1. Evolution and growth of Muslim Society in the Sub-continent.

2. Ideology of Pakistan-Definition and Elucidation. Historical aspects Muslim

rule in the sub-continent, its downfall and efforts of Renaissance. Movements
for reforms-Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Aligarh, Deoband,
Na&wah, Anjarnun Hamiat-e-Islam and other Educational Institutions- Sind
Madressah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of in the lights of
speeches and sayings of Allama Iqhal and Quaid-i-Azam
3. Pakistan Movement-Historical developments, important event. role of various
individuals, communities and groups.
4. Political Developments in since 1947 and efforts for pro mulgation of Islamic
system.
5. Land and People of Pakistan-Geography. Society. Natural resources.
Agriculture, Industry, Education with reference to characteris tics, trends and
problems.

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Title
Ideological Orientations of
Letters of Iqbal to Jinnah
Muslim Separatism in and
Modern Muslim India and the birth of
Quaid-i-Azam and
Struggle for
The case for
The Making of
The Muslim Community of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent
The Emergence of
Towards
A study of Political Development 1947-97
Ulema in Politics
World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam

Author
Al Mujahid, Sharif
Iqbal, Mohammad
Hamid, Abdul
Ikram, S. M.
Dani, Ahmed Hassan
Qureshi, H.
Rafiq, Afzal M.
Aziz, K. K.

Qureshi, H.
Mohammad Ali Ch.
Waheed-uz-Zaman
Hamid Yusuf
Qureshi, H.
Dani, Ahmed Hassan

STRATEGY FOR ATTEMPTING A PAPER

Political Science Vocabulary
References
Books
Personalities
Events

Argumentative Style with intro and conclusion

Analysis (SWOT, PEST, C&E, Pro/Cons,
Adv/Disadv)
Formatting and Paragraphing
Comprehension of Questions

Evolution and Growth of Muslim

Society in the Sub-Continent

Advent of Islam
Arab Traders in Malabar Region (Link between them and
South East Asia)
The first Indian mosque was built in 629 A.D, at the
behest of Cheraman Perumal, who is considered the first
Indian muslim, during the life time of Muhammad in
Kodungallur, in district of Thrissur,Kerala by Malik Bin
Deenar (Tabiin and 12 associates)
In Malabar, the Mappilas may have been the first
community to convert to Islam
Source: Elliot and Dowson in their book The History of India as told by
its own Historians

Cheraman Perumal
King of Chera Dynasty
in Malabar
First Muslim Mosque of
India
Cheraman to Tajuddin
after witnessing of
Moon Splitting

Malabar (Kerala)

Invasions of Sub Continent

Hazrat Umer 644 A.D send expeditions under
Hakam Ibn Amr in Markan vs Rai Dynasty

and

Messenger brought this news

'O Commander of the faithful!
It's a land where the plains are stony; Where water is scanty; Where
the fruits are unsavory Where men are known for treachery; Where
plenty is unknown; Where virtue is held of little account; And where
evil is dominant; A large army is less for there; And a less army is
useless there; The land beyond it, is even worse (referring to Sind).

Umar looked at the messenger and said: "Are you a messenger or a

poet? He replied "Messenger". Thereupon Caliph Umar, after
listening that Sindh was a barren and poor land and the unfavorable
situations for sending an army, instructed Hakim bin Amr al Taghlabi
that for the time being Makran should be the easternmost frontier of
the Rashidun Caliphate, and that no further attempt should be made
to extend the conquests. This was mainly because of Umar's policy
of consolidating the rule before conquering more land

 In 644 Balochistan (Part of Sistan) was captured

Suhail Ibn Adi under Hazrat Umers rule
Around 664 AD during the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Al
Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah towards Multan in Southern
Punjab, in modern day Pakistan. Muhallab's expeditions
were not aimed at conquest, though they penetrated only
as far as the capital of the Maili, he returned with wealth
and prisoners of war

 Umayyad reign under Muhammad bin Qasim Vs Raja

Dahir
Chachname by Ali Kufi
Alore as capital of Rai Sihasi father of Sahiras
Buddhists and Brahmins (Chach s/o Selaij working with Ram the
Wazir)

Junaid Vs Rajputs at the Battle of Rajasthan in 738 and

Muslims restricted to Left Bank
During Abbassis Ismailis captured and made it Fatimid
State

