A

PRESENTATION
ON
LOAD SHEDDING

SUBMITTED BY
BALURAM
NAIN
11EJCEE015

 Introduction
Electrical energy flow
load shedding schedule
Conventional load shedding
Intelligent load shedding
Affects of load shedding
Benefits of load shedding
Disadvantage of load shedding
Electricity saving v/s load shedding
Conclusion

Load shedding is a measure of last resort to

prevent the collapse of the power system countrywide.
When there is insufficient power station capacity
to supply the demand (load) from all the customers,
the electricity system becomes unbalanced, which
can cause it to trip out country-wide (a blackout),
and which could take days to restore.

As the difference between supply and demand

becomes small, we refer to the system becoming
tight.
This implies that action has to be taken to prevent the
system from becoming unstable.

ELECTRICAL ENERGY FLOW

Power Generation
Thermal, Hydro-electric, Nuclear)
(Supply)
Or
Non-conventional
(Solar PV, Wind etc)

Load-shedding
Demand is more
than supply
(Basically a Power
Shortage/Power
Cut)

Consumers
(Demand or Load)
e.g: Lighting
-Computer/IT Equipment
-Industrial Processes

Transmission and Distribution

Network
(T & D)

Ideally...
Supply=Demand
(Power-generated=Powerconsumed)

Demand
Rapidly
increasing

Supply
Increasing supply
rapidly is very

 Optimize T&D infrastructure

Deploy efficient substation automation

Upgrade to smart metering solutions

Optimize quality and availability of supplied power

Measure and improve delivered power quality

Implement DG in frequently congested areas

Influence demand consumption

Introduce new tariff structures and smart revenue

metering
Provide customers with accurate and relevant
consumption data
Establish DR programs


Act on Users

Educate people on efficient use of energy

Act on business related procedures
Act on loads
Replace, renovate aging loads (lighting, motors, HVAC, )
Implement intelligent load control (variable speed drives,
regulation systems, lighting control, ...)

Optimize quality and availability of on site power

Measure and improve on site power quality
Implement backup generation
Exploit co-generation means

Optimize supply costs

Use the right tariffs according to specific load profile
Participate in DR programs
Resell excess power

Price-Based
options

Time-of-Use, TOU
Real-Time Price, RTP
Critical-Peak Pricing, CPP

Demand
Response
(DR)
Incentive-Based
options

Capacity Market
Programs/Ancillary Services
Market Programs
Demand Bidding/Buyback
Emergency DR programs
Direct Load Control Programs

Load shedding schedules are drawn up in advance

to describe the plan for switching off parts of the
network in sequence during the days that load
shedding is necessary.

On days when load shedding is required, the

networks are switched off according to the
predetermined plan, to ensure that, as far as possible,
customers experience load shedding in accordance
with the published load shedding schedules.

 In exceptional circumstances, if scheduled load

shedding is not achieving the required load reduction
and/or unexpected emergencies or failures occur, then
System Control Centres will shed load outside the
published schedules by using emergency switching in
order to protect the network.

PURPOSE OF LOAD SHEDDING SHEDULE

To make the schedules easier to understand and

remember
To improve our ability to adhere to the planned
schedules
To improve the stability and consistency of the
schedules
To improve the predictability of being switched off
To improve the communication of the schedules and
the status of the power system

INTELLIGENT LOAD SHEDDING

An effective load shedding approach requires a

comprehensive understanding of power system
Dynamics and process constraints, combined with
knowledge of system disturbances.
Pre-disturbance operating conditions
Total system load demand
Generation of each on-site unit
Spinning reserve for each on-site unit
Control settings for each running unit

B. Post-disturbance operating
conditions
New system load demand
Remaining generation from on-site generation
Spinning reserve for each remaining unit
Time duration to bring up the spinning reserve

 C. Nature and duration of the disturbance:

Electrical and/or Mechanical faults
Complete or partial loss of power grid connection
Complete or partial loss of on-site generation
Location of disturbance
Duration of disturbance and its termination (self
clearance, fault isolation, protection device tripping,
etc.)

 D. System transient response to a disturbance

System frequency response (decay, rate of change,
final frequency)
System voltage response
Rotor angle stability of each remaining unit
Operation of protective devices

 A load shedding system, which can incorporate the

above parameters into its calculation and decision
making process, must possess certain intelligence.
In addition, power system modelling and simulation
software tools have been significantly improved to
perform various system analyses from a simple load
flow study to more advanced studies such as transient
stability analysis.

