Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Smart real time health monitoring system using Arduino and Raspberry
Pi
Pronami Bora, P. Kanakaraja ⇑, B. Chiranjeevi, M. Jyothi Sri Sai, A. Jeswanth
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP 522502, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The common problem we face these days is the lack of accurate health care for the elderly. There are
Received 16 January 2021 many home-based health care monitoring systems but they are limited due to various setbacks. This
Received in revised form 30 January 2021 work proposes a design of a health care monitoring system by using Arduino and Raspberry PI, to monitor
Accepted 9 February 2021
the parameters i.e., heartbeat, body temperature, heart rhythm, and electrical activity. GPS module is
Available online xxxx
used for tracking the location and camera for capturing live feed and an alert notification system that will
notify the hospital and family if the values are abnormal and we can also check the real-time data in an
Keywords:
app or a website that is incorporated into this module.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Health monitoring system
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ECG Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
GPS module ence on Materials, Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering for Sustainable Developments-2020.
Heart beat

1. Introduction Aging includes physical changes along with mental changes in

people’s bodies. With this, the functional changes of the bodily
Health Care Monitoring has been regarded as one of the chal- organs also vary [5]. This is one of the crucial reasons why some
lenges to date. It plays a crucial role in obtaining information about of the elders need constant assistance. Their ability to perform
the patient’s situation. Some examples that fall under Health Care independently drastically changes. Forming an extensive care plan
Tracking are Fitness Trackers, Smart Fitness Watches and Portable can be helpful to provide necessary support services. The proposed
ECG Sensors. Continuous gathering of such data gives companies to module works on the combined access of Arduino and Raspberry Pi
make better decisions in case of vulnerable cases. These healthcare [6]. When working with electronic devices, communication is key.
devices have many benefits in the medical field. These wearable Each device needs to communicate with other devices clearly. This
technologies benefit the doctors as well as patients by keeping is one of the primary things to work with basic applications or
them updated from time to time. IoT has enabled to implementa- complex ones [7].
tion of complex systems onto compact devices [1]. By using just
a smartphone we can analyze and compute the data [2]. The com-
2. Literature survey
bination of the internet and healthcare improves the reliability of
these services. It makes our lives smarter, more efficient, and
The IoT-based healthcare monitoring system is one of the man-
easier. IoT has given us a huge advantage in developing modern
ifested application areas in the medical field. ECG monitoring is
medical treatment. The sensors have become smaller which has
widely used and applied. A system for implementing lightweight
enabled the development of a wide variety of wearables [3].
ECG signals to improve performance, accuracy, and reliability has
Fig. 1 displays the architecture of the remote monitoring system.
been proposed by Guangyu Xu. The theory of signal strength anal-
It shows the detailed analysis from the beginning of how wearables
ysis (SSA)-IoT platform is used by the suggested framework. The
from the person’s body retrieve information and pass it to doctors
ECG-SQA approach proposed is close to current approaches
or family in case of emergencies [4]. The Internet plays an impor-
focused on morphological and machine learning techniques.
tant role in this, where it acts as a barrier between sender and
A multi-physical digital telemedicine health management sys-
receiver (Fig. 2–5).
tem solution was introduced by Kai Zhang and Wenjie Ling. The
key physiological parameters of this study are body temperature,
⇑ Corresponding author. breathing, saturation of blood oxygen, heartbeat, blood pressure,
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Kanakaraja). ECG. Different algorithms are used for each parameter. With the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.290
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering for
Sustainable Developments-2020.

Please cite this article as: P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al., Smart real time health monitoring system using Arduino and Raspberry Pi, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.290
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Remote health management system architecture.

To address the challenges related to healthcare monitoring,

there has to be a solution planned, deployed, validated by sufficient
skills. Extensive simulation results are obtained with productivity
and are cost-effective in acquisition and handling of data in the
study of remote health surveillance of the seniors by wearable sen-
sors. The data is accumulated through wearable sensors by SW-
SHMS and transmitted to the cloud for further processing any con-
dition in the data obtained will be reported to the doctor of the
patient [3].