Growth of Muslim Society

It took several centuries for Islam to
spread across India and how it did so is a
topic of intense debate. Some quarters
hold that Hindus were forcibly converted to
Islam by the establishment of Jizya and
Dhimmitude favoring Muslim citizens, and
the threat of naked force. Others hold that
it occurred through inter-marriage,
conversions, economic integration, and
through the influence of Sufi preachers

Ghaznavi Period
10th Century Subuktigin Vs Shahi Raja
Jayapala
In 1001, Mahmud defeated Raja Jayapala
of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty of Gandhara
Also gainst the Ismaili Fatimids and
obtained formal recognition of Ghazni's
sovereignty from the Abbassid Khalifah,
al-Qadir Billah
Died in 1030 at the age of 59

Muhammad Ghauri
Muhammad Ghori was a Turkic-Afghan conqueror from
the region of Ghor in Afghanistan
In 1160, the Ghorids conquered Ghazni from the
Ghaznevids
In1187 he conquered Lahore in alliance with a local
Hindu ruler
Initially started off against the Ismaili Shiite kingdom that
had regained independence during the Nizari conflicts,
and then onto booty and power.
1191 and 1192 Battle of Tarain vs Prithvi Raj Chohan
Died in 1200 and Qutbuddin Aibak took Control

The Slave Dynasty (12111290)

The Khalji (12901320)
The Tughlaq (13201413)
The Sayyid (141451)
The Lodhi (14511526)

The Slave Dynasty (12111290)

Mamluk Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty
Qutb-ud-din Aybak (12061210).
Aram Shah (12101211).
Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), son-in-law of Qutbud-din Aybak.
Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish.
Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (12361240), daughter of
Iltutmish.
Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242), son of Iltutmish.
Ala ud din Masud (12421246), son of Ruk-nud-din.
Nasir ud din Mahmud (12461266), son of Iltutmish.
Ghiyas ud din Balban (12661286), ex-slave, son-in-law
of Iltutmish.
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (12861290), grandson of Balban
and Nasir-ud-din.

Khalji Sultans of Delhi (1290-1320)

Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)
Ala ud din Khilji (1296-1316)
Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)

Tughluq Dynasty

Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325)

Muhammad Shah II (1325 - 1351)
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad ( March 1351)
Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)
Abu Baker (1389 - 1390)
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)
Sikander Shah I ( March - April 1393)
Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394)
(1394-1398)
Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq, controlled the west
from Firozabad
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah, son of Mahmud Nasir ud din, controlled
the east from Delhi

Moghals

Babar (1526-1530)
Hamayun(15301539, 15551556)
Akbar (15561605 )
Jehangir (16051627 )
Shah Jehan(16281658 )
Aurungzeb (16581707 )

Later Moghals

Bahadur Shah I
1707-1712
First of the Mughal emperors to preside
over a steady and severe decline in the territories under the empire's control and
military power. After his reign, the emperor became a progressively insignificant
figurehead.
Jahandar Shah
1712-1713
He was merely a puppet in the
hands of his Chief Minister Zulfikar Khan. The acts of Jahandar Shah brought
down the prestige of the Mughal Empire.
Furrukhsiyar
1713-1719
In 1717 he granted a firman to the
English East India Company granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal,
and confirmed their position in India.
Rafi Ul-Darjat
Shah Jahan II
Nikusiyar
Muhammad Ibrahim
Muhammad Shah
1719-1720, 1720-1748
Suffered the invasion of NadirShah of Persia in 1739.
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748-54
Alamgir II
1754-1759
Shah Alam II 1759-1806
Suffered the invasion of Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in
1761; granted the 'Nizami' of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the BEIC in 1765,
formally accepted the protection of the BEIC in 1803.
Akbar Shah II 1806-1837
Titular figurehead under British protection
Bahadur Shah Zafar 1837-1857
Deposed by the British and exiled to
Burma following the Great Mutiny.

Services of Ulema During

Sultanate Period
The Muslim scholars played a vital role in
organizing the Muslim society in India. The period
of rulers of Delhi comprises on the ruling period of
Ghaznavids, Ghoris, Ghayasuddin Balban,
Alauddin Khilji and Sadaat period. When the
Muslim Society was established, the scholars from
the Muslim states of Central Asia entered India in a
large number. These scholars of Islam played a
decisive role in making Lahore and Multan in
Punjab, Deebal and Mansoora in Sindh and Ajmer
and Delhi in Northern India the centers of Islamic
culture and civilization in India. Qazi Abu
Mohammad Mansoori, Abu Mashir Sindhi and Rija
Sindhi, rendering the Islamic services, became
very famous in this regard.

