FX Risk Management

Transaction Exposure
Overview
The three major foreign exchange exposures
Foreign exchange transaction exposure
Pros and cons of hedging foreign exchange transaction
exposure
Alternatives of managing significant transaction
exposure
Practices and concerns of foreign exchange risk
management

Foreign Exchange Exposure

Types of foreign exchange exposure

Transaction Exposure measures changes in the value of

outstanding financial obligations due to exchange rate changes
Operating Exposure also called economic exposure, measures
the change in the present value of the firm resulting from any
change in expected future operating cash flows caused by an
unexpected change in exchange rates
Translation Exposure also called accounting exposure, is the
changes in owners equity because of the need to translate
financial statements of foreign subsidiaries into a single
reporting currency for consolidated financial statements
Tax Exposure as a general rule only realized foreign losses are
deductible for purposes of calculating income taxes

Foreign Exchange Exposure

Moment in time when exchange rate changes

Accounting exposure

Operating exposure

Changes in reported owners equity

in consolidated financial statements
caused by a change in exchange rates

Change in expected future cash flows

arising from an unexpected change in
exchange rates

Transaction exposure
Impact of settling outstanding obligations entered into before change
in exchange rates but to be settled after change in exchange rates
Time

Why Hedge - the Pros & Cons

Opponents of hedging give the following reasons:

Shareholders are more capable of diversifying risk than the

management of a firm
Currency risk management does not increase the expected cash
flows of a firm
Management often conducts hedging activities that benefit
management at the expense of shareholders
Managers cannot outguess the market
Managements motivation to reduce variability is sometimes
driven by accounting reasons
Efficient market theorists believe that investors can see through
the accounting veil and therefore have already factored the
foreign exchange effect into a firms market valuation

Why Hedge - the Pros & Cons

Proponents of hedging give the following reasons:
Reduction in the risk of future cash flows improves the

planning capability of the firm

Reduction of risk in future cash flows reduces the
likelihood that the firms cash flows will fall below a
necessary minimum avoiding bankruptcy costs
Management has a comparative advantage over the
individual investor in knowing the actual currency risk
of the firm
Markets are usually in disequilibirum because of
structural and institutional imperfections
Reduction in variability of income reduces a firms
overall tax burden

Why Hedge - the Pros & Cons

Hedged

Unhedged

NCF

Expected Value, E(V)

Net Cash Flow (NCF)

Hedging reduces the variability of expected cash flows about the mean of the distribution.
This reduction of distribution variance is a reduction of risk, but who benefits from it.

Measurement of Transaction Exposure

Transaction exposure measures gains or losses that
arise from the settlement of existing financial
obligations, namely

Purchasing or selling on credit goods or services when

prices are stated in foreign currencies
Borrowing or lending funds when repayment is to be
made in a foreign currency
Being a party to an unperformed forward contract and
Otherwise acquiring assets or incurring liabilities
denominated in foreign currencies

Purchasing or Selling on Open Account

Suppose Trident Corporation sells merchandise on open

account to a Belgian buyer for 1,800,000 payable in 60 days
Further assume that the spot rate is $0.9000/ and Trident
expects to exchange the euros for 1,800,000 x $0.9000/ =
$1,620,000 when payment is received (assuming no change in
exchange rate)

Transaction exposure arises because of the risk that Trident will

receive something other than $1,620,000 expected
If the euro weakens to $0.8500/, then Trident will receive
$1,530,000
If the euro strengthens to $0.9600/, then Trident will receive
$1,728,000

Purchasing or Selling on Open Account

Trident might have avoided transaction exposure by

invoicing the Belgian buyer in US dollars, but this

might have caused Trident not being able to book the
sale
Even if the Belgian buyer agrees to pay in dollars,
however, Trident has not eliminated transaction
exposure, instead it has transferred it to the Belgian
buyer whose dollar account payable has an unknown
euro value in 60 days