3. Measuring of parameters of the body

3.1. Heart Beat

One of the essential and relevant human body physiological

parameters is the cardiac rate [8]. The number of beats per minute
of your heart is commonly described as (bpm). Changes in your
heart rate can be caused by heart failure or another problem, a
pulse or a hard blood vessel. We will sense a pulse in some of
the blood vessels as your heart pumps blood through your body
[9]. Near to the area of the skin, such as the wrist and the arm or
neck. It is easy to count your pulse rate to find out how quickly
your heart is pounding the heart rate monitor, using a light source
Fig. 2. Mechanism of sensor measuring the Heart Beat of the person using LED. optical and a light sensor for LED, measures the heart rate in beats
per minute. The light glows through the skin and tests the sensor
through reflecting the sum of light. As blood pumps under your
combination of telemedicine and signal processing, the overall skin, the light reflections will vary
functionality of the system is tested [1].
Health Care monitoring usage includes many factors in which 3.2. Temperature of the body
low cost is one of them. A wearable health tracking device was
developed and tested for the commercially available Xiaomi MI The K-type thermocouple is a simple, widely used component
Band2, which is low-cost, simple, intelligent and non-invasive 2. for measuring temperature. This is the most used thermocouple
In an emergency, the device automatically generates text messages type that provides the largest operating temperature values [10].
to doctors or caregivers with location information through fusion In most applications, K type thermocouples can usually work
tables. The optical filter suggested directly filters the TCRT1000 sig- because they are nickel-based and have a high resistance to corro-
nal stored within a map to maximize the accuracy of cardiac rate sion [11]. This is the most popular form of sensor calibration with
estimation and reduce energy consumption [6]. the largest working temperature range. Due to its durability and
2
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the proposed system.

Fig. 4. ECG readings in the signal form.

precision, at temperatures of up to 2300 °F (1260 °C), the K type tively [13]. It has the potential to work even in extreme environ-
thermocouple is commonly used [12]. mental conditions, making it a standout over other temperature
Accuracy: The standard K-type thermocouple is ± 2.2C% transduction devices in different atmospheres [14]. A K type ther-
or ± 0.75%, with a particular cap error: ±1.1C or 0.4 percent respec- mocouple can be connected to a voltmeter for easy data collection.

3
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. GPS coordinates of the patient along with temperature readings and pulse rate readings.

The temperature differential of the site’s skin would also influence and output devices to the device is the Raspberry Pi. The ECG sen-
the outcome of the test to a certain degree. sor is specifically used to test the single heart controller for calcu-
lating a patient’s Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal by placing the
3.3. Heart rhythm and electrical activity (ECG) electrodes on the right arm, left arm and right leg of the patient
[21].
Heart Rhythm and Electrical activity are done in the ECG mod- The GPS receiver module receives GPS satellite information sig-
ule. By tracking the cardiac rate – the number of times the heart nal and measures satellite distance. It is done by measuring the
beats every minute – the heart’s electrical circuit determines the time taken to bring the signal from the satellite to the sensor.
pulse duration [15]. Heart rhythm, which is the four heart cham- The pulse sensor is used for calculating an individual’s pulse. The
bers’ synchronized pumping activity. To analyze various heart Thermocouple Sensor for calculating the patient body temperature.
problems, Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electric pulse All of this data is collected by the Arduino Uno which is then
[16]. To record one’s heart electric impulses, that beats the heart, sent towards Raspberry Pi. The pi then transmits the received
electrodes are mounted on your chest. On a screen display that is Arduino Uno information to any required website from which
connected, the signals are seen as waves or values. To detect every the patients, family members, and the doctors can monitor the
heartbeat, an ECG sensor with disposable electrodes is connected patient.
directly to the chest [17]. The ECG sensor electrodes can help to The continuously monitored patient data is processed in an IoT
transform the heartbeat to an electric signal. ECG Sensors are very cloud and the Raspberry Pi database. The heart rate is less than
lightweight, slim and measure continuous heartbeat accurately 60 bpm or higher than 100 bpm. The temperature of the body is
and offer the heartbeat data rate. ECG sensor electrodes have three less than 36 °C or 38 °C, a note from SMS is sent an individual
pins and are connected by a 30-inch-long cable [18]. This is to who may be a nurse, a physician or a relative. In the case of an
make it simple to attach the ECG sensor to the controller and posi- emergency, the patient will also have a chance to hit the push
tion it on the waist or pocket. Moreover, a male sound connector is switch when you feel uneasy and, the device sends an SMS
the cable connector that allows to detach or plug the cable into the warning.
amplifier board [19]. The sensor is connected to the pulse of the
arm and the pulse of the leg. There are methods of assembling
5. Conclusion and future work
all the sensor electrodes in the body. Although the flow of electric-
ity is actually very small, ECG electrodes attached to the skin can
Based on the research of various technologies and current usage
be obtained reliably [20].
of home care devices, the article suggests a new solution to use the
wearables of a smart health monitoring system for the elderly. This
4. System illustration system primarily measures the temperature, heartbeat, heart
rhythm, and electrical activity signals using Arduino and Raspberry
This portion shows the operation of all elements of the service pi. The main focus is to collect the data accurately and to be able to
user control system as a whole. Key system that connects input forward it to health care providers. We also demonstrated how to
4
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Declaration of Competing Interest autonomous wearable sensing for internet of things using big data analytics,
Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 91 (2019) 611–619.
[17] A. Glória, F. Cercas, N. Souto, Design and implementation of an IoT gateway to
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
create smart environments, Des. Implement. IoT Gatew. Creat. Smart Environ.
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 109 (2017) 568–575.
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