Chapter 1 Form 5 Chemistry 2015

RATE OF REACTION
FORM 5 CHAPTER 1
1.1 RATE OF REACTION

Definition
Speed
at which reactants are converted into

products in a chemical reaction.
Examples of fast/slow reactions.

Type of rxn
Liberation of
gas
Fast rxn
Carbonate compound + dilute HCl
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Slow rxn
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Precipitation
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S + SO2 +

H2 O
Heating metal
in air
Heating of potassium
4K + O2 2K2O
Heating of copper
2Cu + O2 2CuO
Fast
reaction;
time
taken is short
So, the reactants is quickly converted to the

products.
Thus, the rate of reaction is high.
Slow
reaction;
time
taken is long
So, the reactants is slowly converted to the

products.
Thus, the rate of reaction is low.
So;
What
is the relation between rates of reaction with time?
When
the time taken is short, the rate of reaction is higher,
When
the time taken is longer, the rate of reaction is lower,
Rate
of reaction is directly proportional with 1/time
Rate
of reaction is inversely proportional with time
Measuring the Rate of Reaction

Rate of reaction =
Changes in selected quantity
_______________________________________________
Time taken
Suitable changes;
volume of gas liberated
precipitate formation
change in mass during the reaction
colour changes
temperature changes
pressure changes
Average rate of reaction

The
average value of the rate of reaction within a

specified period of time.
Average rate of reaction
Changes in selected quantity
____________________________________________
Time taken
Notes:
Reaction with high ROR, completed in short time.
Reaction with low ROR, completed in longer time.
Rate of reaction at given/instantaneous time

The
actual rate of reaction at that instant .
Also
known as instantaneous rate of reaction.
Instantaneous rate of reaction = Gradient of the curve at that instant
Solutions:
- Draw a Tangent
- Find the Gradient
1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION
Why these two curves different?
a) Total surface area/particle size

of solid reactant
b) Concentration of reactant
c) Temperature of reactant
d)Use of catalyst
e) Pressure of gaseous reactant
1.3 COLLISION THEORY

To better understand of collision theory you must know a few
things related to the theory which is;
Chemical equation
Collision
Effective collision
Activation energy
Collision frequency
Effective collision frequency
Energy profile diagram
What is the Collision Theory?

During a reaction, the particles of the
reactants must collide with each other, for bond
breaking and then bond formation to occur to
produce product.
Bond breaking : absorb heat energy
Bond formation : release heat energy
What is the Collision Theory?

Those
collisions which achieved a minimum

activation energy and with the correct
orientation will result in a reaction. These
collisions are called effective collisions.
If the particles collide with less energy than
activation energy or with wrong orientation, it
will not result in reaction, is called ineffective
collisions.
Effective Collisions
Those collisions which achieved a minimum

activation energy (Ea) and with the correct
orientation, will result in a reaction.
Activation Energy
Activation energy is the energy barrier that

must be overcome by the colliding particles of
the reactants in order for reaction to occur.
(a) Effect of Surface Area/Size on the ROR

SMALLER size solid reactant
Bigger total surface area per volume
Higher frequency of effective collision
Higher rate of reaction
BIGGER size solid reactant

Smaller total surface area per volume
Lower frequency of effective collision
Lower rate of reaction
Volume of gas vs time graph
V
Volume of
gas / cm3
II
t1
I : Small marble
II : Large marble
t2
Time / min
Graph I is more steeper than graph II
Thus, the gradient of graph I is more than

graph II
Thus, the rate of reaction for the experiment I

is higher than experimen II
Question: Why the total volume of gas is

same?
Answer: The number of mole of reactant
is same
(a) Effect of Surface Area/Size on the ROR

When the size of fixed mass of solid reactant (ex: CaCO3) is smaller;
The total surface area per volume exposed to collision with other reactant (name the reactant)
particles is bigger.
Thus, the number of collision among the reacting particles at the surface of the solid reactants
increases. frequency of collission is higher.
Thus, the number of collision achieved the activation energy to become effective collision is also
increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision.
Hence, a higher rate of reaction.
(b) Effect of Concentration on ROR

