. liquid.
    D. both a & c.

    5. The state of matter which


    occupies the whole space
    available is
    A. gas
    B. solid
    C. liquid
    D. both a & c.

    6. It is a property of matter
    which can be measured by
    changing the identity and
    composition of a substance.
    A. Chemical
    B. extensive
    C. physical
    D. extrinsic

    11/15/15

    13

    7. Which of the following is not


    an extensive property?
    A. Energy
    B. Weight
    C. Boiling point
    D. Length

    THE ATOM
    Atom is the basic building block
    of matter. It is the smallest
    particle of element.
    An ELEMENT is a fundamental
    type of matter in which all of
    the atoms in the material are
    the same.

    The atomic number of an element is


    the number of protons that is
    contained in the nucleus of each of
    its atoms.

    Mass number or atomic weight


    is the sum of the number of protons
    and neutrons in the nucleus of the
    atom.

    A compound is a substance
    with a particular ratio of
    atoms of particular
    chemical elements which
    determines its composition,
    and a particular
    organization which
    determines chemical
    properties.

    The standard nomenclature


    of chemical substances is
    set by the International
    Union of Pure and Applied
    Chemistry (IUPAC).

    8. What do you call chemically


    identical atoms of the same
    element but with different
    numbers of neutrons and
    different mass numbers.
    A. Isotones
    B. Isobars
    C. Isotopes
    D. homogenous

    9. Tritium has
    A. 1 electron and 1 proton
    B. 1 proton and 1 neutron
    C. 1 proton and 2 neutron
    D. 2 proton and 1 neutron

    Protium most common hydrogen isotope


    Deuterium 1 neutron, 1 proton
    - non radioactive,
    -heavy hydrogen
    Tritium 2 neutrons, 1 proton
    radioactive
    Hydrogen is the only element that has
    different names for its isotopes in
    common use today.

    10. What is the most abundant


    element in the universe?
    A. nitrogen
    B. hydrogen
    C. oxygen
    D. helium

    11. What is the most abundant


    element in the Earths
    atmosphere?
    A. nitrogen
    B. hydrogen
    C. oxygen
    D. helium

    12. The net electrical charge of


    an atom under normal state is:
    A. negative
    B. positive
    C. neutral
    D. infinite

    13. A substance that cannot be


    decomposed into simpler
    substances by ordinary
    chemical reactions
    A. Compound
    B. Mixture
    C. Element
    D. Homogenous

    14. The subdivision of an


    element that can take part in a
    chemical reaction
    A. Element
    B. Hydrogen
    C. Electron
    D. Atom

    15. The sub-atomic part


    consisting of neutrons and
    protons is known as
    A. Nuclear fusion
    B. Nucleons
    C. Neurons
    D. Neutron-proton spatial
    formation

    IV.

    ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

    The atomic number of an element is the


    number of protons that is contained in
    the nucleus of each of its atoms.
    Mass number or atomic weight is the
    sum of the number of protons and
    neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.

    16. The no. of protons in the


    nucleus on an atom
    A. Atomic number
    B. Mass number
    C. Atomic mass
    D. Atomic mass unit

    17. The no. of protons and


    neutrons in the nucleus of an
    atom
    A. Atomic number
    B. Mass number
    C. Atomic mass
    D. Atomic mass unit

    18. 1 amu is approximately


    equal to
    A. 6.23 x 10 ^ -27 kg
    B. 2.36 x 10 ^ -27 kg
    C. 3.62 x 10 ^ -27 kg
    D. 1.66 x 10 ^ -27 kg

    19. The group of elements that


    do not normally combine with
    other elements to form
    compounds
    A. Alkali Metals
    B. Chalcogens
    C. Inert gases or noble gases
    D. Halogens

    20. What do you call the


    electrons in the outermost
    orbitals?
    A. Valence electrons
    B. super electrons
    C. holes
    D. active electrons

