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Operating Systems
Input/Output Devices
(Ch 13: 13.1-13.5)
(Ch 12: 12.1-12.4)
Introduction
One OS function is to control devices
significant fraction of code (80-90% of Linux)
Want all devices to be simple to use

convenient
ex: stdin/stdout, pipe, re-direct
Want to optimize access to device

efficient
devices have very different needs
Outline
Introduction
Hardware
Software
Specific Devices
Hard disk drives
Clocks
(done)
Hardware
Device controllers
Types of I/O devices
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Device Controllers
Mechanical and electronic component
The quick brown
fox jumped over
the lazy dogs. The
quick brown fox...
Mechanical
Electronic
CPU
Memory
System bus
OS deals with electronic

device controller
Disk
Controller
Printer
Controller
I/O Device Types

block - access is independent
ex- disk
character - access is serial

ex- printer, network
other
ex- clocks (just generate interrupts)
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Very Old
Controller reads from device

OS polls controller for data
Old

Controller interrupts OS
OS copies data to memory
DMA

Controller copies data to memory
Controller interrupts OS
Outline
Introduction
Hardware
Software
Specific Devices
Hard disk drives
Clocks
(done)
(done)
I/O Software Structure

Layered
User Level Software

Device Independent
Software
Device Drivers
Interrupt Handlers
Hardware
(Talk from bottom up)
Interrupt Handlers
CPU
1) Device driver initiates
I/O
(CPU executing,
checking for interrupts
between instructions)
3) Receives interrupt,
transfer to handler
4) Handler processes
(Resume processing)
I/O Controller
1) Initiates I/O
(I/O device processing
request)
2) I/O complete.
Generate interrupt.
Interrupt Handler
Make interrupt handler as small as possible
interrupts disabled
Split into two pieces
First part does minimal amount of work

defer rest until later in the rest of the device driver
Windows: deferred procedure call (DPC)
Linux: top-half handler
Second part does most of work

Implementation specific
3rd party vendors
Device Drivers
Device dependent code
includes interrupt handler
Accept abstract requests

ex: read block n
See that they are executed by device hardware

registers
hardware commands
After error check
pass data to device-independent software
Device-Independent I/O Software

Much driver code independent of device
Exact boundary is system-dependent
sometimes inside for efficiency
Perform I/O functions common to all devices

Examples:
naming protection block size
buffering storage allocation error reporting
User-Space I/O Software

Ex: count = write(fd, buffer, bytes);
Put parameters in place for system call
Can do more: formatting
printf(), gets()
Spooling
spool directory, daemon
ex: printing, USENET
I/O Reply
I/O System Summary

User Processes
I/O Request
Device Independent
Software
Make I/O call; Format I/O;

Spooling
Naming, protection,
blocking, buffering,
allocation
Device Drivers
Setup device registers;

check status
Interrupt Handlers
Wakeup driver when

I/O completed
Hardware
Perform I/O operation
Outline
Introduction
Hardware
Software
Specific Devices
Hard disk drives
Clocks
(done)
(done)
(done)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Controller
often on disk
Cache to
speed access
HDD - Zoom
Platters
+
3000-10,000 RPM
(floppy 360 RPM)

Tracks
Cylinders
Sectors
Ex: hdb: Conner Peripherals 540MB
CFS540A, 516MB w/64kB Cache, CHS=1050/16/63
1050 cylinders (tracks), 16 heads (8 platters), 63 sectors per track
Disk arms all move together

If multiple drives
overlapping seeks but one read/write at a time
Disk Arm Scheduling

Read time:
seek time (arm to cylinder)
rotational delay (time for sector under head)
transfer time (take bits off disk)
Seek time dominates

How does disk arm scheduling affect seek?
First-Come First-Served (FCFS)

1
x x
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
Time
14+13+2+6+3+12+3=53
Service requests in order that they arrive
Little can be done to optimize
What if many requests?
Shortest Seek First (SSF)

1
x x
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16
Time
1+2+6+9+3+2 = 23
Suppose many requests?
Stay in middle
Starvation!
17 18 19 20
Elevator (SCAN)
1
Time
x x
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
1+2+6+3+2+17 = 31
Usually, a little worse avg seek time than SSF
But avoids more fair, avoids starvation
C-SCAN has less variance

Note, seek getting faster, rotational not
Someday, change algorithms
Redundant Array of Inexpensive

Disks (RAID)
CPU
For speed
Pull data in parallel
For fault-tolerance
Example: 38 disks, form 32 bit word, 6 check bits
Example: 2 disks, have exact copy on one disk
Error Handling
Common errors:
programming error (non-existent sector)

transient checksum error (dust on head)
permanent checksum error (bad block)
seek error (arm went to wrong cylinder)
controller error (controller refuses command)
Clock Hardware
Time of day to time quantum
Pulse from 5 to 300 MHz
Crystal Oscillator
Decrement counter
when == 0
- generate interrupt
Holding register to
load counter
Can control clock ticks
Clock Software Uses

time of day
64-bit, in seconds, or relative to boot
interrupt after quantum

accounting of CPU usage
separate timer or pointer to PCB
alarm() system calls

separate clock or linked list of alarms with ticks

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Operating Systems

Want all devices to be simple to use

Want to optimize access to device

OS deals with electronic

I/O Device Types

character - access is serial

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Controller reads from device

Controller reads from device

Controller reads from device

I/O Software Structure

User Level Software

(Talk from bottom up)

First part does minimal amount of work

Second part does most of work

Accept abstract requests

See that they are executed by device hardware

After error check

pass data to device-independent software

Device-Independent I/O Software

Perform I/O functions common to all devices

User-Space I/O Software

I/O System Summary

Make I/O call; Format I/O;

Setup device registers;

Wakeup driver when

Perform I/O operation

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

(floppy 360 RPM)

Disk arms all move together

overlapping seeks but one read/write at a time

Disk Arm Scheduling

Seek time dominates

First-Come First-Served (FCFS)

Shortest Seek First (SSF)

C-SCAN has less variance

Redundant Array of Inexpensive

programming error (non-existent sector)

Clock Software Uses

interrupt after quantum

alarm() system calls

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