Lecture 8 Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases:
Core Concepts
Review
Chapter 15
Textbook Chapters to
Cover
15.2, 15.3: Definitions of acids & bases
15.4: Acid strength & Ka (next week!)
15.5: Base solutions
15.6, 15.7: Autoionization of water, [H3O]+,
[OH]-, pH, pOH, pKw

15.8: Acidic/basic salts (next week!)
Omit the following sections:
15.1 (intro), 15.9 (polyprotic acids), 15.10
(Lewis), 15.11 (molecular structure of
acids/bases), 15.12 (acid rain)
2
Agenda
Acid-base definitions
Structure and function
Strengths of acids and bases
Autoionisation
pH, pOH, pKw
Acid & Base

Definitions
Acid-Base Definitions
Arrhenius
Acids increase the concentration of H3O+ in
water
e.g. HClO4 (aq) + H2O () H3O+ (aq) + ClO4-
(aq)
(Note: H3O+ is equivalent to H+)
Bases increase the concentration of OH e.g. NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Arrhenius definition confines us to water.
6
Brnsted-Lowry
Acids transfer a proton (H+) to another
substance
CH3CO2H(aq)+H2O(l)
ACID
BASE
H3O+(aq)+CH3CO2(aq)
CONJUGATE
ACID
CONJUGATE
BASE
Brnsted-Lowry
Bases accept a proton from another
substance
NH3(aq)+H2O(l)
BASE
ACID
OH(aq)+NH4+(aq)
CONJUGATE CONJUGATE
BASE
ACID
Water is amphoteric--acts as an acid or a base
LC: Acid-Base Pairs

Which of the following is the correct conjugate
base for the acid HPO42-?
A. H3PO4
B. H2PO4C. PO43D. OH-
LC: Acid-Base Pairs

Which of the following is the correct conjugate
base for the acid HPO42-?
C. PO43-
HPO42- + H2O
PO43- + H3O+
10
Structure/Function
; Strength of Acids
& Bases
11
Structure and Function

Acids: H bound to an electronegative atom or
group
e.g. H-Cl, H-ONO2, H-F, H-NH3+, H-OC(O)CH3
electronegative atom polarizes bond
easy to break by solvation
note: H bound to C are not acidic
Bases have lone pair(s) that can accept
proton
e.g. H3N:
:OH-
CO32-
PO4312
Acid Strength
Substances ability to donate a proton
Strong acid is completely ionized in water
no molecular acid exists in water
conjugate base has little tendency to accept
protons
e.g. HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Weak acid is only partially ionized in water
conjugate base accepts protons readily
e.g. H2S(g) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + HS-(aq)
13
Base Strength
Substances ability to accept H+ or form OHStrong base reacts 100% with water to form
OHe.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 (dilute)
Weak bases partially react with water to
form OHPortion of the base remains unreacted
(molecular)
e.g. NH3(aq) + H2O(aq)
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
14
15
Equilibrium position
Equilibrium favours proton transfer from
stronger acid to the stronger base.
Where will the equilibrium lie for the following?
e.g. HSO4-(aq) + NH3(aq)
NH4+(aq) + SO42(aq)
HSO4- is stronger than NH4+, so equilibrium favours products
e.g.2
HS-(aq) + H2O(l)
H2S(aq) + OH-
(aq)
H2S is stronger than H2O, so equilibrium favours reactants
16
Autoionization of
+
water, [H3O] ,
[OH] , pH, pOH,
pKw
17
Autoionization of Water
Water autoionizes to produce H3O+ and OH-
2 H2O(l)
H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
or
H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Note: hydrogen ion (H+) = hydronium ion
(H3O+)
Equilibrium constant (ion product):
Kw = [H+][OH-] = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.010-14 at 25C

Kw valid for solutions as well as for pure water
18
[OH-] and [H+] from Kw

e.g. Find [OH-] & [H+] in pure water at 25C.
H2O produces both H+ and OHIn pure water, [H+] = [OH-] = x
Kw = [H+][OH-] = x2 = 1.010-14
and so, x = (1.010-14)1/2 = 1.010-7
[H+] = [OH-] = 1.010-7 molL-1
19
LC: [OH-] and [H+] from

Kw
Find [OH-] & [H+] in pure water at 10C (Kw =
2.9310-15).
A. [H+] = [OH-] = 1.0010-7 molL-1
B. [H+] = 5.4110-8 molL-1; [OH-] = 1.8510-7
molL-1
C. [H+] = [OH-] = 5.4110-8 M
D. [H+] = 1.8510-7 molL-1; [OH-] = 5.4110-8
molL-1
20
LC: [OH-] and [H+] from

