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    Ancova

    Uploaded by

    Joanne Lew
    This document provides an overview of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). It defines ANCOVA as extending ANOVA by assessing main effects and interactions on a dependent variable after adjusting for its relationship with one or more covariates. ANCOVA statistically controls for error by reducing estimates of experimental error and adjusting treatment effects based on covariates. Key assumptions of ANCOVA include those of ANOVA as well as the assumptions of linear regression and homogeneity of regression coefficients. Covariates should be collected before treatment to avoid diminishing the relationship between independent and dependent variables. ANCOVA can increase test sensitivity, adjust dependent variable scores, and improve research designs by making subjects more similar. Limitations include using few covariates and ensuring covariates are independent of treatments.

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    Ancova

    Uploaded by

    Joanne Lew
    228 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). It defines ANCOVA as extending ANOVA by assessing main effects and interactions on a dependent variable after adjusting for its relationship with one or more covariates. ANCOVA statistically controls for error by reducing estimates of experimental error and adjusting treatment effects based on covariates. Key assumptions of ANCOVA include those of ANOVA as well as the assumptions of linear regression and homogeneity of regression coefficients. Covariates should be collected before treatment to avoid diminishing the relationship between independent and dependent variables. ANCOVA can increase test sensitivity, adjust dependent variable scores, and improve research designs by making subjects more similar. Limitations include using few covariates and ensuring covariates are independent of treatments.

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    This document provides an overview of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). It defines ANCOVA as extending ANOVA by assessing main effects and interactions on a dependent variable after adjusting for its relationship with one or more covariates. ANCOVA statistically controls for error by reducing estimates of experimental error and adjusting treatment effects based on covariates. Key assumptions of ANCOVA include those of ANOVA as well as the assumptions of linear regression and homogeneity of regression coefficients. Covariates should be collected before treatment to avoid diminishing the relationship between independent and dependent variables. ANCOVA can increase test sensitivity, adjust dependent variable scores, and improve research designs by making subjects more similar. Limitations include using few covariates and ensuring covariates are independent of treatments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    228 views18 pages

    Ancova

    Uploaded by

    Joanne Lew
    This document provides an overview of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). It defines ANCOVA as extending ANOVA by assessing main effects and interactions on a dependent variable after adjusting for its relationship with one or more covariates. ANCOVA statistically controls for error by reducing estimates of experimental error and adjusting treatment effects based on covariates. Key assumptions of ANCOVA include those of ANOVA as well as the assumptions of linear regression and homogeneity of regression coefficients. Covariates should be collected before treatment to avoid diminishing the relationship between independent and dependent variables. ANCOVA can increase test sensitivity, adjust dependent variable scores, and improve research designs by making subjects more similar. Limitations include using few covariates and ensuring covariates are independent of treatments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    Overview of lecture

    What is ANCOVA?
    Assumptions
    Examples
    Limitations

    Analysis of covariance
    an extension of ANOVA in which main
    effects and interactions are assessed
    on DV scores after the DV has been
    adjusted for by the DVs relationship
    with one or more Covariates (CVs)

    Analysis of covariance
    Analysis of Covariance is used to
    achieve statistical control of error
    when experimental control of error is
    not possible.
    The Ancova adjusts the analysis in
    two ways: reducing the estimates of experimental
    error
    adjusting treatment effects with respect
    to the covariate
    3

    Analysis of covariance
    In most experiments the scores on the covariate
    are collected before the experimental treatment
    eg. pretest scores, exam scores, IQ etc

    In some experiments the scores on the covariate


    are collected after the experimental treatment
    e.g.anxiety, motivation, depression etc.

    It is important to be able to justify the decision


    to collect the covariate after the experimental
    treatment since it is assumed that the treatment
    and covariate are independent.

    Assumptions of ANCOVA
    There are a number of assumptions
    that underlie the analysis of covariance
    All the assumptions that apply to between
    groups ANOVA

    normality of treatment levels


    independence of variance estimates
    homogeneity of variance
    random sampling

    Two assumptions specific to ANCOVA

    The assumption of linear regression


    The assumption of homogeneity of regression
    coefficients
    5

    Basic requirements
    CVs should also be uncorrelated with
    the IVs (e.g. the CV should be
    collected before treatment is given)
    in order to avoid diminishing the
    relationship between the IV(s) and
    DV.
    How would this affect the analysis?

    Covariate
    A covariate is a variable that is
    related to the DV, which you cant
    manipulate, but you want to account
    for its relationship with the DV

    Applications
    Three major applications
    Increase test sensitivity (main
    effects and interactions) by
    using the CV(s) to account for
    more of the error variance
    therefore making the error
    term smaller
    8

    Applications
    Adjust DV scores to what they would
    be if everyone scored the same on
    the CV(s)
    This second application is used often in
    non-experimental situations where
    subjects cannot be randomly assigned

    Applications
    Subjects cannot be made equal through
    random assignment so CVs are used to
    adjust scores and make subjects more
    similar than without the CV
    This second approach is often used as a
    way to improve on poor research
    designs.
    This should be seen as simple
    10
    descriptive model building with no

    Applications
    Realize that using CVs can adjust DV
    scores and show a larger effect or the
    CV can eliminate the effect

    11

    To
    conduct
    an
    ANCOVA
    Open file: Ancova.sav
    Select Analyze
    General
    Linear Model
    Univariate
    Click Sales to Dependent
    Variable box.
    Click gender to Fixed Factor(s)
    box.
    Click years to Covariate box.

    12

    To
    conduct
    an
    ANCOVA
    Click options
    In the Display box, click Desc,
    Etimates, Obs and Homog.
    Click continue and ok.

    13

    Output ANCOVA

    Levenes test is not


    significant ( p > .05),
    indicating that
    homogeneity of variance
    assumption has not been
    violated.

    14

    Output ANCOVA

    The output indicates no main effect ( p > .05) for


    gender, but a significant relationship exists between
    sales and years of experience, F(1,19)=23.616, p < .
    05.
    So it can be said that when your control for years of
    experience, gender has no influence on the amount
    of sales made per year.
    15

    Limitations to analysis of covariance


    As a general rule a very small number of
    covariates is best
    Correlated with the dv
    Not correlated with each other (multi-collinearity)

    Covariates must be independent of treatment


    Data on covariates be gathered before treatment is
    administered
    Failure to do this often means that some portion of
    the effect of the IV is removed from the DV when
    the covariate adjustment is calculated.

    16

    What else?
    Good Luck!!!

    17

    ANCOVA for Experimental


    Study
    Covariate for pre test.
    Open file prepos.sav

    18

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