Purchasing or Selling on Open Account

Life Span of a Transaction Exposure

t1

t2

t3

Seller quotes a
price to buyer

Buyer places
firm order with
seller at
offered price

Seller ships
product and
bills buyer

t4
Buyer settles
A/R with cash
in amount of
currency
quoted at t1

Quotation Exposure

Backlog Exposure

Billing Exposure

Time between quoting

a price and reaching a
contractual sale

Time it takes to fill the

order after contract is
signed

Time it takes to get

paid in cash after A/R
is issued

Borrowing and Lending

A second example of transaction exposure arises

when funds are loaned or borrowed

Example: PepsiCos largest bottler outside the US is
located in Mexico, Grupo Embotellador de Mexico
(Gemex)

On 12/94, Gemex had US dollar denominated debt of

$264 million
The Mexican peso (Ps) was pegged at Ps3.45/$
On 12/22/94, the government allowed the peso to float
due to internal pressures and it sank to Ps4.65/$

Borrowing and Lending

Gemexs peso obligation now looked like this
Dollar debt mid-December, 1994:
$264,000,000 Ps3.45/$ = Ps910,800,000

Dollar debt in mid-January, 1995:

$264,000,000 Ps5.50/$ = Ps1,452,000,000

Dollar debt increase measured in Ps

Ps541,200,000

Gemexs dollar obligation increased by 59% due to

transaction exposure

Other Causes of Transaction Exposure

When a firm buys a forward exchange contract, it
deliberately creates transaction exposure; this risk is
incurred to hedge an existing exposure

Example: US firm wants to offset transaction exposure

of 100 million to pay for an import from Japan in 90
days
Firm can purchase 100 million in forward market to
cover payment in 90 days

Hedging Alternatives
Transaction exposure can be managed by

contractual, operating, or financial hedges

Contractual hedges: forward, money market, futures,
and options
Operating and financial hedges use risk-sharing
agreements, leads and lags in payment terms, swaps,
and other strategies
A natural hedge refers to an offsetting operating cash
flow
A financial hedge refers to either an offsetting debt
obligation or some type of financial derivative such
as a swap

Foreign Currency Derivatives

Derivatives drive their values from the underlying asset

They might be used for two distinct management objectives:

Speculation the financial manager takes a position in the

expectation of profit
Hedging the financial manager uses the instruments to reduce
the risks of the corporations cash flow

In the wrong hands, derivatives can cause a corporation to

collapse (Barings, Allied Irish Bank), but used wisely they
allow a financial manager the ability to plan cash flows
The derivatives we will consider are:

Foreign Currency Futures

Foreign Currency Options

Foreign Currency Futures

A foreign currency futures contract is an alternative
to a forward contract

It calls for future delivery of a standard amount of

currency at a fixed time and price

These contracts are traded on exchanges with the
largest being the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)

Contract Specifications:
Size of contract called the notional principal, trading
in each currency must be done in an even multiple
Method of stating exchange rates American terms
are used; quotes are in US dollar cost per unit of
foreign currency, also known as direct quotes

Foreign Currency Futures

Contract Specifications
Maturity date contracts mature on the 3rd Wednesday
of January, March, April, June, July, September,
October or December
Last trading day contracts may be traded through the
second business day prior to maturity date
Collateral & maintenance margins the purchaser or
trader must deposit an initial margin or collateral
At the end of each trading day, the account is marked to
market and the balance in the account is either credited
if value of contracts is greater or debited if value of
contracts is less than account balance

Foreign Currency Futures

Contract Specifications

Settlement only 5% of futures contracts are settled by

physical delivery, most often buyers and sellers offset
their position prior to delivery date by taking offsetting
positions
The complete buy/sell or sell/buy is termed a round turn

Commissions customers pay a single commission to

their broker to execute a round turn
Use of a clearing house as a counterparty All
contracts are agreements between the client and the
exchange clearing house. Therefore, there is no
counter-party risk

Using Foreign Currency Futures

If an investor wishes to speculate on the movement of
a currency can pursue one of the following strategies

Short position selling a futures contract based on

view that currency will fall in value
Long position purchase a futures contract based on
view that currency will rise in value

