DC Generators

Ex. 21-3
A shunt generator delivers 450 A at 230 V. Rf = 50 ohm; Ra = 0.03
ohm. Calculated the generated emf!
2
.Find If or Ish = 230/50 = 4.6 A.
.Find Ia = 454.6 A.
.Find armature voltage drop = IaRa = 13.6 V.
.Find E = V + IaRa = 243.6 V.
V

generator

Ia
Iline
If
E
Ex. 21-4
A 4-pole, long-shunt compound gen supplies 100 A at a terminal voltage of
500 V. Ra = 0.02 ohm. Rf series = 0.04 ohm. Rf shunt = 100 ohm. Take
drop per brush as 1 V. Neglect armature reaction.
Find the generated emf!
3
.Find If or Ish = 5 A.
.Find Ia = 105 A.
.Find E = V + IaRa + series drop + brush drop
(2 brushes!)
= 508.3 V.
Iline
V

V

Ish
Ia
E
21-18
A dc shunt machine delivers 195 A at terminal voltage of 250 V.
Effective armature resistance is 0.02 , field resistance is 50 .
The iron and friction losses equal 950 W. Find:
a. Emf generated. b. Cu losses
c. Power of the prime mover (in HP) d. Commercial, electrical, & mechanical efficiencies!

Solution
a. .Find Ish = 5A; Ia = 200 A; E = 254 V;

b. .Find arm Cu losses = I
a
2
R
a
= 800 W.
.Find Shunt Cu losses = V.Ish or I
sh
2
R
sh
= 1250 W.
.Total Cu losses = 2050 W.

c. Stray losses = 950 W. Total losses = 3000 W.
Output = VI = 48750 W.
.Input = Output + Losses = 51750 W. -> in HP = 51750 / 746 = 69.4 HP.





V

generator

Ia
Iline
If
E
21-18 (2)

Solution
d. Stray losses = 950 W.
Electrical power produced in armature = 51750 950 = 50800 W.
Mech Eff = 50800 / 51750 = 98.2 %.

Electrical or Cu losses = 2050 W.
Elect Eff = 48750 / 50800 = 95.9 %.

Overall Eff = 48740 / 51750 = 94.2 %.




Mechanical
Power Input



Iron and
Friction
Losses
Electrical Power
developed in
armature.

EI
a
, Watt

Copper Losses
Electrical Power
Output

VI, Watts
A B
C
48750 W
51750 W
50800 W
21-19
A shunt generator has a full-load current of 196 A at 220 V. The stray losses are 720 W and
the Rsh is 55 . Full-load is 88 %.
a. Find Ra!
b. Find the load current corresponding to max !

Solution
a.Find output = 43120 W.







.Find input = output/ = 49000 W.
.Total loss = 5880 W.
.Find If = 4 A. Find Ia = 200 A.
.Find Shunt Cu loss = 880 W. Stray loss = 720 W. Constant losses = 1600 W.
.Armature Cu loss = 5880 1600 = 4280 W. -> Ia
2
Ra -> Ra = 0.107 .

b. max
Cu losses = constant losses = 1600 W.
I = 122.3 A







Mechanical
Power Input



Iron and
Friction
Losses
Electrical Power
developed in
armature.

EI
a
, Watt

Copper Losses
Electrical Power
Output

VI, Watts
A B
C
21-20
A long-shunt dynamo running at 1000 rpm supplies 22 kW at a terminal voltage of 220 V.
Ra = 0.05 , Rf shunt = 110 , Rf se = 0.06 .
Overall efficiency for above laod is 88 %. Find:
a. Cu losses b. Iron & friction losses
c. The torque exerted by the prime mover!

Solution
Find Ia = 102 A.

a. Find arm Cu loss = 520.2 W.
Find series field loss = 624.3 W.
Find shunt field loss = 440 W.
Total losses = 1584.5 W.

b. Find input = 25000 W.
Total losses = 25000 22000 = 3000 W.
Iron & friction losses = 3000 1584.5 = 1415.5 W.

c. Power exerted by the prime mover = Pinput. -> T = P
in
/ 2n (n in rps!!!)
T = 25000/(2xx1000/60) = 238.7 Nm.
12.1
Sebuah generator shunt 100 kW, 250 V, pada jangkar diinduksikan tegangan 285 V dengan
beban nominal. Tentukan Ra dan VR (voltage regulation) jika Ish 6 A dan tegangan
tanpa beban 264 V.
.IL = P/V = 400 A.
.Ia = 406 A.
.Ra = 0.086 .

VR = (V
NL
V
FL
) / V
FL
= 5.6 %






26.23
Generator dg eksitasi terpisah 150 V, 1800 rpm, diberi penguatan tetap. Tentukan tegangan
tanpa beban generator tersebut pada kecepatan 2400 rpm dan kecepatan 1500 rpm.
.E = cn
.Penguatan tetap -> Vf tetap -> tetap.