Role of Ulema
Sheikh Ismail, initiating preaching of Islam firs time in
Punjab, played a crucial part in stabilizing Muslim society
in India. Abu Hassan Lahori stressed upon the teaching of
Hadiths but the history-maker was Ali Hajveri Data Ganj
Buksh who was born in 1009 and died in 1070. Raziuddin
Hassan Sifani was the expert of knowledge of Hadiths and
his famous work Mashariqul-Anwar remained as an
authority on knowledge of Hadiths for a long time. He
appointed Qazi Minhajuddin Siraj as the court justice who
showed absolute realism and established ever lasting
examples of Islamic mode of justice. His book Tabqat-eNasri is also a source of fame for Minhajuddin.

The greatest literary personality of Ghayasuddin Balban

period was Maulana Burhanuddin alki who wrote
Mashariqul Anwar and Fiqah-e-Hidaya which became an
important base for Islamic instructions in India.

Services of Ulema During

Sultanate Period
Maulana Mugheesuddin Bayanvi was not only
the court man of King Alauddin Khilji but was
also the court justice. He defended Hindus by
saying that receiving Jazia (tribute) from
Hindus is not just.
The academic works were performed by
Sheikh Ali Mahaimi; a follower of the
Philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajood (i.e. God is
one) include Tabseer-ur-Rehman (i.e. the
interpretation of Holy Quran in Arabic) and the
interpretations of famous books by
Shahabuddin and Sheikh Ibn-e-Arabi. These
books were included in the syllabus of
religious institution.

Services of Ulema During

Mughal Period
The scholars of Islam, during Mughal period,
were divided into two groups, First the Scholars
of Haq (rectitude) who kept themselves busy in
worshiping God and the second Scholars of
Soo (opportunities who interpreted religious
teaching according to likings of the Kings.
Emperor Akbar, for Hindus-Muslim merger, did
not hesitate to marry a Hindu princess Jodha
Bai who did not accept Islam to her last breath.
He introduced a new religion Deen-e-Elahi in
1581. Under this new religion he declared
himself the messenger of Allah on earth (i.e.
Kufr)

Services of Ulema During

Decline of Muslim Rule
Mujadad Ali Sani
Shah Wali Ullah
Haji Shariat Ullah (1768-1840) started his Faraizi
Movement in Bengal because the Muslims started
loosing the grip of Islam. Hindus started indulging
Muslim towards Shirk (i.e. to claim someone
equivalent to Allah). This movement spread the
message that all Muslims should keep their acts
confine to Shariyah and the Faraiz-e-Islam (i.e. the
duties of Islam). Titu Mir (1782-1831) also started
his movement in Bengal against the cruel acts of
Hindus landlords against Muslim tenants.

Services of Ulema During

Colonialism

The movement for Islamic fundamentalism got a severe jolt with the failure of the
Sepoy mutiny in 1857, when the Muslim radicals lost all hopes to restore Islamic
power in India. The Islamic clerics however, kept the movement alive through
institutional Islamic movement and founded Islamic institutions like Darul-Uloom,
Deoband (1866), Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884), Sind Madressah-tul-Islam,
Karachi (1885), Nadwatul-Ulema, Lucknow (1898), Madressah Manzar-ul-Islam,
Barely (1904), Islamia College, Peshawar (1913) and Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi (1920.
Muslim Ulemas like Maulana Mohammad Qasim, Maulana Rasheed Ahmed Gungohi,
Sheikh-ul-Hind Maulana Mehmood Hassan, Maulana Ubaid-ullah Sindhi, Maulana
Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Maulvi
Charagh Ali, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Maulvi Mehdi Ali Khan, Waqar-ul-Mulk, Maulvi Mushtaq
Hussain, Altaf Hussain Hali, Maulana Shibli Naumani, Syed Suleman Nadwi, Maulana
Abd-ul-Islam Nadwi, Maulana Abu-al-Hassan Ali Nadwi, Maulana Ahmed Raza Barelvi
and Maulana Hamid Raza Barelvi struggled for the renaissance of Muslim Society
during the period of Britain Colonalism