Using Foreign Currency Futures

Example (cont.): Amy believes that the value of the

peso will fall, so she sells a March futures contract

By taking a short position on the Mexican peso, Amy
locks-in the right to sell 500,000 Mexican pesos at
maturity at a set price above their current spot price
Amy sells one March contract for 500,000 pesos at
the settle price: $0.10958/Ps

Value at maturity (Short position) = Notional principal (Spot Futures)

Using Foreign Currency Futures

To calculate the value of Amys position we use the following

formula

Value at maturity (Short position) = Notional principal (Spot Futures)

Using the settle price from the table and assuming a spot rate of
$0.09450/Ps at maturity, Amys profit is

Value = Ps500,000 ($0.09450/Ps $0.10958/Ps) = $7,540

If Amy believed that the Mexican peso would rise in value, she would
take a long position on the peso

Value at maturity (Long position) = Notional principal (Spot Futures)

Using the settle price from the table and assuming a spot rate of
$0.11500/Ps at maturity, Amys profit is

Value = Ps500,000 ($0.11500/Ps $0.10958/Ps) = $2,710

Foreign Currency Futures Versus Forward

Contracts
Contract size
Delivery date
Participants

Forward Markets
Customized.
Customized.
Banks, brokers, MNCs. Public
speculation not encouraged

Futures Markets
Standardized.
Standardized.
Banks, brokers, MNC. Qualified
public speculators.

Security deposit Compensating bank balances or

credit lines needed

Small security deposit required

Clearing
operation

Handled by individual banks and

brokers

Handled by exchange clearinghouse.

Daily settlements.

Marketplace
Regulation

Worldwide
Self-regulating.

Central exchange
Commodity Futures Trading
Commission (CFTC) and National
Futures Association

Liquidation

Mostly settled by actual delivery

Mostly settled by offsetting

transactions

Transaction
Costs

Banks bid/ask spread

Negotiated brokerage fees

Foreign Currency Options

A foreign currency option is a contract giving the

purchaser of the option the right to buy or sell a given

amount of currency at a fixed price per unit for a
specified time period

The most important part of clause is the right, but not

the obligation to take an action
Two basic types of options, calls and puts

Call buyer has right to purchase currency

Put buyer has right to sell currency

The buyer of the option is the holder and the seller of

the option is termed the writer

Foreign Currency Options

Every option has three different price elements
The strike or exercise price is the exchange rate at

which the foreign currency can be purchased or sold

The premium, the cost, price or value of the option
itself paid at time option is purchased
Spot exchange rate in the market

There are two types of option maturities

American options may be exercised at any time during
the life of the option
European options may not be exercised until the
specified maturity date

Foreign Currency Options

Options may also be classified as per their payouts
At-the-money (ATM) options have an exercise price
equal to the spot rate of the underlying currency
In-the-money (ITM) options may be profitable,
excluding premium costs, if exercised immediately
Out-of-the-money (OTM) options would not be
profitable, excluding the premium costs, if exercised

Foreign Currency Options Markets

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Market OTC options are most

frequently written by banks for US dollars against British
pounds, Swiss francs, Japanese yen, Canadian dollars and the
euro

Main advantage is that they are tailored to purchaser

Counterparty risk exists
Mostly used by individuals and banks

Organized Exchanges similar to the futures market,

currency options are traded on an organized exchange floor

The Chicago Mercantile and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange

serve options markets
Clearinghouse services are provided by the Options
Clearinghouse Corporation (OCC)

Tridents Transaction Exposure

CFO of Trident, has just concluded a sale to Regency, a British firm,

for 1,000,000
The sale is made in March for settlement due in June (3 months)

Assumptions

Spot rate is $1.7640/

3-month forward rate is $1.7540/ (a 2.27% discount)
Tridents cost of capital is 12.0%
UK 3 month borrowing rate is 10.0% p.a.
UK 3 month investing rate is 8.0% p.a.
US 3 month borrowing rate is 8.0% p.a.
US 3 month investing rate is 6.0% p.a.
June put option in OTC market for 1,000,000; strike price $1.75/; priced
at $0.0265/
Tridents foreign exchange advisory service forecasts future spot rate in 3
months to be $1.7600/

