4 Water Consumption & Water Demand

2015 PLUMBING REVIEW 004
WATER CONSUMPTION
AND
WATER DEMAND
Average Day Demand

Maximum Day Demand
Maximum Hour Demand
Water Supply Fixture Unit
Water Consumption vs. Water

Demand
Water
Water Demand is
Consumption is
the
sum
of
water
the amount of
consumption and
water consumed by
unaccounted
for
all residents,
water*.
institutions, etc.
when provided with
Unaccounted for water
water service
the amount of water losses
facilities.
thru leakages and
pilferages
Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP
Cebu Chapter
Water Demand
Knowledge of the
quantity of water
needed to satisfy
the requirement of
the building or
community is
necessary in the
design of any
water supply
system.
Cebu Chapter
Water Consumption
Oftentimes, water is
utilized mainly for
domestic
consumption which is
affected by:
1. Size of population
served.
2. Standard of living of
the consumers
3. Quality and quantity
of water available
4.
Cost of water to
consumers
5. Habits and manner of
usage of the consumers
6. Climate
7. Livestock, poultry, hogs
and other animals being
raised by the residents
8. Plants and gardens
being maintained by
the residents

Cebu Chapter
Estimated Water
Consumption
Average Human Water
Consumption
Use
Consumption
in
liters/capita/d
ay
Rural Area
1. Public Faucet
2. Individual
Household
Connection
3. Combined Public
Faucets & some
Household
Connection
60
100
80
Breakdown of Water Usage(per

Use
%
120 liter
150 liter
capita/day)
Consumpti
on
Consumpti
on
Kitchen
15%
18 liters
22.50 liters
Drinking
5%
7.50
Shower
10%
12
15
Laundry
20%
24
30
Toilet
Flush
40%
48
60
Others:
Carwash,
Water
gardens
10%
12
15
TOTAL
100
%
120 liters
150 liters
Suburban
Area
120
Urban Area

150
Cebu Chapter
Other Water Usage According to the Type of Building

Building Type
Airports (per Passenger)
Consumption
in
liters/capita/
day
11 -19
Apartments (per resident)
151
Boardinghouses (per
boarder)
150 189
Factories (per
person/shift)
57 - 132
Building Type
Consumption
in
liters/capita/
day
Restaurants
with toilets (per
patron)
26 - 38
without toilets (per

patron)
9 - 11
with bar / cocktail

(addl)
Hotels with T & B (twin

sharing)
227
Hotels w/o T & B (per

person)
189
Hospitals (per bed)
946 - 1514
with gym, canteen,

shower
Institutional Building (per

person)
284 - 473
with canteen only
76
57
Large Residential Houses

(per resident)
189 - 284
w/o gym, canteen,

shower
Auditorium (per seat)
19
Schools (per student)

95
Stores (per toilet room)
151

Office (per person/shift)
Cebu Chapter
57
Average Daily Livestock

Animal Consumption
Consumptio
n in
liters/day
Each Milk Cow
133
Each Steer or Dry

Cow
45
Each Horse
45
Each Hog
15
Each Sheep
Each 100
Chickens
8
15

Cebu Chapter
Leakages and Pilferages

In addition to
domestic
consumption,
allowance should
be made for
leakages and
pilferages.
Ideally, this should
not be more than
15% of the total
water sent to the
Cebu Chapter
distribution
Design Criteria
The objectives of the
design criteria are to
establish goals such that
if the criteria are met,
consumers will receive
water at reasonable
quantities and cost.
However, during the
planning process, it may
be necessary to modify
the criteria to
accommodate special
requirements of the
locality.
Design criteria include:

1. Design population
2. Design period (when
applicable)
3. Demand factors
a. Average Day
Demand
b. Maximum Day
Demand
c. Maximum Hour
(Peak Hour) Demand