ROLE OF SUFIS

WHAT IS SUFISM?
Definition of Sufis is controversial. Sufism
is often misunderstood as mysticism,
esotericism, or spirituality with Islamic as
an adjective. Such labels can only provide
orientation but they are far too broad and
far too narrow to designate the diverse
teachings and phenomena that have been
identified with Sufism
Source: Sufism by William C. Chittick

WHAT IS SUFISM?
The great historian of Islamic civilization H.
A. R. Gibb pointed out that some Muslims
look upon Sufism as survival of
superstition and cultural backwardness or
a deviation from true Islam. Some even
consider it as alien to Islam

Role of Sufis
Contrary to the spiritual mission of Sufism, the
cult was primarily introduced in India for spread
of Islam with a view to help the Muslim rulers for
political domination. By and large the spiritual
successors of mystic Islamic saints enjoyed the
royal favour of Muslim rulers and gave moral
support to the atrocious Muslim invaders and
looked other way to ignore the growing social
conflict. They also guided the State in political
affairs with their experience of regular interaction
with common people

The full impact of Sufism however began to be felt in the late twelfth and
early thirteenth centuries, after the consolidation of the main Sufi orders in
the central provinces of Islam. The most outstanding representative of this
movement is Muinuddin Chishti, born in Sistan and part-time disciple of Abu
Najib Suhrawardi. He settled in Ajmer,when the Delhi kings conquered this
important city in the heart of Rajputana.His dwelling place soon became a
nucleus for the Islamization of the central and southern parts of India.The
Chishti order spread rapidly, and conversions in India during that period
were due mainly to the untiring activity of the Chishti saints, whose simple
and unsophisticated preaching and practice of love of God and one's
neighbor impressed manyHindus, particularly those from the lower castes,
and even members of the scheduled castes. The fact that the Chishti
khanqahs avoided any discrimination between the disciples and practiced a
classless society attracted many people in to their fold

Source: Mystical Dimensions of Islam by Annemarie Schimmel

Role of Sufis
Chistia Order

Four Islamic mystics from Afghanistan namely Moinuddin(d. 1233 in Ajmer),

Qutbuddin(d. 1236 in Delhi), Nizamuddin (d.1335 in Delhi) and Fariduddin
(d.1265 in Pattan now in Pakistan) accompanied the Islamic invaders in
India (A History of Modern India edited by Claude Markovitz, Anthen Press,
2002, Page 30). All of them were from the Chistiyya order of Islamic
mysticism. Radiating from Delhi under Nizamuddin and following the trail of
Mohammad ibn Tughlaq towards the south, the Chistiyya spread its roots all
across India ( A History of Modern India edited by Claude Markovitz, Anthen
Press, 2002). Internationally famous Sufi Shine at Ajmer Sharif in Rajasthan
and Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi belong to this order.
A section of Sufis under Chistiyya order was not against adjustment with
Hindu saints of Bhakti cult and used even Hindi language for Islamic
devotional songs. However, the orthodox Ulama with royal support forced
the Sufis to raise the slogan of "back to Shariat" Even though Ulama had
certain differences with Sufis over theological and mystic issues, Shariat
remained a cementing force between them. Later both the Islamist groups
joined together to woo the rulers with a view to furthering their self-seeking
interest.

Role of Sufis
Suharwardya Order
Suharawardy order of Sufism was founded
by Shihabud-Din Suharawardy of Baghdad
and introduced in India by his disciple
Baha-ud-Din Zakariya of Multan.
Suharawardiyya order of Sufism became
popular in Bengal (Contemporary
Relevance of Sufism, 1993, published by
Indian Council for Cultural relations).

Role of Sufis
Naqshbandia Order

Baha-ud-Din Naqshband (1318-1389) of Turkistan founded Naqshbandi

order of Sufism. Insistence on rigid adherence to Shariat and nurturing love
for prophet was the essence of this order that established its hold in India
under the patronage of Mogul rulers, as its founder was their ancestral 'Pir'
(Spiritual guide). "The conquest of India by Babur in 1526 gave
considerable impetus to the Naqshbandiyya order" (History of Sufism in
India by Saiyied Athar Abbas Rizvi, Volume 2, 1992, Page 180). Its
disciples remained loyal to the throne because of the common Turk origin.
With the royal patronage of most of the Mogul rulers Naqshbandi order
served the cause for revival of Islam in its pristine form.
Khwaja Mohhammad Baqi Billah Berang whose tomb is in Delhi (E.I.Rose )
introduced Naqshbandi order in India. Though, the Sufis of this order were
lying low during the period of Akbar, Khalifa Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, (15641624), a favourite disciple of Baqi Billah achieved increasing importance
and popularised this order when the Great Mogul became bed ridden. Baqi
Billah, nicknamed him as 'Mujaddid (Reformer or reviver of Islam for the
second millenium).