    21. Calculate the mass of the


    product of reaction of 6.54 g of
    zinc with 3.21 g of sulfur.
    A. 21 g
    B. 3.33 g
    C. 9.75 g
    D. 10.15 g

    22. Calculate the mass of the


    oxygen that reacts with 1.24 g of
    methane (natural gas) to form
    3.41 g of carbon dioxide and
    2.79 g of water.
    A. 7.38 g
    B. 1.86 g
    C. 0.62 g
    D. 4.96 g

    ATOMIC MASS
    The atomic mass (or atomic
    weight) of an element is the
    average of the elements
    isotopic masses.
    Atomic mass m p m p m p ...
    1 1

    Where

    mn mass of isotopes 1,2,3...


    pn percent abundance of isotopes 1,2,3...

    23. Calculate the atomic mass of


    an element if 60.4% of the
    atoms have a mass of 68.9257
    amu and the rest have a mass of
    70.9249 amu.
    A. 67.9 amu
    B. 69.7 amu
    C. 79.6 amu
    D. 97.6 amu

    24. Calculate the atomic mass of


    an element if 60.4% of the
    atoms have a mass of 68.9257
    amu and the rest have a mass of
    70.9249 amu.
    A. 79.6 amu
    B. 67.9 amu
    C. 96.7 amu
    D. 69.7 amu

    Practice Problem:
    Calculate the percentage of bromine
    atoms that have a mass of 78.9183
    amu and the percentage that have a
    mass of 80.9163 amu. The atomic
    mass of bromine is 79.909 amu, and
    theses are the only two naturally
    occurring isotopes.
    A. 35.3%, 64.7%
    C. 50.4%, 49.6%
    B. 47.5% , 52.5% D. 63.2%, 36.8%

    FORMULA MASS
    The formula mass (or formula weight) is the sum
    of the masses of all atoms in a given formula.
    THE MOLE
    A mole is the amount of pure substance containing
    the same number of chemical units, as there are
    atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
    AVOGADROS NUMBER
    One mole refers to Avogadros number of particles of
    anything:

    NA 6.02 10

    23

    MOLE MASS CONVERSIONS


    The formula for calculating among mass,
    gram-formula mass (also known as molar
    mass), and the number of moles:

    m
    n
    FM
    Where:
    n = number of moles
    m = mass of the substance in grams
    M= molar mass in grams per mole

    MOLE NUMBERS OF PARTICLES


    CONVERSION

    Conversion factor: 23
    1 mole 6.02 10

    particles

    EXAMPLE:
    How many particles are in 2.00 moles
    of SO2?Ans. 1.2 x 1024 particles

    25. Calculate the formula mass


    of (NH4)2HPO4 (one type of
    fertilizer).
    A. 125 amu
    B. 132 amu
    C. 110 amu
    D. 148 amu

    26. Calculate the number of


    moles of Al atoms in 5.75 x
    1024 Al atoms.
    A. 19.1 mol Al atoms
    B. 9.55 mol Al atoms
    C. 4.77 mol Al atoms
    D. 14.3 mol Al atoms

    27. Calculate the number of


    moles of H2 molecules in 5.75 x
    1024 H2 molecules.
    A. 19.1 mol H2 molecules
    B. 9.55 mol H2 molecules
    C. 4.77 mol H2 molecules
    D. 14.3 mol H2 molecules

    28. Calculate the number of


    molecules in 30 g NH3.
    A. 1.06 x 1024 molecules
    B. 3.08 x 1024 molecules
    C. 1.06 x 1023 molecules
    D. 3.08 x 1023 molecues

    29. In a 5.00-g sample of carbon,


    how many of the atoms have a
    mass of 12.01 amu?
    A. None
    B. 2.507 x 1023 molecules
    C. 2.507 x 1024 molecules
    D. 1.44 x 1024 molecules

    EMPIRICAL FORMULA
    An empirical formula is a formula that gives the simplest
    whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
    Steps for Determining an Empirical Formula
    Start with the number of grams of each element, given in the
    problem.
    If percentages are given, assume that the total mass is
    100 grams so that the mass of each element = the
    percent given.
    2. Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar
    mass from the periodic table.
    3. Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles
    calculated.
    Round to the nearest whole number. This is the mole ratio of
    the elements and isrepresented by subscripts in the empirical
    formula.(If one of the numbers is 1.5, you would multiply

    each number by 2, and get a whole number of 3).