.E
2400
= 200 V.
.E
1500
= 125 V







2
1
2
1
n
n
E
E

DC Motor
11
24-8.
A dc series motor takes 40 A at 220 V and runs at 800 rpm.
If the armature and field resistance are 0.2 and 0.1 respectively and the
iron and friction losses are 0.5 kW,
find the torque developed in the armature.
What will be the output of the motor?

Solution
Armature torque is given by

.Find E = 208 V.
.Find T
a
(n = 800 rpm = 40/3 rps.) = 99.3 Nm

Nm
2 n
I E
T
a
a

.Find P
in
= 8800 W.
.Find Cu loss = 480 W.

.Find P
out
= 7820 W.

Motor Input



VI Watt
Copper
Losses
Driving power
in armature

EI
a
Watt

Iron and
Friction Losses
Output

HP
12
24-12.
A 460-V series motor runs at 500 rpm taking a current of 40 A.
Calculate the speed and percentage change in torque if the load is reduced so that the
motor is taking 30 A.
Total resistance of the armature and field circuits is 0.8 . Assume flux is proportional to
the field current.

Solution
Since ~ I
a
, hence T ~ I
a
~ I
a
2


.Find E
1
= 428 V.
.Find E
2
= 436 V.
.Find n
2
= 679 rpm.

.Now find change in torque
Since ~ I
a
, hence T ~ I
a
~ I
a
2

T
1
~ 40
2
and T
2
~ 30
2
; T
2
/T
1
= 9/16;

Percentage change in torque is
= (T
1
-T
2
)/T
1
x 100 = 7/16 x 100 = 43.75%.


2 2
1 1
2
1
/
/

E
E
n
n
2
1
2
1
a
a
I
I

13
24-18.
A shunt generator delivers 50 kW at 250 V & 400 rpm. The armature & field resistances are 0.02
and 50 respectively. Calculate the speed of the machine running as a shunt motor and taking
50 kW input at 250 V. Allow 1 V per brush for contact drop.

Solution





2 2
1 1
2
1

n
n
E
E
cn E
As a Generator
E
1
(induced emf in the armature)
Load current, I = 50 kW / 250 V = 200 A
E
1
= V + I
a
R
a
+ brush drop = 256.1 V.

Obviously, if this machine were to run as a motor at 400 rpm, it would have a back emf of 256.1 V induced in its
armature.

As a Motor
E
2
= V - I
a
R
a
- brush drop = 244.1 V

(
1
=
2
, because Ish is constant)

n
2
= 381.4 rpm



250 V

generator

250 V

motor

24-19.
A dc shunt machine generates 250 V on open circuit at 1000 rpm.
Effective armature resistance is 0.5 , field resistance is 250 .
Input to machine running as motor on no-load is 4 A at 250 V.
Calculate speed of machine as a motor taking 40 A at 250 V.
Armature reactions weakens field by 4 %.

Solution
2 2
1 1
2
1
/
/

E
E
n
n
.First, we need no-load speed of the motor. This is calculated from the generator data.
No-load
.Find E of the machine as motor on no-load -> E
0
= 248.5 V.
.Next, the sentence generates 250 V on open circuit at 1000 rpm means that when n =
1000 rpm, it generates 250 V (E = V = 250 V).
.Find no-load speed (n
0
) -> n
0
= 994 rpm.


Loaded
.Find E as loaded motor -> E
1
= 230.5 V.
.Find loaded speed from the no-load data, considering the weakened field -> n
1
= 885
rpm.



V

generator

Ia
Iline
If
E
15
24-21.
A 200-V dc shunt motor takes 4 A at no-load when running at 700 rpm.
Field resistance is 100 .
Armature resistance at standstill gave a drop of 6 V across armature terminal
when 10 A were passed through it.
Normal input of the motor is 8 kW.
Calculate:
a. speed on load.
b. torque
c. efficiency.

Solution
a. .Find E
0
= 198.8 V. Find E
1
= 177.2 V. Find n
1
= 623.9 rpm.
b. (n is in rps!)
.Find T
a
= 103 Nm.
c. Find constant losses by following calculation:
.Find no-load power input = 800 W.
.Find Armature Cu loss (no-load) = 2.4 W.
.Constant losses = 800 W 2.4 W = 797.6 W.

Full-Load
.Find Armature Cu loss (full-load) = 866.4 W.
.Total full-load losses = constant losses + full-load Cu loss = 1664 W
.Find full-load P
out
= 6336 W.
.Find full-load efficiency = 79.2%
24-22.
The input to a 220-V dc shunt motor is 11 kW.
The no-load current = 5 A; no-load speed = 1150 rpm;
R
a
= 0.5 ; R
f
= 110 ;
Calculate:
a. Torque developed
b. Efficiency
c. Speed at this load

Solution
Nm
2 n
I E
T
a
a

a. and c. .Find E when loaded = 196 V. .Find E no-load = 218.5 V.

