LECTURE-14

SHEET METAL FORMING PROCESSES

Introduction
Sheet metal forming is a grouping of many complementary processes that are used to form
sheet metal parts. One or more of these processes is used to take a flat sheet of ductile
metal, and mechanically apply deformation forces that alter the shape of the material. Before
deciding on the processes), one should determine whether a particular sheet metal can be
formed into the desired shape without failure. The sheet metal operations done on a press
may be grouped into two categories, cutting (shearing) operations and forming
operations.

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Cutting (Shearing) Operations

In this operation, the workpiece is stressed beyond its ultimate strength. The
stresses caused in the metal by the applied forces will be shearing stresses. The
cutting operations include:
Punching (Piercing)
Blanking
Notching
Perforating
Slitting
Lancing
Parting
Shaving
Trimming
Fine blanking

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Shearing Operations
Punching (Piercing): It is a cutting operation by which various shaped holes are
made in sheet metal. Punching is similar to blanking except that in punching, the
hole is the desired product, the material punched out to form the hole being waste.
Blanking: Blanking is the operation of cutting a flat shape sheet metal. The article
punched out is called the blank and is the required product of the operation. The
hole and metal left behind is discarded as waste.

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Notching: This is cutting operation by which metal pieces are cut from the edge of a sheet,
strip or blank.
Perforating: This is a process by which multiple holes which are very small and close
together are cut in flat work material.
Slitting: It refers to the operation of making incomplete holes in a workpiece.
Lancing: This is a cutting operation in which a hole is partially cut and then one side is bent
down to form a sort of tab. Since no metal is actually removed, there will be no scrap.
Parting: Parting involves cutting a sheet metal strip by a punch with two cutting edges that
match the opposite sides of the blank.

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Shaving: The edge of blanked parts is generally rough, uneven and unsquare.
Accurate dimensions of the part are obtained by removing a thin strip of metal
along the edges.
Trimming: This operation consists of cutting unwanted excess material from the
periphery of previously formed components.
Fine blanking: Fine blanking is a operation used to blank sheet metal parts with
close tolerances and smooth, straight edges in one step.

Fine blanking

Schematic illustrations of shaving on a sheared

edge. (a) Shaving a sheared edge. (b) Shearing and
shaving, combined in one stroke.

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Shearing Dies
Because the formability of a sheared part can be influenced by the quality of its
sheared edges, clearance control is important. In practice, clearances usually
range between 2% and 8% of the sheets thickness; generally, the thicker the
sheet, the larger is the clearance (as much as 10%). However, the smaller the
clearance, the better is the quality of the edge. Some common shearing dies are
describe below:
Punch and Die Shapes: As the surfaces of the punch and die are flat; thus, the punch
force builds up rapidly during shearing, because the entire thickness of the sheet is
sheared at the same time. However, the area being sheared at any moment can be
controlled be beveling the punch and die surfaces, as shown in the following Figure. This
geometry is particularly suitable for shearing thick blanks, because it reduces the total
shearing force.

Examples of the use of shear angles on punches and dies.

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Compound Dies: Several operations on the same strip may be performed in one stroke
with a compound die in one station. These operations are usually limited to relatively
simple shearing because they are somewhat slow and the dies are more expensive than
those for individual shearing operations.
(a)

(b)

Schematic illustrations: (a) before and (b) after blanking a common

washer in a compound die. Note the separate movements of the die
(for blanking) and the punch (for punching the hole in the washer).

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Progressive Dies: Parts requiring multiple operations, such as punching, blanking and
notching are made at high production rates in progressive dies. The sheet metal is fed
through a coil strip and a different operation is performed at the same station with each
stroke of a series of punches.

(a) Schematic illustration of making a washer in a progressive die. (b) Forming of the top piece
of an aerosol spray can in a progressive die.
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Transfer Dies: In a transfer die setup, the sheet metal undergoes different operations at
different stations, which are arranged along a straight line or a circular path. After each
operation, the part is transfer to the next operation for additional operations.