Cebu Chapter
Design
Population
Stated
mathematically:
Pp = 1.15 x P
Design
Based on 3% annual increase
of population for the design
Population is the
period of 5 years: (0.03 x 5 =
0.15)
number of
where:
individuals of the
Pp = Projected
building or area to
population at the
be served within
end of the design
the design period.
period
The design
population is equal
to the present
P = Present
population
population
Cebu Chapter
multiplied by 1.15.
Design Period
The effective life of
The design periods
the project is
recommended for
dependent upon the
the following
size and source of
appurtenances are:
the water supply, the
1. Pumps : 5 years*
life span of pumps,
2. Wells, pipelines: 5
pipelines, and
years *
storage tanks. This
3. Storage Tanks: 5
may also include the
years*
availability of funds
* The life of the system may
to finance the project last up to 20 years
Cebu Chapter
Demand Factor: Average Day Demand
Average Day Demand is the sum of

the daily water demands in one year
divided by the number of days of
that year.
The Formula is:
Average Day Demand = Design Population x Water
Consumption Rate
Use the value in Average Day

Demand in the design of the
Reservoir or Storage Tank
capacity.
Cebu Chapter
Demand Factor: Maximum Day Demand

Maximum Day Demand is the day with the
highest water demand. Usually, this occurs
during dry season generally on a Monday.
The formula is:
Maximum Day Demand = 1.30 x Average Day
Demand
The value from the Maximum Day Demand is used
in determining the minimum pump capacity.
(Except in Hydropneumatic Pressure System)
Cebu Chapter
Demand Factor: Maximum Hour

Demand
Maximum Hour Demand or Peak Hour
Demand is any hour of the day when the
water demand is at its maximum. In most
places this occurs early morning at 7 or 8.
The formula is
If the Design Population is less than 600 persons:
MHD = (3 x Average Day Demand)

Time*
If the Design Population is more than 600 persons:
MHD = (2.5 x Average Day Demand)

Time**Time = Duration of Usage
Cebu Chapter
Maximum Hour Demand is used

in:
1. Estimating the diameter of
transmission and distribution mains.
2. Estimating the minimum pump
capacity in Hydropneumatic Pressure
System.
Cebu Chapter
Example: Proposed 10
Storey Office Building
Total Useable Floor Area: 10,000 square meters
Determine the:
1. Average Day Demand
2. Maximum Day Demand
3. Maximum Hour Demand
Solve for:
1. Capacity of Overhead Storage Tank, if the Gravity System is
to be used.
2. Capacity of Transfer Pump
3. Capacity of Booster Pump and Pressure Tank, if the
Hydropneumatic Pressure System is to be used.
Cebu Chapter
Sample Calculations: Office

Building
1. Design
Population
If the population is not
given or known,
determine the gross
floor area of the
building and use the
occupant load of 11
square meters per
person.
2. Daily Water
Consumption
3. Duration of Usage
Use 9 hours or 540 minutes of
usage per day.
4. Maximum Hour
Demand
Use: (3 x Ave. Day
Demand)Time, if the
population is less than 600.
Use: ( 2.5 x Ave. Day
Demand)Time, if the
population is more than 600.
Use 75
liters/person/shift/day. Cebu Chapter
Step 1. Solving for

the Design
Population (Pp).
Pp = 1.15 (10,000m
11m/person)
Pp = 1046 person
Step 2. Solving for

Average Day
Demand (AVD).
AVD = 1046 person x lpd
AVD = 78,450 liters/day
Step 3. Solving for

Maximum Day
Demand (MDD).
MDD = 1.3 x Average Day
Demand
= 1.3 x 78,450 liters
MDD = 101,985 liters/day
Step 4. Solving for

Maximum Hour
Demand (MHD).
MHD = (2.5 x Ave. Day
Demand)Time
= (2.5 x 78,450
liters)540 min
MHD = 363.19 liters/minute

Cebu Chapter
Summary
Average Day Demand:
liters/day
78,450
Maximum Day Demand: 101,985

liters/day
Maximum Hour demand:
363.19
liters/minute
or 6.05 liters/second
Cebu Chapter
Equivalent WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
Type of Fixture
Number of Water Supply

