Number Systems

Number Systems
Common Number Systems

System
Base
Symbols
Used by
humans?
Used in
PLC?
Decimal
10
0, 1, 9
Yes
No
Binary
0, 1
No
Yes
Octal
0, 1, 7
No
No
Hexadecimal
16
0, 1, 9,
A, B, F
No
No
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal
0
0
0
Hexa-decimal
0
10
11
100
101
110
111
8
1000 10
Hexa-decimal
8
1001
11
10
1010
12
11
1011
13
12
1100
14
13
1101
15
14
1110
16
15
1111
17
16
10000 20
Hexa-decimal
10
17
10001
21
11
18
10010
22
12
19
10011
23
13
20
10100
24
14
21
10101
25
15
22
10110
26
16
23
10111
27
17
Etc.
Conversion Among Bases

The possibilities:
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Conversion Among Bases

The possibilities:
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight
of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
Add the results
Example
Bit 0
1010112 =>
1 x 20 =
1 x 21 =
0 x 22 =
1 x 23 =
0 x 24 =
1 x 25 =
1
2
0
8
0
32
4310
Octal to Decimal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the weight
of the bit
from 0 on the right
Add the results
Example
Bit 0
7248 => 4 x 80 =
4
2 x 81 =
16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
weight of the bit
from 0 on the right
Add the results
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x

1 =
12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal to Binary
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.
Example
12510 = ?2
2 125
2 62
2 31
2 15
7
2
3
2
1
2
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
12510 = 11111012
Octal to Binary
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
Example
7058 = ?2
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
Example
10AF16 = ?2
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Decimal to Octal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
Technique
Divide by 8
Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?8
8
8
8
8
1234
154
19
2
0
2
2
3
2
123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Divide by 16
Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16
16
16
16
1234
77
4
0
2
13 = D
4
123410 = 4D216
Binary to Octal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
Technique
Group bits in threes, starting on right
Convert to octal digits
Example
10110101112 = ?8
1 011 010 111

1
10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right
Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2
10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
Example
10768 = ?16
1
001
000
111
110
10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8
1
0001
1111
0000
1100
1F0C16 = 174148
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
Two 1-bit values
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
A+ B
0
1
1
10
two
pp. 36-38
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits
Propagate carries
E.g.,
1
10101
+ 11001
101110
21
+ 25
46
Multiplication (1 of 3)
Decimal (just for fun)
35
x 105
175
000
35
3675
Binary, two 1-bit values
A
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
A B
0
0
0
1
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values
E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
Fractions
Binary to decimal
10.1011 =>
1 x
0 x
1 x
0 x
1 x
1 x
2-3 =
2-2 =
2-1 =
20 =
21 =
2-4 = 0.0625
0.125
0.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
2.6875
Fractions
Decimal to binary
3.14579
11.001001...
.14579
x
2
0.29158
x
2
0.58316
x
2
1.16632
x
2
0.33264
x
2
0.66528
x
2
1.33056
etc.
Exercise Convert ...

Decimal
Binary
Octal
Hexadecimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Dont use a calculator!
Skip answer
Answer
Exercise Convert
Answer
Decimal
29.8
5.8125
3.109375
12.5078125
Binary
Octal
11101.110011 35.63
101.1101
5.64
11.000111
3.07
1100.10000010 14.404
Hexadecimal
1D.CC
5.D
3.1C
C.82
Thank you

Number Systems

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Number Systems

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Number Systems

Common Number Systems

Conversion Among Bases

Conversion Among Bases

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x

111 000 101

0001 0000 1010 1111

1 011 010 111

Exercise Convert ...

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