    30. Calculate the empirical


    formula of hypo, used in
    photographic development,
    consisting of 29.1% Na, 40.5% S,
    and 30.4% O.
    A. NaS2O2
    B. NaS2O3
    C. Na2S4O3
    D. Na2S2O3

    MOLECULAR FORMULA
    Once the empirical formula is found, the molecular
    formula for a compound can be determined if the
    molar mass of the compound is known.
    Steps for Determining molecular Formula
    1. Find the empirical formula
    2. Find the mass of the empirical unit.
    3. Divide the molecular mass of the compound by
    the mass of the empirical formula.
    4. Multiply all the atoms (subscripts) of the
    empirical formula by this ratio to find the
    molecular formula.

    31. Calculate the molecular


    formula of a compound with
    molar mass 104 g/mol composed
    of 92.3% carbon and 7.7%
    hydrogen.
    A. C8H8
    B. C7H14
    C. C2H3
    D. C7H8

    CHEMICAL REACTION
    A chemical reaction is a
    process in which a substance or
    a combination of substances
    undergo
    a
    change
    in
    appearance or properties, and
    further
    transform
    into
    a
    different
    substance
    or
    a
    combination of new substances.

    CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL
    REACTIONS
    DIRECT COMBINATION OR
    SYNTHESIS
    A B AB

    DECOMPOSITION

    AB A B

    SINGLE REPLACEMENT
    REACTIONS
    A BC AC B

    Double Replacement
    Reactions

    AB CD AD CB

    32. The reaction Na2O + H2O


    2NaOH illustrates a
    A. Synthesis Reaction
    B. Metathesis Reaction
    C. Single Replacement Reaction
    D. Decomposition Reaction

    33. The reaction Ba(OH)2 +


    2CuCNS Ba(CNS)2 + 2CuOH
    is an example of
    A. Synthesis Reaction
    B. Metathesis Reaction
    C. Single Replacement Reaction
    D. Decomposition Reaction

    34. The decomposition of a given


    compound can be carried out
    A. by heating the compound
    B. by passing the electric current
    while heating
    C. by passing the electric current
    D. either by passing electric
    current or heating

    I. UNITS OF CONCENTRATION
    MOLE FRACTION
    The number of moles of solute
    divided by the number of
    moles of solvent and all
    solutes.
    XA

    nA
    nA nB

    or

    XB

    nB
    nA nB

    NORMALITY
    The number of gram equivalent
    weights of solute per liter. A
    solution is normal if there is
    exactly one gram equivalent
    weight per liter.
    nORMALITY

    Equivalent weight in grams


    Vsolution in liters

    MOLARITY
    Molarity (M) is defined as the
    number of moles of solute
    dissolved in 1 liter of solution.
    In other words, molarity is a
    ratio between number of moles
    of solute and the
    number
    of
    nsolute
    M
    liters of solution.
    Vsolution ( L )

    FORMALITY
    The number of gram formula
    weights (i.e., molecular
    weights in grams) per liter of
    solution.
    FO
    RM
    ALITY

    Formula weight in grams


    Vsolution in liters

    MOLALITY
    Molality (m) is defined as the
    number of moles of solute
    dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. In
    other words molality is the
    ratio between the number of
    moles of solute and the mass
    mass solute
    of the solvent
    expressed
    in
    n
    MM solute
    m

    kg
    kilograms.kg
    solute

    solvent

    solvent

    PERCENT OF VOLUME
    Percent of volume refers to the
    number of millilitres of solute
    dissolved in 100 ml of solution.
    volume solute
    % volume
    x100
    volume solution