The budget rate (lowest acceptable amount) is based on an exchange

rate of $1.7000/

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Trident faces four possibilities:

Remain unhedged
Hedge in the forward market
Hedge in the money market
Hedge in the futures market
Hedge in the options market

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Unhedged position
If the future spot rate is $1.76/, then Trident will
receive 1,000,000 x $1.76/ = $1,760,000 in 3
months
However, if the future spot rate is $1.65/, Trident will
receive only $1,650,000 well below the budget rate

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Forward Market hedge

A forward hedge involves a forward contract

The forward contract is entered at the time the A/R is created, in this

case in March
When this sale is booked, it is recorded at the spot rate.
In this case the A/R is recorded at a spot rate of $1.7640/, thus
$1,764,000 is recorded as a sale for Trident
If the firm wants to cover this exposure with a forward contract, then
the firm will sell 1,000,000 forward today at the $1.7540/
In 3 months, Trident will received 1,000,000 and exchange those
pounds at $1.7540/ receiving $1,754,000
This sum is $6,000 less than the uncertain $1,760,000 expected from
the unhedged position
This would be recorded in Tridents books as a foreign exchange loss
of $10,000 ($1,764,000 as booked, $1,754,000 as settled)

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Money Market hedge
To hedge in the money market, Trident will borrow

pounds in London, convert the pounds to dollars and

repay the pound loan with the proceeds from the sale
To calculate how much to borrow, Trident needs to discount
the PV of the 1,000,000 to today
1,000,000/1.025 = 975,610
Trident should borrow 975,610 today and in 3 months
repay this amount plus 24,390 in interest (1,000,000)
from the proceeds of the sale
Trident would exchange the 975,610 at the spot rate of
$1.7640/ and receive $1,720,976 at once (today)
This hedge creates a pound denominated liability that is
offset with a pound denominated asset thus creating a
balance sheet hedge

Tridents Transaction Exposure

In order to compare the forward hedge with the money market

hedge, we must analyze the use of the loan proceeds

Remember that the loan proceeds may be used today, but the funds

for the forward contract may not

Because the funds are relatively certain, comparison is possible in
order to make a decision (the comparison is made on future values)
Three logical choices exist for an assumed investment rate for the
next 3 months
First, if Trident is cash rich the loan proceeds might be invested at the
US rate of 6.0% p.a.
Second, the loan proceeds can be substituted for an equal dollar loan
that Trident would have otherwise taken for working capital needs at
a rate of 8.0% p.a.
Third, the loan proceeds can be invested in the firm itself in which
case the cost of capital is 12.0% p.a.

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Because the proceeds in 3 months from the forward hedge will

be $1,754,000, the money market hedge is superior to the
forward hedge if the proceeds are used to replace a dollar loan
(8%) or conduct general business operations (12%)
The forward hedge would be preferable if the loan proceeds
are invested at (6%)
We will assume the cost of capital as the reinvestment rate
Received today

Invested in

Rate

Future value in 3 months

$1,720,976

Treasury bill

6% p.a. or 1.5%/quarter

$1,746,791

$1,720,976

Debt cost

8% p.a. or 2.0%/quarter

$1,755,396

$1,720,976

Cost of capital

12% p.a. or 3.0%/quarter

$1,772,605

Tridents Transaction Exposure

A breakeven investment rate can be calculated
between forward and money market hedge
(Loan proceeds) x (1 + rate) = (forward proceeds)
$1,720,976 x (1 + r) = $1,754,000
r = 0.0192

To convert this 3 month rate to an annual rate,

360
0.0192 x
x 100 = 7.68%
90

In other words, if Trident can invest the loan proceeds at a rate

equal to or greater than 7.68% p.a. then the money market
hedge will be superior to the forward hedge

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Value in US dollars of
Tridents 1,000,000 A/R