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Forming Operations
In this operation, the stresses are below the ultimate strength of the metal. In this
operation, there is no cutting of the metal but only the contour of the workpiece is
changed to get the desired product. The forming operations include:
Bending: In this operation, the material in the form of flat sheet or strip, is uniformly
strained around a linear axis which lies in the neutral plane and perpendicular to the
lengthwise direction of the sheet or metal. The bending operations include:
V-bending
Edge bending
Roll bending
Air bending
Flanging
Dimpling

Press break forming

Beading
Roll forming
Tube forming
Bulging
Stretch
forming

Drawing: This is a process of a forming a flat workpiece into a hollow shape by means
of a punch, which causes the blank to flow into die cavity.
Squeezing: Under this operation, the metal is caused to flow to all portions of a die
cavity under the action of compressive forces.

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Bending of Flat Sheet and Plate

V-bending

Bending in 4-slide machine

Edge bending

Roll bending

Air bending

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Flanging :Flanging is a process of bending the edges of sheet metals to 90o

Shrink flanging subjected to compressive hoop stress. Stretch flanging subjected
to tensile stresses

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Dimpling:
First hole is punched and expanded into a flange
Flanges can be produced by piercing with shaped punch
When bend angle < 90 degrees as in fitting conical ends
its called flanging

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Press break forming: Sheet metal or plate can be bent easily with simple fixtures using a
press. Long and relatively narrow pieces are usually bent in a press break. This machine
utilizes long dies in a mechanical or hydraulic press and is suitable for small production runs.
The tooling is simple and adaptable to a wide variety of shapes.

Schematic illustrations of various bending operations in a press brake

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Beading: In beading the edge of the sheet metal is bent into the cavity of a die.
The bead gives stiffness to the part by increasing the moment on inertia of the
edges. Also, it improves the appearance of the part and eliminates exposed sharp
edges

(a) Bead forming with a single die. (b) Bead forming with two dies, in a press brake.

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Roll forming: For bending continuous lengths of sheet metal and for large
production runs, roll forming is used. The metal strip is bent in stages by passing it
through a series of rolls.

Roll-forming
process

Stages in roll forming of a sheet-metal door frame. In Stage 6, the rolls may be shaped as in A or B.
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Tube Bending
Bending and forming tubes and other hollow sections require special tooling to avoid buckling
and folding. The oldest method of bending a tube or pipe is to pack the inside with loose
particles, commonly used sand and bend the part in a suitable fixture. This techniques
prevents the tube from buckling. After the tube has been bent, the sand is shaken out. Tubes
can also be plugged with various flexible internal mandrels.

Methods of bending tubes. Internal mandrels,or the filling of tubes with particulate
materials such as sand,are often necessary to prevent collapse of the tubes during bending
.Solid rods and structural shapes can also be bent by these techniques
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Bulging
The basic forming process of bulging involves placing tabular, conical or curvilinear part into
a split-female die and expanding it with, say, a polyurethane plug. The punch is then
retracted, the plug returns to its original shape and the part is removed by opening the dies.

(a) Bulging of a tubular part with a flexible plug. Water pitchers can be made by this method. (b)
Production of fittings for plumbing by expanding tubular blanks with internal pressure. The bottom of
the piece is then punched out to produce a T. (c) Manufacturing of Bellows.
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Stretch Forming
In stretch forming, the sheet metal is clamped around its edges and stretched over
a die or form block, which moves upward, downward or sideways, depending on
the particular machine. Stretch forming is used primarily to make aircraft-wing skin
panel, automobile door panels and window frames.

Schematic illustration of a stretch-forming process. Aluminum skins for aircraft can be

made by this process.
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Rubber Forming
In rubber forming , one of the dies in a set is made of flexible material, such as a
rubber or polyurethane membrane. Polyurethanes are used widely because of their
resistance to abrasion, long fatigue life and resistance to damage by burrs or sharp
edges of the sheet blank. In bending and embossing sheet metal by the rubber
forming method, as shown in the following Figure, the female die is replaced with a
rubber pad. Parts can also be formed with laminated sheets of various nonmetallic
material or coatings.

Examples of the bending and the embossing of sheet metal with a

metal punch and with a flexible pad serving as the female die.
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Hydroform (or) Fluid Forming Process

In hydroforming or fluid forming process, the pressure over the rubber membrane
is controlled throughout the forming cycle, with maximum pressure reaching 100
MPa (15000 psi). This procedure allows close control of the part during forming to
prevent wrinkling or tearing. When selected
rubber forming and
properly, hydroforming processes have the following
advantages:
Low tooling cost
Flexibility and ease of operation
Low die wear
No
damage
the complex
surface of
Capability
toto
form
shapes.
the sheet and

The hydroform (or fluid forming) process. Note that, in contrast to the ordinary deep-drawing process, the
pressure in the dome forces the cup walls against the punch. The cup travels with the punch; in this way,
deep drawability is improved.
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Tube-Hydroforming Process
In tube hydroforming, steel or other metal tubing is formed in a die and pressurized
by a fluid. This procedure can form simple tubes or it can form intricate hollow
tubes as shown in the following Figure. Applications of tube-hydroformed parts
include automotive exhaust and structural components.