    DILUTION
    Dilution is the process of adding
    solvent (usually water) to a
    concentrated solution to achieve a
    solution of the desired concentration.
    When we dilute a solution, we do not
    change the number of moles of solute
    present, we simply add more solvent.
    Mol es of sol uteafter dilution=Mol es of sol ute beforedil ution
    Thus,
    n
    n

    MV
    MV
    after
    after

    before

    before

    35. Calculate the molarity of a


    250-mL solution containing
    80.0 mmol of solute.
    A. 0.567 M
    B. 0.320 M
    C. 0.118 M
    D. 0.235 M

    36. Calculate the number of


    moles of solute required to
    make 50.00 mL of 1.500 M
    solution
    A. 0.025 mol
    B. 0.75 mol
    C. 0.075 mol
    D. 0.25 mol

    37. Calculate the molarity of a


    solution after 1.70 L of 2.06 M
    solution is diluted to 2.50 L.
    A. 1.20 M
    B. 2.10 M
    C. 1.50 M
    D. 1.40 M

    38. Calculate the mole fraction of a


    solution of 0.015 mol of NaCl in
    50.0 g of water if the solution has a
    density of 1.02 g/mL.
    A. 0.00536
    B. 0.0536
    C. 0.536
    D. 0.000536

    39. Calculate the molality of an


    alcohol in aqueous solution if
    the mole fraction of the alcohol
    is 0.150.
    A. 3.60 m alcohol
    B. 5.40 m alcohol
    C. 9.80 m alcohol
    D. 10.12 m alcohol

    ACIDS AND BASES

    ACIDS
    Acid is any compound that dissociates H+ ions into water .
    Acids with 1,2, and 3 ionizable hydrogen atoms are called
    monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic acids, respectively.
    Properties of Acids:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.

    Acid conducts electricity in aqueous solutions


    Acids have a sour taste
    Acids turn blue litmus paper to red
    Acids have pH between 0 and 7
    Acids neutralizes bases
    Acids react with active metals to form hydrogen
    Acids react with oxides and hydroxides to form salts and
    water

    pH Equation:

    1
    pH log
    H

    For a partially ionized


    compound, X, in a solution of
    known molarity, M, the ionic
    concentration is:
    X fraction ionized M

    BASES
    Base is any compound that dissociates OH- ions into water.
    Bases with 1, 2, and 3 replaceable hydroxide ions are
    called monohydroxic, dihydroxic, and trihydroxic bases,
    respectively.

    Properties of Basis:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Bases
    Bases
    Bases
    Bases
    Bases

    conduct electricity in aqueous solutions


    have bitter taste
    turn red litmus paper to blue
    have pH between 7 and 14
    neutralize acids, forming salts and water

    pOH Equation:

    pOH log

    OH

    pH and pOH Relationship:

    pH pOH 14

    40. Battery acid is the common


    name for
    A. formic acid
    B. hydrochloric acid
    C. nitric acid
    D. sulfuric acid

    41. When one element causes


    the oxidation of another
    element, it is
    A. oxidized
    B. an acid
    C. reduced
    D. a base

    42. According to the Bronsted


    Theory, an acid is
    A. a proton donor
    B. a proton acceptor
    C. an electron donor
    D. an electron acceptor

    43. The pH of an acid solution is


    A. 3
    B. 7
    C. 9
    D. 10

    44. The pH of a solution with a


    hydrogen ion concentration of
    1 x 103 is
    A. +3
    B. -3
    C. 3
    D. +11

    45. The pH concentration of a


    solution that has a hydroxide
    ion concentration of 1 x 10-4
    mol/L is
    A. 4
    B. -4
    C. 10
    D. -10

    46. A 10-6 M HCl solution is


    diluted to 100 times. The pH of
    the diluted solution would be
    A. between 6 to 7
    B. between 7 to 8
    C. equal to 7
    D. equal to 10

    47. A substance which can act


    both an acid and a base is:
    A. allotropic
    B. amphoteric
    C. isotopic
    D. amorphous

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