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    My Technical Seminar PPT (Bionic Eyes)

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    kitty
    The document discusses research on bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics. It describes early prototypes like the MIT-Harvard device that used a camera, laser and electrode array to provide basic visual perceptions. More advanced designs include the artificial silicon retina (ASR) which uses a photodiode array chip implanted subretinally to stimulate remaining retinal cells. The ASR provides improved image quality and has been further developed into systems like the multiple unit artificial retina chipset that offers a compact implant to restore vision. While promising, bionic eyes still face challenges in long-term power supply and high resolution perceptions.

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    My Technical Seminar PPT (Bionic Eyes)

    Uploaded by

    kitty
    554 views26 pages
    The document discusses research on bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics. It describes early prototypes like the MIT-Harvard device that used a camera, laser and electrode array to provide basic visual perceptions. More advanced designs include the artificial silicon retina (ASR) which uses a photodiode array chip implanted subretinally to stimulate remaining retinal cells. The ASR provides improved image quality and has been further developed into systems like the multiple unit artificial retina chipset that offers a compact implant to restore vision. While promising, bionic eyes still face challenges in long-term power supply and high resolution perceptions.

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    My Technical Seminar Ppt (Bionic Eyes)

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    The document discusses research on bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics. It describes early prototypes like the MIT-Harvard device that used a camera, laser and electrode array to provide basic visual perceptions. More advanced designs include the artificial silicon retina (ASR) which uses a photodiode array chip implanted subretinally to stimulate remaining retinal cells. The ASR provides improved image quality and has been further developed into systems like the multiple unit artificial retina chipset that offers a compact implant to restore vision. While promising, bionic eyes still face challenges in long-term power supply and high resolution perceptions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    554 views26 pages

    My Technical Seminar PPT (Bionic Eyes)

    Uploaded by

    kitty
    The document discusses research on bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics. It describes early prototypes like the MIT-Harvard device that used a camera, laser and electrode array to provide basic visual perceptions. More advanced designs include the artificial silicon retina (ASR) which uses a photodiode array chip implanted subretinally to stimulate remaining retinal cells. The ASR provides improved image quality and has been further developed into systems like the multiple unit artificial retina chipset that offers a compact implant to restore vision. While promising, bionic eyes still face challenges in long-term power supply and high resolution perceptions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    BIONIC EYE

    A Look into Current Research and


    Future Prospects
    By..
    k.keerthana(11B81A1020)

    Overview

    Biology of the Eye


    MIT Harvard Device
    ASR Artificial Silicon Retina
    MARC Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chip
    Set System
    Conclusion

    BIONIC EYE ?

    Bio-electronic eye
    Electronic device which replaces
    functionality of a part or whole of the eye
    Used for replacing functionality (or)
    Adding functionality to the eye

    The Eye with Retina

    Retinitis Pigmentosa
    ( Ophthalmoscope View )
    NORMAL EYE

    DEFECTIVE EYE

    Macular Degeneration
    (Ophthalmoscope View)
    NORMAL EYE

    DEFECTIVE EYE

    Regions & Site of Implantation

    Retina, Optic nerve, Lateral Geniculate Body, Visual


    Cortex

    External View

    Internal View

    Implant Structure

    Layers
    1- Photodiode Array
    2- Polyimide strip
    3- Stimulator chip

    Electrodes on other
    end of Polyimide strip

    MIT-Harvard device
    Features

    Epi-Retinal Approach
    Microelectrode array replaces damaged
    photoreceptors
    Power source Laser(820nm wavelength)
    Image Acquisition - Using CCD Camera
    Patient spectacle holds the camera and power
    source

    The Whole Picture

    Working of the System - 1

    CCD camera input External light intensity


    CCD output amplitude-modulates laser
    source
    This hits photodiode array of implant
    This in turn powers stimulator chip (SC)

    Working of the System - 2

    SC drives current to electrodes facing retina


    This excites the ganglionic cells > axons >
    optic nerve > visual cortex in occipital lobe
    of brain
    Brain helps in perceiving an image

    Advantages and Disadvantages


    Advantages

    Disadvantages

    Very Early in the visual


    pathway
    No Batteries implanted
    within body
    No complicated surgical
    procedure
    Power Requirement of
    mill watt

    Axons b/w electrodes and

    ganglionic cells
    Other axons get excited
    unwanted perception of large
    blur
    Extra circuitry required for
    downstream electrical input

    Artificial Retina Prosthesis using ASR


    (Artificial Silicon Retina)

    ASR is a solid state biocompatible chip which contains an array of


    photo receptors ,and is implanted to replace the functionality of the
    defective photoreceptors .
    Current generated by the device in response to light stimulation will
    alter the membrane potential of the overlying neurons and thereby
    activate the visual system.
    Visual sensations or phosphenes can be evoked by electrical
    stimulation of the different levels of the visual pathway.
    Phosphenes are evoked by the stimulation of the eyeball or the visual
    cortex.
    Artificial vision created by the controlled electric stimulation of the
    retina has color.

    Fundamental idea behind ASR

    Retinitis Pigmentosa(RP) and Age related Macular degeneration (ARMD)


    are Progressive blinding disorders of the outer retina which involve
    degeneration of the neurons.

    There are no proven effective therapeutic remedy for these disorders .

    Some of Methods employed to slow or halt the disease time course are
    Use of Intravitreal injection of certain growth factors.
    Identification of specific gene mutations has led to the
    development of the gene therapy approaches.
    Transplantation can be effective in rescuing the photoreceptors
    from degeneration.

    Approaches Towards Retinal


    Prosthetic Implantation

    Epiretinal Approach involves a


    semiconductor based device positioned
    on the surface of the retina to try to simulate
    the remaining overlying cells of the retina.

    Subretinal Approach involves


    implanting the ASR chip behind the
    retina to simulate the remaining
    viable cells.

    Enhancement of the image quality


    using the ASR

    Limitations Of ASRs

    ASR is designed to interface and function with the retina that has
    partial outer retinal degeneration.

    ASR can be applied only when the photoreceptor cellular layer of the
    retina is damaged but the remaining cellular layers are still functional.

    ASR can be effectively applied to RP and AMD.

    Conditions amenable to treatment with ASRs include some forms of


    long-term retinal detachment,Ushers syndrome, Cone- Rod Dystrophy.

    Sub-Retinal Approach

    The basic idea-Alter the membrane potential

    IMPLANT DESIGN

    Primitive devices

    Single photosensitive pixel(3mm in diameter)

    Neo devices

    The current micro photodiode array (MPA) is comprised of a


    regular array of individual photodiode subunits, each
    approximately 2020-m square and separated by 10-m
    channel stops (37). The resulting micro photodiode density is
    approximately 1,100/m2.

    Micro photodiodes & Implant


    Features
    The size has decreased
    from 250m to 50m
    No external power supply
    500nm to 1100nm wavelength
    response

    Post Implant function and Inference

    Measurement procedure

    IR stimulation at 940nm on the ASR


    chip
    Recorded at the corneal surface
    using contact lens electrode
    Comparison of responses of gold,
    platinum and iridium electrodes

    Iridium based device has a longer


    persistence
    Stability of these electrodes

    ASR implanted into the eye

    Multiple Unit Artificial Retina


    Chipset (MARC)

    Advantages of MARC system

    Compact Size 6x6 mm

    Diagnostic Capability

    Reduction of stress upon


    retina

    Conclusion

    Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted
    cardiac pacemaker at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.

    Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve


    people's lives with artificial, bionic devices.

    Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective


    parts.

    Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses.

    Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the


    brain's control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical
    engineering.

    We are now looking at devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses etc.

    THANK YOU

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