OBJECTIVE OF INTELLIGENT LOAD SH

Automatic recall of system configuration, operating
condition, and system response to disturbances
Pattern recognition capability to predict system
response to disturbances
Systems knowledgebase trainable by user defined
cases
Self-learning capability to new system changes
Shed the minimum amount of load to maintain
system stability

BENEFIT OF INTELLIGENT LOAD SHEDDIN

Optimize load preservation
Eliminate unnecessary load shedding
Reduction of spinning reserve requirements
Reliable load preservation system

AFFECT OF LOAD SHEDDING

The following will not be available when the electricity

supply to your home is switched off:
Electric geyser and electrically heated water supplies
Electric stoves, electric kettles, microwave ovens and
refrigerators Lights
TV and hi-fi equipment
Electrically motorised security gates and garage
doors Pool pumps
Personal computers

 Electric air conditioning

Electric alarm clocks
Household electric pumps for irrigation or
plumbing systems
Electrically operated ignition systems on
certain gas appliances

CONSIDERATION DURING LOAD SHEDDIN

Remember to reset the time control clocks on cooking
ovens, pool pumps, geysers and other automatically
controlled appliances, unless these are battery
operated.
remember that householders are responsible for all
electricity usage and appliances in their homes.
Ensure that your cell phone is always fully charged
when power is available.
Think about transport and communication

 Ensure that your vehicle (car, motorcycle, etc.)

always has fuel in the tank because petrol stations
cannot pump fuel during power outages.
Ensure that you have enough cash because ATMs
cannot operate without electricity.
Think about access, security and safety and release
automatic electric garage door mechanisms so that
you can gain access to your property during a power
outage.

 Release electric security gates and switch to manual

operation to avoid being either locked out of or into
your home.
Keep temporary lighting readily available, e.g.
battery powered torches and candles and make sure
you put these items in places where they will be easy
to find in the dark.

BENEFIT OF LOAD SHEDDING

Demand control
Demand control involves making precisely timed load
reductions to prevent energy spikes. Savings come
from lower peak demand charges.
Time-of-use management
With this approach, often called load shifting,
savings come from managing operations to shift
power use to nonpeak times.

 Real-time pricing (RTP) optimization

Utilities that use this pricing method change their
rates frequently based on the market price of
electricity.
Participating in an RTP program means that much of
the time rates are 20 to 40 percent lower, but peak
rates can be astronomical even as high as 100 times
the usual rate for short periods.
Saving money involves shifting your facilitys
energy use as much as possible to lower-priced
periods and away from super-peak periods.

 Demand response
Demand response programs, which let you earn
money for reducing electricity use on demand, come
in two main favours.
standby/reliability
With standby/reliability programs, you commit to
specific load reductions when the grid is under stress.
These events are infrequent and typically last two to
four hours.

 reserves/market-based
With reserves/market-based programs, participation is
usually voluntary. Instead of committing in advance
to cutting a certain number of kilowatts, you agree to
cut usage for a quoted price. Participants can decide
on a daily basis or with even shorter notice whether
they want to participate and for what amount.

DISADVANTAGE OF LOAD SHEDDING

Even though people are trying to cope with this
situation with the help of alternate energy resources
there are lots of drawbacks and disadvantages.
Industries having to consume huge amounts of power
to run their machinery for bulk production of
materials cannot depend upon the alternate resources.
We can look at the examples of factories being closed
down or shut down in the past due to electrical supply
not being able to meet the demand that is created.

 One another major problem in our society created by

load shedding is safety.
People in our society not only work at day but have
night shifts as well.
These people face serious threat from attackers at
night specially walking down dark narrow lanes with
no light.

ELECTRICITY SAVING
Load shedding is therefore done to protect the
national power system from collapsing.
Saving electricity (by using energy-efficient
appliances, switching off equipment when not in use,
using alternative sources of energy such as solar
geysers) has benefits such as reduced cost, less
pollution, the better use of natural resources (coal,
water and fuel) and less wear and tear on the power
stations, transmission and distribution systems and it
saves customers money.

 In these times of capacity constraints, saving

electricity also means that the load on the national
power system is reduced.
This helps to stabilise the balance between the
available generation and the demand, in this way
reducing the risk of load shedding.

 This is why saving electricity can help to prevent the

need for load shedding, especially if customers switch
off unnecessary appliances and loads during peak
periods, and also at other times when the risk of load
shedding is high (when the Power Alert goes into
Orange, Red or Brown).

FAULT VS LOAD SHEDDING

When the power goes off, it is not possible to know if it
is a fault, emergency load shedding or a scheduled load
shedding except by looking at the published schedules.
If an outage occurs at a different time to the published
schedule, or goes on for longer than the published time,
and emergency load shedding is not being publicised in
the media, it should be treated as a fault.
Customers must always check the load shedding
schedules, and any outage that does not coincide with
these must be reported as a fault.

 Automatic load shedding is basically a last resort

backup measure. As such, it will be called on to
operate only when a highly improbable, potentially
catastrophic disturbance occurs.
Our method is based on extracting a set of features
from the traffic streams to build an on-line prediction
model of the query resource requirements, which is
used to anticipate overload situations and effectively
control the overall system CPU usage, with minimum
impact on the accuracy of the results.

 We also intend to develop smarter load shedding

strategies that allow the system to maximize its
overall utility according to utility functions defined
by each query.

Just switch off the lights and electrical

appliances when they are not required.

THANK YOU
ANY QUERY??