When the concentration of the solution of a reactant increases;
The number of particles per unit volume of the solution of the reactant also
increases.
Thus, the number of collision among the reacting particles increases.
Frequency of collission is higher.
Thus, the number of collision achieved the activation energy to become
effective collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision.
(c) Effect of Temperature on ROR

When the temperature of a reactant increases;
The
kinetic energy of reacting particles will increase, so the

particles moves faster.
Thus,
the number of collision among the reacting particles

increases. Frequency of collision is higher.
Thus,
the number of collision achieved the activation energy to

become effective collision is also increases.
This
lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision.
Hence,
a higher rate of reaction.
(d) Effect of Catalyst on ROR

Definition
Catalyst is a substance which alters

the rate of reaction while it remains
chemically unchanged at the end of
the reaction.
(d) Effect of Catalyst on ROR
Properties of Catalyst
Energy
Reaction without catalyst

Ea
Ec
Reaction with catalyst
Ea : Activation energy
without catalyst
Ec : Activation Energy
Reactant
with catalyst
Product
Reaction path
When the catalyst is presence;

The catalyst allows the reaction to take place
through an alternative path which requires a
lower activation energy (Ea).
Thus, more collision among the reacting
particles are able to achieve the lower
activation energy.
Thus, the number of collision achieved the
activation energy to become effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency of
effective collision.
(e) Effect of Pressure on ROR

When the pressure of the gas of a reactant increases;
The
number of particles per unit volume of the gas of the

reactant also increases.
Thus,
the number of collision among the reacting particles

increases. The frequency of collision is increases.
Thus,
the number of collision achieved the activation energy to

become effective collision is also increases.
This
lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision.
Hence,
a higher rate of reaction.

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RATE OF REACTION

1.1 RATE OF REACTION

at which reactants are converted into

Examples of fast/slow reactions.

AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S + SO2 +

So, the reactants is quickly converted to the

Thus, the rate of reaction is high.

So, the reactants is slowly converted to the

Thus, the rate of reaction is low.

is the relation between rates of reaction with time?

the time taken is short, the rate of reaction is higher,

the time taken is longer, the rate of reaction is lower,

of reaction is directly proportional with 1/time

of reaction is inversely proportional with time

Measuring the Rate of Reaction

Changes in selected quantity

Average rate of reaction

average value of the rate of reaction within a

Changes in selected quantity

Rate of reaction at given/instantaneous time

actual rate of reaction at that instant .

known as instantaneous rate of reaction.

Instantaneous rate of reaction = Gradient of the curve at that instant

1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

Why these two curves different?

a) Total surface area/particle size

1.3 COLLISION THEORY

What is the Collision Theory?

What is the Collision Theory?

collisions which achieved a minimum

Those collisions which achieved a minimum

Activation energy is the energy barrier that

(a) Effect of Surface Area/Size on the ROR

Bigger total surface area per volume

Higher frequency of effective collision

Higher rate of reaction

BIGGER size solid reactant

Volume of gas vs time graph

Graph I is more steeper than graph II

Thus, the gradient of graph I is more than

Thus, the rate of reaction for the experiment I

Question: Why the total volume of gas is

(a) Effect of Surface Area/Size on the ROR

This lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision.

Hence, a higher rate of reaction.

(b) Effect of Concentration on ROR

(c) Effect of Temperature on ROR

kinetic energy of reacting particles will increase, so the

the number of collision among the reacting particles

the number of collision achieved the activation energy to

lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision.

a higher rate of reaction.

(d) Effect of Catalyst on ROR

Catalyst is a substance which alters

(d) Effect of Catalyst on ROR

Reaction without catalyst

Reaction with catalyst

When the catalyst is presence;