Fixture Units
(WSFU)
Private Use
Public Use
Bar Sink
Bathtub (with or without Shower

over)
Bidet
Drinking Fountain (each faucet)
Hose Bibb
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer
Lavatory
Shower (each head)
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher
Urinal (wall or stall type)
Water Closet Flush Tank
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS
LOAD IN
WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
Gallon per
minute
Liter per
second
LOAD IN
WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
3.0
0.19
60
32.0
2.02
5.0
0.32
70
35.0
2.21
6.5
0.41
80
38.0
2.40
8.0
0.51
90
41.0
2.59
9.4
0.59
100
43.5
2.74
10.7
0.68
120
48.0
3.03
11.8
0.74
140
52.5
3.31
12.8
0.81
160
57.0
3.60
13.7
0.86
180
61.0
3.85
10
14.6
0.92
200
65.0
4.10
12
16.0
1.01
250
75.0
4.73
14
17.0
1.07
300
85.0
5.36
16
18.0
1.14
400
105.0
6.62
18
18.8
1.19
500
124.0
7.82
20
19.6
1.24
750
170.0
10.73
25
21.5
1.36
1000
208.0
13.12
30
23.3
1.47
1250
239.0
15.08
35
24.9
1.57
1500
269.0
16.97
40
26.3
1.66
2000
325.0
20.50
45
27.7
1.76
2500
380.0
23.97
50
29.1
1.84
3000
433.0
27.32
Gallon per
minute
Liter per
second
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES

LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE UNITS
(WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
Gallon per
minute
Liter per second
LOAD IN WATER
SUPPLY
FIXTURE UNITS
(WSFU)
WATER DEMAND
60
54.0
3.41
70
58.0
3.66
80
61.2
3.86
90
64.3
4.06
15.0
0.95
100
67.5
4.26
17.4
1.10
120
73.0
4.61
19.8
1.25
140
77.0
4.86
22.2
1.40
160
81.0
5.11
24.6
1.55
180
85.5
5.39
10
27.0
1.70
200
90.0
5.68
12
28.6
1.80
250
101.0
6.37
14
30.2
1.91
300
108.0
6.81
16
31.8
2.01
400
127.0
8.01
18
33.4
2.11
500
143.0
9.02
20
35.0
2.21
750
177.0
11.17
25
38.0
2.40
1000
208.0
13.12
30
42.0
2.65
1250
239.0
15.08
35
44.0
2.78
1500
269.0
16.97
40
46.0
2.90
2000
325.0
20.50
45
48.0
3.03
2500
380.0
23.97
50
50.0
3.15
3000
433.0
27.32
Gallon per
minute
Liter per second

4 Water Consumption & Water Demand

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2015 PLUMBING REVIEW 004

Average Day Demand

Water Consumption vs. Water

Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP

Breakdown of Water Usage(per

Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP

Other Water Usage According to the Type of Building

Airports (per Passenger)

Apartments (per resident)

without toilets (per

with bar / cocktail

Hotels with T & B (twin

Hotels w/o T & B (per

Hospitals (per bed)

with gym, canteen,

Institutional Building (per

with canteen only

Large Residential Houses

w/o gym, canteen,

Schools (per student)

Stores (per toilet room)

Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP

Average Daily Livestock

Each Steer or Dry

Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP

Leakages and Pilferages

Design criteria include:

Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP

Demand Factor: Average Day Demand

Average Day Demand is the sum of

Use the value in Average Day

Demand Factor: Maximum Day Demand

Demand Factor: Maximum Hour

MHD = (3 x Average Day Demand)

MHD = (2.5 x Average Day Demand)

Maximum Hour Demand is used

Sample Calculations: Office

Step 1. Solving for

Step 2. Solving for

Step 3. Solving for

Step 4. Solving for

Danilo V. Ravina New NAMPAP

Maximum Day Demand: 101,985

Equivalent WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)

Number of Water Supply

Bathtub (with or without Shower

Drinking Fountain (each faucet)

Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer

Shower (each head)

Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher

Urinal (wall or stall type)

Water Closet Flush Tank

ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES

Liter per second

Liter per second

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