BEE 4213

UTILISATION OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CHAPTER 1
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND TARIFFS

Outline
Introduction

Electricity Generation Scenario in Malaysia

HV Distribution Networks
LV Distribution Networks
Hardware for Distribution Systems
Load Characteristics and Tariffs Rate

Learning Outcome

Explain the basic understanding of the

electrical distribution systems
Overview of the Electricity Supply Industry
in Malaysia
Explain the operational and design concepts
of High Voltage (HV) and Low Voltage (LV)
Distribution Networks.
Describe the basic of tariff rate in Malaysia

Introduction
We need energy in many areas of human

endeavor such as:

moving people and goods around - transport

producing and processing of food - agriculture
manufacturing of useful materials and artifacts industry
Powering communication gadgets and equipment, and
going about other commercial activities - commerce
maintaining physical comfort and convenience in our
homes - households

Introduction - Transport
Transportation is the movement of people

and goods from one place to another.

Transportation depends on continuous supply
of energy.
Automobiles are powered by gasoline
(petrol), aeroplanes by jet fuel (kerosene),
and trucks, trains, and ships by diesel oil.
Conveyers, cranes, robots and pipelines use
motors and pumps, which are powered by
electricity.

Introduction - Agriculture
Agro-industries and processing of agricultural

products require energy.

Mechanical implements powered by fuel or electricity
are immensely more efficient and productive than
humans and animals.
In developed countries, a major portion of electricity
used in agriculture powers irrigation pumps.
The energy requirements in agriculture are mainly
met using solar energy, fossil fuels (oil, coal and
natural gas), fuel wood and electricity.

Introduction - Industry
Most of the energy used in industry is used by

the machines and processes, which make the

products of industry.
Industrial energy-consuming systems include
boiler and other fired systems (furnace, kilns,
incinerators, dryers), compressed air system,
electric motors (for fans, blowers, pumps,
conveyers, etc.) and lighting system.
Energy is also used to heat or cool the
buildings and to provide hot water and other
facilities for workers.

Introduction - Commerce
Highly sophisticated communication systems

both for the supply of goods and services,

and the maintenance of organisational
cohesion requires a ready supply of suitable
energy.
Information processing, storage and retrieval
also use a lot of energy in commerce.
Electrical energy is the most common form of
energy used and supplemented by chemical
energy from batteries.

Introduction - Household
Energy is required in households for space

heating or cooling, water heating, cooking,

lighting, ironing, and power appliances like
fridge, washing machines, sound systems,
TV, hair dryers, shavers, clocks, blenders,
toasters, vacuum cleaners, sewing machines,
etc.
The energy may come from direct heating
from the sun, electricity, burning of fossil fuels
or fuel wood.

Electricity Scenario in Malaysia

PAKA
(1,139
MW)
PASIR
GUDANG
(729MW)
KEV
(2,420
MW)
SERDANG
(625
MW)
GELUGOR
Teluk
Ewa
(68
MW)
PRAI
(360
MW)
PORT
DICKSON
(360
MW)
MANJUNG
(2100
MW)
CONNAUGHT
CC
3x290
MW
Gas
CSP
2x120
MW
Oil/Gas
CSP
MW
Coal/G/O
GT
MW
Gas
GT
2700
34
MW
Dist
CSP
3x120
Fuel
Oil
CC
xx330
MW
Gas
CSP
3x120
MW
Gas/Oil
BRIDGE
(832
MW)
32x500
x13x135
MW
Coal
CC
1x269
MW
Gas
CC 2x300
1x269
MWCoal/G/O
Gas
CSP
MW
2x110
MW
GTGT
4x 130
MWGas
Gas
GT 2x110
MWGas/Oil
Gas
CSP
MW
CC 2x300
1x 312
MW Gas
GT 2x110 MW Gas

LEGEND
Hydro
Thermal
Note:
GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine
CC - Combined Cycle
CSP - Conventional Thermal
C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas
Dist - Distillate

SOUTH
CHINA
SEA

THERMAL
POWER PLANTS

Electricity Scenario in Malaysia

Temengor
Chenderoh
Bersia
Sg.Piah
Pergau
Kenering
Kenyir
Cameron
Highland
87
MW
32443xxxx10.7
24MW
MW
7.3
150MW
40MW
100MW
261.9 MW
12 x 8.4
MW
27 MW

LEGEND
Hydro
Thermal
Note:
GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine
CC - Combined Cycle
CSP - Conventional Thermal
C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas
Dist - Distillate

SOUTH
CHINA
SEA

HYDRO
POWER PLANTS

Electricity Consumptions - 1

Electricity Consumptions - 2

Electricity Consumptions - 3

Electrical Energy Utilisation

GRID SYSTEM IN P. MALAYSIA

GRID SYSTEM IN SARAWAK

GRID SYSTEM IN SABAH

Electrical Supply Systems

High Voltage (HV)
Overhead transmission lines (500 kV, 275 kV,
132 kV).
Underground cables (66 kV, 33 kV, 22 kV, 11
kV, 6.6 kV).
For large scale industry customers.
Low Voltage (LV)
Voltage level below 1 kV.
For residential, commercial, and small industry
applications.