Uncovered yields
whatever the ending
spot rate is in 90 days

Forward rate
is $1.7540/

1.84
1.82

Money market hedge

yields $1,772,605

1.80
1.78
1.76

Forward contract hedge

yields $1,754,000

1.74
1.72
1.70
1.68
1.68

1.70

1.72

1.74

1.76

1.78

1.80

Ending spot exchange rate (US$/)

1.82

1.84

1.86

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Futures market hedge

Trident could also cover the 1,000,000 exposure by selling futures

contracts now at say $1.7540/ - most futures contracts are not
delivered therefore instead of spot rate you would have purchase
price of the futures contract below
If spot rate is $1.7600/ then the result of futures position is:
Value at maturity (Short position) = Notional principal (Spot Futures)
Value at maturity (Short position) = 1,000,000 ($1.7600/ $1.7540/ )
Value at maturity (Short position) = $6,000

The loss on futures would reduce the value of receivable

Value of receivable = 1,000,000 $1.7600/ = $1,760,000
The net value of receivable is:
$1,760,000 $6,000 = $1,754,000
Implied exchange rate of conversion is
$1,754,000 / 1,000,000 = $1.7540/ (Rate at which we sold futures
contracts.

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Option market hedge
Trident could also cover the 1,000,000 exposure by
purchasing a put option. This provides the upside
potential for appreciation of the pound while limiting
the downside risk
Given the quote earlier, a 3-month put option can be
purchased with a strike price of $1.75/ and a premium
of $0.0265/
The cost of this option would be

(Size of option) x (premium) = cost of option

1,000,000 x $0.0265/ = $26,460

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Because we are using future value to compare the various hedging

alternatives, we need future value of the option cost in 3 months
Using a cost of capital of 12% p.a. or 3.0% per quarter, the
premium cost of the option as of June would be

$26,460 1.03 = $27,254 or $27,254 / 1,000,000 = $0.0273/

Since the upside potential is unlimited, Trident would not exercise

its option at any rate above $1.75/ and would convert pounds to
dollars at the spot market
If the spot rate is $1.76/, Trident would exchange pounds on the
spot market to receive 1,000,000 $1.76/ = $1,760,000 less the
premium of the option ($27,254) netting $1,732,746
If the pound depreciates below $1.75/, Trident would exercise the
put option and exchange 1,000,000 at $1.75/ receiving
$1,750,000 less the premium of the option netting $1,722,746

Tridents Transaction Exposure

As with the forward and money market hedges, a
breakeven price on the option can be calculated

The upper bound of the range is determined by

comparison of the forward rate

The pound must appreciate above $1.754/ forward rate

plus the cost of the option, $0.0273/, to $1.7813/

The lower bound of the range is determined by

comparison to the strike price

If the pound depreciates below $1.75/, the net proceeds

would be $1.75/ less the cost of $0.0273/ or $1.722/
Note that the following graph shows the net proceeds of
the option contract under varying exchange rates. Net
proceeds are not same of a put option payoff diagram
because we have exposure to the underlying asset ()

Tridents Transaction Exposure

Put Option Strike Price
Option cost (future cost)

ATM Option $1.75/

$27,254

Proceeds if exercised

$1,750,000

Minimum net proceeds

$1,722,746

Maximum net proceeds

unlimited

Breakeven spot rate (upside)

$1.7813/

Breakeven spot rate (downside)

$1.7221/

Net Proceeds of Alternatives

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

B
Exposure
Put Exercise
Put Premium
Spot Rate
Unhedged
1.68
$1,680,000
1.69
$1,690,000
1.70
$1,700,000
1.71
$1,710,000
1.72
$1,720,000
1.73
$1,730,000
1.74
$1,740,000
1.75
$1,750,000
1.76
$1,760,000
1.77
$1,770,000
1.78
$1,780,000
1.79
$1,790,000
1.80
$1,800,000
1.81
$1,810,000
1.82
$1,820,000
1.83
$1,830,000
1.84
$1,840,000
1.85
$1,850,000
1.86
$1,860,000
1.87
$1,870,000
1.88
$1,880,000
1.89
$1,890,000
1.90
$1,900,000