(a) Schematic illustration of the tube-hydroforming process. (b) Example of tube-hydroformed

parts. Automotive exhaust and structural components, bicycle frames, and hydraulic and
pneumatic fittings are produced through tube hydroforming.

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Explosive Forming Process

Explosive energy used as metal forming
Sheet-metal blank is clamped over a die
Assembly is immersed in a tank with water
Rapid conversion of
explosive charge into
gas
generates
a shock
wave. The pressure of this wave is
sufficient to form sheet metals

(a) explosive forming process. (b) confined method of explosive bulging of tubes.
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Diffusion Bonding and Superplastic Forming:

Advantages
Lower strength is
required and less tooling
costs
Complex shapes with
close tolerances can be
made
Weight and material
savings
Little or no residual
stress
in
occurs formed the
parts

Disadvantages

not
Materials must be
super
service
elastic
Longer cycleattimes
temperatures
Types of structures made by diffusion bonding and superplastic forming of
sheet metal. Such structures have a high stiffness-to-weight ratio.
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Deep Drawing Processes

Deep Drawing: Drawing operation is the process of forming a flat piece of material (blank)
into a hollow shape by means of a punch, which causes the blank to flow into the die-cavity.
Round sheet metal block is placed over a circular die opening and held in a place with blank
holder & punch forces down into the die cavity. Wrinkling occurs at the edges.
Shallow drawing: depth of formed cup D/2
Deep or moderate drawing: depth of formed cup > D/2

(a) deep-drawing process on a circular sheet-metal blank. The stripper ring facilitates the
removal of the formed cup from the punch. (b) Process variables in deep drawing. Except
for the punch force, F, all the parameters indicated in the figure are independent variables.
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Drawing Operations

Examples of drawing operations: (a) pure drawing and (b) pure stretching. The bead prevents the sheet metal
from flowing freely into the die cavity. (c) Possibility of wrinkling in the unsupported region of a sheet in drawing.
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Ironing Process
If the thickness of the sheet as it enters the die cavity is more than the clearance
between the punch and the die, the thickness will have to be reduced; this effect is
known as ironing. Ironing produces a cup with constant wall thickness thus, the
smaller the clearance, the greater is the amount of ironing.

Schematic illustration of the ironing process. Note that the cup wall is thinner
than its bottom. All beverage cans without seams (known as two-piece cans)
are ironed, generally in three steps, after being deep drawn into a cup.
(Cans with separate tops and bottoms are known as three-piece cans.)
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Redrawing Operations
Containers or shells that are too difficult to draw in one operation are generally redrawn. In
reverse redrawing, shown in following Figure, the metal is subjected to bending in the
direction opposite to its original bending configuration. This reversal in bending results in
strain softening. This operation requires lower forces than direct redrawing and the material
behaves in a more ductile manner.

Reducing the diameter of drawn cups

by redrawing operations: (a)
conventional redrawing and (b) reverse
redrawing. Small-diameter deep
containers undergo many drawing and
redrawing operations.

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Top of Aluminum Can

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Metal-Forming Process for Beverage Can

Steps in Manufacturing
an Aluminum
Can

The metal-forming processes involved in

manufacturing a two-piece aluminum
beverage can

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Aluminum Two-Piece Beverage Cans

Aluminum two-piece beverage cans. Note the fine surface

finish.

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Press for Sheet Metal

Press selection for sheet metal forming operations depends on several factors:
Type of forming operation, and dies and tooling required
Size and shape of work pieces
Length of stroke of the slide, stroke per minute, speed and shut height (distance from the top of the bed
to the bottom of the slide, with the stroke down)
Number of slides (single action, double action and triple action)
Maximum force required (press capacity, tonnage rating)
Type of controls
Die changing features
Safety features

Schematic illustration of types of press frames for sheet- forming operations. Each type has
its own characteristics of stiffness, capacity, and accessibility.
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