Role of Sufis
Qadri Order
Hazrat Junaid Baghdadi
Hazrat Abdul Qadir Jillani

Spread of Islam by Sufis

Nizam-ud-din Auliya
Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti (Ajmer)
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (Delhi)
Shah Jalal (Bengal)
Amir Khusro (UP to Delhi)
Sarkar Sabir Pak (Uttarakhand)
Shekh Alla-ul-Haq Pandwi
Ashraf Jahangir Semnani
Waris Pak

Spread of Islam by Sufis

Sayyed Ali Hijveri Data Ganj Bakhsh
(1009 to 1072) KashfulMajub

Quotations and views of Historians

Ishwari Prashad (MAO Aligarh) in his book
History of Muslim Rule page 24
Their inconsistency of temper, their liability to
emotion or passion, their clan feeling, their
perpetual feuds, their incapacity to present
united front to the common enemy all these
placed them in a highly disadvantageous
position when they were matched against
foes of tougher stuff

Quotations and views of Historians

Ramesh Chunder Dutt(Bengali Civil Servant) in
his book A History of Civilization in Ancient India,
The people were kept in ignorance fed with
unwholesome superstition and beguiled with
gorgeous and never ending festivals

R.C. Majumdar in his book The History and

Culture of the Indian People
The Hindu Society now reesembled that unfortunate
human being whose head and feet were active byt
whose intermediate limbs were maimed an paralysed

Quotations and views of Historians

Ishwari Prashad (MAO Aligarh)
India was likely to be an easy prey to an
invader who had the strength and will to
attempt her conquest

Stanley Lane Poole (Orientalist and

Archaelogogist ) in Medieval India
On the whole the chief excellency of Hindustan
is that it is a big country with plenty of gold
and silver

Quotations and views of Historians

S.M. Ikram in his book Muslim Civilization
Page 6 about MB Qasim
His strategy was faultless and hec omined
great courage and resourcefulness with
moderation and statesmanship of high order

Ishwari Prashad
A struggle between two different social
systems, the one old and decadent and other
full of youthful vigor and enterprise

Quotations and views of Historians

S.M. Ikram
The most important feature of Sher Shahs Revenue System
was originally introduced by Khilji Ruler

K.S. Lal
It is as an administrator than anything else that Alauddin stands
head and shoulder above his predecessors. His
accomplishments as Warrior were dwarfed by his achievements
as an Organizer
A thoroughly irrational ill conceived and artificial system being in
flagrant violation of all economic laws, intended primarily for the
benefit of the Government and resulting in incapable misery,
poverty and humiliation to the people who happened to fall
directly under its heels

Quotations and views of Historians

Stanley Lane Poole Hamayun tumbled through
life and tumble out of it
Vincent Arthur Smith in Oxford History of India,
If Sher Shah had been spared the great
Moghuls woul npt hve appeared on the stage of
history
Ishwari Prashad,Under Akbars patronage the
hindu genius soared to high pitch, and the hind
mind developed to its fullest extent

 HEARKEN to the reed-flute, how it complains,

Lamenting its banishment from its home:
"Ever since they tore me from my osier bed,
My plaintive notes have moved men and women to tears.
I burst my breast, striving to give vent to sighs,
And to express the pangs of my yearning for my home.
He who abides far away from his home
Is ever longing for the day ho shall return.
My wailing is heard in every throng,
In concert with them that rejoice and them that weep.
Each interprets my notes in harmony with his own
feelings,
But not one fathoms the secrets of my heart.
My secrets are not alien from my plaintive notes,
Yet they are not manifest to the sensual eye and ear.

Badshahi Mosque

Balahasar Fort

Hiran Minar

Lahore Fort

Lahore Fort

Chitral Mosque

Hamayun Tomb

Multan Mosque

Rohtas Fort

Shah Jehan Mosque Thatha