Overview of Electricity Supply

Systems

High Voltage Electrical Supply

A. Main Transmission Line Network System
Connecting the electrical supply source from
electrical generation stations to the main
distribution network system at certain large
areas like states, districts and big towns.
The main transmission line networks are
liked to each other to form the National Grid
System.
The method used in the transmission line
network is the 3, 3 lines (R-Y-B) system
through main overhead line tower.

High Voltage Electrical Supply

B. Primary Distribution Network System

It receives electrical supply from main

transmission line network system.
It is located at few selected locations in a
state.
The electrical power is delivered to the users
through several distribution levels as follows:

American Versus European

High Voltage Electrical Supply

First Level (1) Main Entry Sub-station (MES)

or Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU).

It is a building with high voltage switches and

received electrical supply from main transmission
line network system.

Second Level (2) Main Divider Sub-station

(MDS) or Pencawang Pembahagi Utama
(PPU).

It also furnished with high voltage switches.

It operates to receive the electrical supply from
MES.

High Voltage Electrical Supply

Third Level (3) Main Switch Station (MSS) or

Stesyen Suis Utama (SSU).

It operates with high voltage switches in order to

receive electrical supply from MDS.

Fourth Level (4) Electrical Sub-station (ES)

or Pencawang Elektrik (PE).

It receives electrical supply from MSS.

2 types : Single Chamber and Double Chambers.

High Voltage Electrical Supply

Under ground cables are used in the delivery

system from level 1 4.

Types : 3C x 300 mm sq/ 3C240 mm sq/ 3C185

mm sq, XLPE (cross-linked Polyethylene),
Aluminum.

Block diagram:

MTL

33 kV

33kV / 22kV

22kV/11kV

MES

MDS

MSS

ES

415V
(LV)

ES

415V
(LV)

High Voltage Electrical Supply

C. Secondary Distribution Network System

Begins whenever the High Voltage electrical

supply (11KV) received at ES is converted to
Low Voltage electrical supply (415V).
Method used is the 4 lines (R-Y-B-N) through
step-down transformer.
The number of ES is depends on the total
load demands (VA) requested by the user.
Type of ES : Single Chamber (200 A) and
Double Chambers (600 A).

High Voltage Electrical Supply

Number of chamber indicating the number of

transformers needed.
Type of transformer :

Oil Immersed Type, cheap but low efficiency (for

small users).
Cast Resin - Dry, more expensive but higher
efficiency (larger customers).

Nominal Volt-Ampere (VA) capacity of the

transformer : 250 kVA, 500 kVA, 1000 kVA.

High Voltage Electrical Supply

What are inside the ES?
(i) Switch gear
(ii) Transformer
(iii) Low Voltage Distribution Board
The 415V supply will then connected to the
kWh metering system (user side) through LV
underground cables.

High Voltage Electrical Supply

Layout of an ES (Single Chamber):

Switchgear
Room

Transformer
Room

LV Board

Outgoing Points

High Voltage Electrical Supply

D. Types of Electrical Supply Users:

HV Higher institutions, shopping

complexes, large factories (owned the MDS,
MSS, ES).
LV Domestic users, shop lots, public
buildings.

Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Types:
3, 4 wires + E 415V
1, 2 wires + E 240V
Types of LV electrical installation:
Small Industry Buildings.
Small Commercial Building (shop, office, restaurant).
Small Residential Building (Condo, Terrace,
Apartment).
Small Public Building (wet market, bus station,.)
Public Utilities (Street lights, traffic lights,..)

Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Main components in a LV electrical supply

distribution system (building):

kWh meter TNB

Main Switch Board (MSB)
Sub Switch Board (SSB)
Distribution Board (DB)

Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Example of residential connection:

ES

TNB

Users

User

Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Example of industry connection:
MSS

HT Switch Room

ES

SSB

HT Meter Room

HT Switch Room

FACTORY

Users Transformer
Room
Main
Switch Board

MSB

Main Switchboard (MSB)

Sub Switchboard (SSB)

Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Example: Double-storey House
Lighting

Power

DB2
1st Floor
Lighting

Power

DB1
Ground Floor

M
Incoming TNB

kWH meter
TNB

Low Voltage Electrical Supply

Example: Terrace house installation
Terrace

House
Service
Cable

Road
kWH
Meter
TH 1

TH 2

TH 3

TH 4
Tap- off Unit

Economic Aspects
Utility company must plans for the electricity

demand in advance as requested by its

consumers.
Common terms used:

Connected load
Maximum demand
Demand factor
Average demand
Load factor
Diversity factor

Economic Aspects
Connected Load sum of the rated maximum

values of all loads used by consumer. It may

be expressed in watts, kW, A, hp, kVA etc.
Maximum Demand highest or peak demand
for a specified time (might be in hour, day,
month, or year).
Demand Factor (DF)
Actual demand
DF
Connected load

Economic Aspects
Average Demand Sum of the total demand

(in kWh) divided by the demand period (hr).