Kw
Find [OH-] & [H+] in pure water at 10C (Kw =
2.9310-15).
H2O produces both H+ and OHIn pure water, [H+] = [OH-] = x
Kw = [H+][OH-] = x2 = 2.9310-15
and so, x = (2.9310-15)1/2 = 5.4110-8
[H+] = [OH-] = 5.4110-8 molL-1

Note: pH = 7.27 indicates neutral water at
10C
21
[H+] and [OH-] in 0.025 M

HCl
HCl completely dissociates in water
Therefore, [H+] = 0.025 molL-1
H+ from water autoionization is negligible
Find [OH-] from Kw = [OH-][H+] = 1.010-14
[OH-] = Kw/[H+] = (1.010-14)/(0.025) = 4.01013
molL-1
[OH-] is about 1/100 000 000 000th [H+]
22
LC: [OH-] in acid

What is [OH-] in 10 mL of 1.5 molL-1 HCl at
25C?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.5 molL-1
1.010-7 molL-1
6.710-13 molL-1
6.710-15 molL-1
23
LC: [OH-] in acid

What is the [OH-] in a 10 mL sample of 1.5
molL-1 HCl at a temperature of 25C?
D. 6.710-15 M
[OH-] = Kw/[H+] = (1.010-14)/(1.5) = 6.710-15
molL-1
24
The pH Scale
[H+] expressed on a log scale:
pH = -log([H+]) {or [H+] = 10-pH}

pH of pure water at 298 K is
pH = -log(1.010-7) = 7.00
The pH of 0.025 M HCl is
pH = -log(0.025) = 1.60
Reminder: Report as many decimal places in pH
as significant figs in the argument of the log
25
pH at 298 K
26
Example
The pH of Coca-Cola is about 3.0, while the pH
of milk is about 6.4. By what factor does the
[H+] of Coke exceed that of milk?
[H ]Coke 10 pH,Coke 10 3.0

3.4
3
pH,Milk 6.4 10 3 10
[H ]Milk 10
10
Answer has 1 sig. fig. because pH given to 1
decimal place
27
pOH and pKw

pOH = -log([OH-])
Because Kw = [OH-][H+],
-log(Kw) = -log[OH-] - log[H+]
pKw = pOH + pH
at 298 K, Kw=1.010-14; therefore at 298K
pOH + pH = 14.00
28
Example
What is pOH and [OH-] of a pH 3.57 solution at
25 C?
pOH = 14.00 - pH = 14.00 - 3.57 = 10.43
[OH-] = 10-pOH = 10-10.43 = 3.710-11 molL-1
Note: 2 significant figures in [OH-]
29
LC: pOH
At 50C, Kw=5.4810-14. What is the pOH of a
0.50 molL-1 HBr solution at 50C?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.30
12.96
13.50
13.70
30
LC: pOH
What is the pOH of a 0.50 M HBr solution at 50
C?
B. 12.96
pKw = -log(Kw) = -log(5.4810-14) = 13.262
pH = -log(0.50) = 0.30
pOH = pKw pH = 13.262 - 0.30 = 12.96
31
Summary
Go home and review:
pH, pOH
Kw
Strong/weak acids & bases
Lots more calculations to come next week!
Hooray!
32
Questions to solve
Review questions 4 24.
Problems by topic 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 51, 53,
55, 57, 61, 65, 67, 69, 73, 77, 79, 83, 87, 91,
93, 95, 99, 101, 159.
33

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Acids and Bases:

[OH]-, pH, pOH, pKw

Acid & Base

Water is amphoteric--acts as an acid or a base

LC: Acid-Base Pairs

LC: Acid-Base Pairs

Structure and Function

Bases have lone pair(s) that can accept

OHe.g. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 (dilute)

Weak bases partially react with water to

form OHPortion of the base remains unreacted

Note: hydrogen ion (H+) = hydronium ion

Equilibrium constant (ion product):

Kw = [H+][OH-] = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.010-14 at 25C

[OH-] and [H+] from Kw

[H+] = [OH-] = 1.010-7 molL-1

LC: [OH-] and [H+] from

LC: [OH-] and [H+] from

[H+] = [OH-] = 5.4110-8 molL-1

[H+] and [OH-] in 0.025 M

[OH-] is about 1/100 000 000 000th [H+]

LC: [OH-] in acid

LC: [OH-] in acid

pH = -log([H+]) {or [H+] = 10-pH}

[H ]Coke 10 pH,Coke 10 3.0

pOH and pKw

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