C
1,000,000
1.75
0.0273
MM
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605
$1,772,605

(FV)
Forward
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000
$1,754,000

Put Option
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,722,746
$1,732,746
$1,742,746
$1,752,746
$1,762,746
$1,772,746
$1,782,746
$1,792,746
$1,802,746
$1,812,746
$1,822,746
$1,832,746
$1,842,746
$1,852,746
$1,862,746
$1,872,746

Cell E5 Entry is =IF(A5<$C$2,($C$2-$C$3)*$C$1,(A5-$C$3)*$C$1)

Net Proceeds of Alternatives

Hedging Alternatives
Unhedged

MM

Forward

Put Option

$1,920,000
$1,900,000
$1,880,000
$1,860,000
$1,840,000

Net Proceeds

$1,820,000
$1,800,000
$1,780,000
$1,760,000
$1,740,000
$1,720,000
$1,700,000
$1,680,000
$1,660,000
1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90
Exchange Rate ($/)

Strategy Choice and Outcome

Trident, like all firms, must decide on a strategy to

undertake before the exchange rate changes but how a

choice can be made among the strategies?
Two criteria can be utilized:

Risk tolerance - of the firm,as expressed in its stated

policies and
Viewpoint managers view on the expected direction
and distance of the exchange rate

Trident now needs to compare the alternatives and

their outcomes in order to choose a strategy

There were four alternatives available to manage this
account receivable

Strategy Choice and Outcome

Hedging Strategy

Outcome/Payout

Remain uncovered

Unknown

Forward Contract hedge @ $1.754/

$1,754,000

Money market hedge @ 8% p.a.

$1,755,396

Money market hedge @ 12% p.a.

$1,772,605

Put option hedge @ strike $1.75/

Minimum if exercised

$1,722,746

Maximum if not exercised

Unlimited

Managing an Account Payable

The choices are the same for managing a payable
Assume that the 1,000,000 was an account payable in
90 days

Remain unhedged Trident could wait the 90 days

and at that time exchange dollars for pounds to pay
the obligation

If the spot rate is $1.7600/ then Trident would pay

$1,760,000 but this amount is not certain

Managing an Account Payable

Use a forward market hedge Trident could purchase

a forward contract locking in the $1.754/ rate

ensuring that their obligation will not be more than
$1,754,000
Use a money market hedge this hedge is distinctly
different for a payable than a receivable

Here Trident would exchange US dollars at the spot

rate and invest them for 90 days in pounds
The pound obligation for Trident is now offset by a
pound asset for Trident with matching maturity

Managing an Account Payable

Using a money market hedge
To ensure that exactly 1,000,000 will be received in 3
months, discount the principal by 8% p.a.
1,000,000
90
1 + 0.08 x
360

= 980,392.16

This 980,392.16 would require $1,729,411.77 at the

current spot rate

980,392.16 x $1.7640/ = $1,729,411 .77

Managing an Account Payable

Using a money market hedge
Finally, carry the cost forward 90 days using the cost
of capital in order to compare the payout from the
money market hedge

90
$1,729,411.77 x 1 0.12 x

360

$1,781,294.12

This is higher than the forward hedge of $1,754,000

thus unattractive

Managing an Account Payable

Futures market hedge

Trident could also cover the 1,000,000 exposure by buying futures

contracts now at say $1.7540/
If spot rate is $1.7600/ then the result of futures position is:
Value at maturity (Long position) = Notional principal (Spot Futures)
Value at maturity (Long position) = 1,000,000 ($1.7600/ $1.7540/)
Value at maturity (Long position) = $6,000

The gain on futures would reduce the value of payable

Value of payable = 1,000,000 $1.7600/ = $1,760,000
The net value of payable is:
$1,760,000 + $6,000 = $1,754,000
Implied exchange rate of conversion is
$1,754,000 / 1,000,000 = $1.7540/ (Rate at which we bought
futures contracts.