Load Factor (LF) - The ratio of the average
load over the peak load. LF 1.
Average demand (in kW)
LF
Maximum demand
or
Average load (kWh)
LF
Maximum demand Demand period (hr)

Economic Aspects
Diversity Factor (DF) - The ratio of the sum of

the individual peak demands in a distribution

system to the peak demand of the whole
distribution system. DF 1.

Example 1 Economic Aspects

A load rises from zero to 10 kW instantaneously and
stays constant for 1 minute, then rises to 20 kW and
remains constant for 1 minute, continues at this rate
of rise until it reaches a maximum value of 50 kW for
1 minute, then instantly falls to zero for 1 minute,
after which it again rises in 10 kW steps at 1 minute
intervals to a maximum of 50 kW and returns to zero
for 1 minute. If the load continues to vary in these
steps:

What is the average demand over the first 15 minutes?

Over the second 15 minutes?
Over the 30 minutes demand interval?

Example 1 Economic Aspects

Solution:
kW
50
40
30
20
10
Time (minute)
15 minutes

Example 1 Economic Aspects

Solution (Cont.):
Total demand
= (10 kW x 3 + 20 kW x 3 + 30 kW x 3 + 40 kW
x 2 + 50 kW x 2)
= 360 kW
Average demand = 360 kW/15 minutes
= 24 kW.

Example 1 Economic Aspects

Solution (Cont.):
(ii) Total demand for the second 15 minutes
= 390 kW
Average demand = 390 kW/15 minutes = 26 kW
(iii) Total demand over 30 minutes
= 360 kW + 390 kW = 750 kW
Average demand = 750 kW/30 minutes = 25 kW

Example 2 Economic Aspects

A factory consumes 425,200 kWh in a year
with the yearly average power factor, 0.86. If
the half-an-hour demand was 120 kW, find,
(i) The average load demand
(ii)Annual load factor
If the factory decided to increase the electricity
usage to 450,000 kWh and the load factor to
65%, what will be the maximum demand?

Example 2 Economic Aspects

Solution:
(i) Average load demand
= (425,200 x 0.86) kWh/ (365 x 24) hr
= 41.74 kW.
(ii) Load factor = 41.74 kW/ 120 kW = 35%.
(iii) Maximum demand
= 450,000 kWh/ (8,760 x 0.65) = 79.03 kW.

Example 3 Economic Aspects

A group of Parit Raja consumers has an annual
individual maximum demand of 132 kVA
supplied from a single phase distribution
transformer. If the average diversity factor
between the group of consumers is 2.8,
determine the nearest standard size of the
distribution transformer that serving the
consumers.

Example 3 Economic Aspects

Solution:
The size of the transformer is determined
according to the maximum demand of the whole
group.
Group Maximum demand,
= Annual individual maximum demand/ DF
= 132 kVA/ 2.8
= 47.14 kVA.
Nearest standard size = 50 kVA.

Tariffs
The rate of charging for electrical energy

supplied by the utility company to its

consumer.
Tariff charge is depends on various factors:

Type of consumer (industrial, commercial, or

domestic)
Type of service (lighting, heating, etc)
Total fixed running annual charges of the utility
company
Facility for calculating the bill

Tariffs
Definition of electricity tariff:
Total actual charges (fixed running) [RM]
Tariff
Total energy supplied to the consumer [kWh]

3 types of tariffs:
i.
ii.
iii.

Residential
Commercial
Industrial

TNB Tariffs
Refer to TNB Tariffs Book (updated 2006).

Power Factor Tariff:

Below 0.85 and up to 0.75 lagging, 1.5% of

the bill for that month for each one-hundredth
(0.01).
Below 0.75 lagging, A supplementary charge
of 3% of the bill for that month for each onehundredth (0.01).

Example 4 Power Factor Tariff

A medium voltage industrial consumer having
the following data for its monthly electricity bill:
Total electricity consumption in kWh
- 160,000 units
The reactive power consumption in kVArh
- 120,000 units
The monthly load factor - 68%
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month
= RM 19.50/ kW
For all kWh = 22.2 cents/kWh

Example 4 Power Factor Tariff

Determine the monthly maximum demand
for this consumer. [take 30 days/month]
ii. What is the total monthly bill charge for this
consumer?
i.

Example 4 Power Factor Tariff

Solution:
(i) Monthly max. demand
= 160,000 kWh/(30 x 24) = 222.22 kW.
(ii) Monthly bill without PF consideration,
= 222.22 kW x RM 19.50 + 160,000 kWh x
RM 0.222 = RM 39,853.29
PF = cos (tan-1 120,000/160,000) = 0.8
Poor PF charge = 1.5% x (0.85 - 0.8) x 100
x RM39,853.29 = RM 2,989.00
Total monthly bill charge = RM 42,842.29