.Find n when loaded = 1031 rpm.
.Find T
a
= 87.1 Nm.


b. .Find Pout
.Find constant losses.
.Pin no-load = 1100 W.
.Constant losses = Pin no-load Arm Cu loss = 1095.5 W.
Motor Input



VI Watt
Copper
Losses
Driving power
in armature

EI
a
Watt

Iron and Friction
Losses
Output

HP

.Pout = Pin constant losses Arm Cu loss = 8752 W.
(because Field Cu loss is included in constant losses)
.Efficiency = 79.6 %

V

generator

Ia
Iline
If
E
24-23.
A 200-V dc series motor has an armature resistance of 0.4 ,
field resistance of 0.6 .
It runs at a speed of 1000 rpm taking a current of 10 A against a full-load torque.
If the load torque is reduced to 64%, calculate the speed of the motor.

Solution
Since ~ I
a
, hence T ~ I
a
~ I
a
2

T
2
/ T
1
= I
2
2
/ I
1
2
0.64 = I
2
2
/ I
1
2
-> I
2
= 8 A.

Find E
1
= 190 V.
Find E
2
= 192 V.

Find n
2
= 1263 rpm




2
1
2
1
a
a
I
I

2 2
1 1
2
1
/
/

E
E
n
n
24-31.
A 500-V dc shunt motor takes 5 A on no-load.
R
a
= 0.22 . R
f
= 250 .
When loaded, it takes 100 A.
a. Find the efficiency.
b. Find the percentage change of speed.

Solution
V

generator

Ia
Iline
If
E
19
25-2.
A 250 V dc shunt motor has a shunt field resistance of 250 and armature resistance of 0.25 . For a
given load torque the motor runs at 1500 rpm, drawing an armature current of 20 A.
If a resistance of 250 is inserted in series with the field, & the load torque remaining the same, find
out the new speed and armature current. Assume the magnetization curve to be linear.

Solution
In this case, the motor speed is changed by changing the flux.
1 1
2 2
1
2
/
/

E
E
n
n
It's given that the magnetization curve is linear, means that flux is directly proportional to field current
1 1
2 2
1
2
/
/
f
f
I E
I E
n
n

Since load torque remains the same, T

a
~
1
I
a1
~
2
I
a2
->
1
I
a1
=
2
I
a2

A 40
2
1
1
2
1
1 2

f
f
a a a
I
I
I I I
E
2
= 240 V
E
1
= 245 V
n
2
= 2938 rpm
25-3.
A 250 V dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 and a field resistance of 250
. When driving a load of constant torque at 600 rpm, the armature current is 20 A.
If the speed is to be raised from 600 to 800 rpm, what resistance should be inserted in
the shunt field circuit? Assume that The magnetic current is unsaturated


Solution
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
1
/
/
~
/
/
f
f
I E
I E
E
E
n
n

The magnetic current is unsaturated

means that the flux is proportional to the shunt current.

.We need to calculate E
1
and E
2
.
Finds E
1
= 240 V.
.To calculate E
2
we need I
a2
.
Since the motor is driving a load of constant torque,
T
a
~
1
I
a1
~
2
I
a2
->
1
I
a1
=
2
I
a2
-> I
sh1
I
a1
= I
sh2
I
a2


.Find I
sh1
= 1 A.
.Find I
sh2
= 250/R
tot
-> (R
tot
is the total resistance)
.Find I
a2
= 2R
tot
/25 -> then calculate E
2
= 250 (R
tot
/25)


.Find R
tot
= 337.5 -> find additional resistance = 87.5 .


V

generator

Ia
Iline
If
E
**25-15
A 240-V dc series motor takes 40 A when giving its rated output at 1500 rpm. Its
resistance is 0.3 . Find what resistance must be added to obtain rated torque:
a. at starting?
b. at 1000 rpm?

Solution
Since torque remains the same in both cases, its obvious that current drawn by the
motor remains constant 40 A (.:. T
a
~ I
a
2
)

a. Find the added resistance by: E = V I
a
R -> R
add
= 5.7

b.




Find E
1
= 428 V.
Find E
2
= 436 V.

Find n
2
= 679 rpm.

22
25-16.
A dc series motor runs at 500 rpm on 230 V, drawing a current of 55 A. The resistance of
the machine is 0.15 . Calculate the value of the series resistance to add, if
the speed should be reduced to 300 rpm and the load torque being then
half of the previous value.
Take flux proportional to current.

Solution
T
1
~ I
a1
2
-> (T
2
/ T
1
) = (I
a1
/I
a2
)
2

Finds I
a2
= 38.89 A.

Finds E
1
= 221.75 V.

Finds E
2
= 230 38.89xR
tot

Finds R
tot
= 3.09


Transformer

1.2 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (A 1:1 transformer)
For open circuit measurements of
V
oc
=114.81 VAC, i
oc
=0.24 A, and P
oc
=6.4 W, the parallel parameters of the
transformer are calculated in Equations (5) and (6).
(5)
(6)


For short circuit measurements of
V
sc
=11.14 VAC, i
sc
=3.88 A, P
sc
=6.1 W, the series parameters of the
transformer are calculated in Equations (7) and (8).
(7)
(8)