Managing an Account Payable

Using an option hedge instead of purchasing a put
as with a receivable, you want to purchase a call
option on the payable

The total cost of an ATM call option with strike price

of $1.75/ and a premium of $0.0265/:
(Size of option) x (premium) = cost of option
1,000,000 x $0.0265/ = $26,460

Carried forward 90 days the premium amount is

$26,460 1.03 = $27,254 or $27,254 / 1,000,000 =

$0.0273/

Managing an Account Payable

Using a call option hedge
If the spot rate is less than $1.75/ then the option
would be allowed to expire and the 1,000,000 would
be purchased on the spot market
If the spot rate rises above $1.75/ then the option
would be exercised and Trident would exchange the
1,000,000 at $1.75/ less the option premium for the
payable
Exercise call option (1,000,000 $1.75/)

$1,750,000

Call option premium (carried forward 90 days)

Total maximum expense of call option hedge$1,777,254

$27,254

Net Proceeds of Alternatives

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

B
Exposure
Call Exercise
Call Premium
Spot Rate
Unhedged
1.68
$1,680,000
1.69
$1,690,000
1.70
$1,700,000
1.71
$1,710,000
1.72
$1,720,000
1.73
$1,730,000
1.74
$1,740,000
1.75
$1,750,000
1.76
$1,760,000
1.77
$1,770,000
1.78
$1,780,000
1.79
$1,790,000
1.80
$1,800,000
1.81
$1,810,000
1.82
$1,820,000
1.83
$1,830,000
1.84
$1,840,000
1.85
$1,850,000
1.86
$1,860,000
1.87
$1,870,000
1.88
$1,880,000
1.89
$1,890,000
1.90
$1,900,000

C
1,000,000
1.75
0.0273
MM
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294
$1,781,294

(FV)
Forward Call Option
$1,754,000 $1,707,254
$1,754,000 $1,717,254
$1,754,000 $1,727,254
$1,754,000 $1,737,254
$1,754,000 $1,747,254
$1,754,000 $1,757,254
$1,754,000 $1,767,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254
$1,754,000 $1,777,254

Cell E5 Entry is =IF(A5>$C$2,($C$2+$C$3)*$C$1,(A5+$C$3)*$C$1)

Net Proceeds of Alternatives

Hedging Alternatives
Unhedged

MM

Forward

Call Option

$1,920,000
$1,900,000
$1,880,000
$1,860,000
$1,840,000

Net Proceeds

$1,820,000
$1,800,000
$1,780,000
$1,760,000
$1,740,000
$1,720,000
$1,700,000
$1,680,000
$1,660,000
1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90
Exchange Rate ($/)

Risk Management in Practice

Which Goals?

The treasury function of most firms is usual considered a cost center;

it is not expected to add to the bottom line
However, in practice some firms treasuries have become aggressive
in currency management and act as profit centers

Which Exposures?

Transaction exposures exist before they are actually booked yet some
firms do not hedge this backlog exposure
However, some firms are selectively hedging these backlog
exposures and anticipated exposures

Which Contractual Hedges?

Transaction exposure management programs are generally divided

along an option-line; those which use options and those that do not
Also the amount of risk covered may vary. Tare are proportional
hedging policies that state which proportion and type of exposure is
to be hedged by the treasury

Example

Dragon Inc, of Moorhead purchased a Korean company that produces plastic

nuts and bolts for auto manufacturers. The purchase price was Won7,030
million. Won1,000 million has already been paid and the remaining Won6,030
million is due in six months. The current spot rate is Won1,200/$, and the 6month forward rate is Won1,260/$
Additional data:
Six-month Korean interest rate: 16.00% p.a.
Six-month US interest rate: 4.00% p.a.
Six-month call option on Korean Won at 1,260 with a premium of
Won33.33/$
Six-month put option on Korean Won at 1200 with a premium of
Won41.67/$
Dragon can invest at the rates given above or borrow at 2% p.a. above those
rates. Dragons cost of capital is 25%.
Compare hedging alternatives and make a recommendation.