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Wind Energy
MARK DAVE PEPITO
RON RON DELA CRUZ
The Wind
The wind is created by the movement of
atmospheric air mass as a results of
variation of atmospheric pressure, which
results from the difference in solar heating
of different parts of the earth surface.

Hot air goes up
and creates low
pressure region
Cooler air moves
from high pressure
region

3
Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation
Force Strength km/h Effect
0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically
1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly
2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle
3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls
4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move
5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move
6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out
7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind
8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard
9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down
10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings
11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings
12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation
Wind Energy Conversion
Wind power describes the process by which
the wind is used to generate mechanical
energy or electrical energy.

Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the large
mass of air over the earth surface.

Wind turbines converts the kinetic energy of
the wind into mechanical energy first and then
into electricity if needed.

The energy in the wind turns propeller like
blades around a rotor shaft.


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Ancient Resource Meets 21
st
Century
Turbine Evolution
Used for
Pumping water
Grinding grain

Mainly used for
Generating Electricity
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History and Context
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Wind Energy History
1 A.D.
Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ
~ 400 A.D.
Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels
1200 to 1850
Golden era of windmills in western Europe 50,000
9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany
1850s
Multiblade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S.
1882
Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in
NYC and London
1900
Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population
to fewer than 10,000
1850 1930
Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US midwast
As many as 6,000,000 units installed
1936+
US Rural Electrification Administration extends the grid to most formerly
isolated rural sites
Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade turbine uses
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Wind Power Advantages
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Advantages of Wind Power
Environmental
Economic Development
Fuel Diversity & Conservation
Cost Stability

Greater fuel diversity
No delay in construction
Low maintenance costs
Reliable and durable equipment
Additional income to land owners
More jobs per unit energy produced
No hidden costs
Economical Advantage
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Environmental Benefits
No air pollution
No greenhouse gasses
Does not pollute water with mercury
No water needed for operations

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Economic Development Benefits
Expanding Wind Power development
brings jobs to rural communities
Increased tax revenue
Purchase of goods & services
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Fuel Diversity Benefits
Domestic energy source
Inexhaustible supply
Small, dispersed design
reduces supply risk
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Wind Power Design
Available Wind Power
The kinetic energy of
a stream of air:

2
mV
2
1
E
The kinetic energy of the
air stream available for
the turbine
2
a
V
2
1
E

V
A

= Volume of air
parcel
available to the
rotor

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Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK)
T - air temperature (K)
= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)
3


A V
3

Area = r
2

Instantaneous Speed
(not mean speed)
kg/m
3
m
2
m/s
Power in the Wind (W/m
2
)
The air parcel interacting with the rotor
per unit
time has a cross-sectional area equal to that
of the
rotor and thickness equal to the wind velocity
(V).

Power is the energy per unit and
expressed




T
A
3
T a
V A
2
1
P
Major Factors: Air density, area of wind rotor
and wind velocity
The most important factor is Wind Speed
(Power varies cubic power of velocity)
- As the velocity doubles, the power is
increased by 8 times.
- The rotor area is reduced by a factor
of 8.
The selection of site is very critical for the
success of a wind power




Wind Turbine Power and Efficiency
A wind turbine converts a fraction of the wind
energy into mechanical energy
- A part is transferred to the rotor of the wind
turbine
- Rest is carried away by passing air

The efficiency is the ratio of actual power developed
by wind turbine rotor to the available wind power
- defined as power coefficient and expressed as





3
2
1
V A
P
C
T a
T
p

T
P
Betz Law
States the theoretical limit for the conversion
of wind energy in wind turbine
According to this law maximum possible wind
turbine efficiency is less than 59.3 %
Derived assuming a thin rotor from a fluid at a
speed
Major assumptions:
- Rotor without any hub
- Infinite number of blades with no drag
- axial flow in and out



Power vs. Velocity
The power coefficient or the power picked
up by the wind turbine rotor is influenced
by many factors:
- profile of the rotor blade
- number of blades
- blade arrangement


Wind Turbine Torque
The thrust force developed by the rotor is



The rotor torque is




Where R is the radius of the rotor
2
T a
V A
2
1
F
R V A
2
1
T
2
T a

Maximum
Theoretical Torque
Rotor Torque
The torque developed by the rotor shaft is less
than the maximum theoretical torque and
given in terms of coefficient of torque
as


T V A
2
1
T
C
2
T a
r
T

Relative speed is defined as velocity of rotor

tip and wind speed as




V
NR 2
V
R
V
rw


N = Rotor rotational speed,
rpm
= Angular velocity

Also, it can be shown that power

coefficient and torque coefficient is
related by relative speed:
V
R
V
C
C
rw
T
P


Types of Wind Turbine
Horizontal axis
- Primarily of the axial flow types
- requires control mechanism to take
account of variation in wind direction

Vertical axis
- Can handle winds from all directions

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HAWT
Lift is the main force
Much lower cyclic stresses
95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs
Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
Yaw mechanism is required

Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND
TURBINE
UPWIND TURBINE
Counter Rotating HAWT
Increase the rotation speed
Rear one is smaller and stalls at high
wind speeds
Operates for wider range of wind speeds



VAWT
Drag is the main force
Nacelle is placed at the bottom
Yaw mechanism is not required
Lower starting torque
Difficulty in mounting the turbine
Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

Offshore turbines
More wind speeds
Less noise pollution
Less visual impact
Difficult to install and maintain
Energy losses due long distance transport
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Turbine design and construction
Blades
Material used
Typical length
Tower height
Heights twice the blade length are
found economical

Number of blades
Three blade HAWT are most efficient
Two blade turbines dont require a hub
As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and
efficiency decreases
Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water
pumping purposes
Rotational control
Maintenance
Noise reduction
Centripetal force reduction
Mechanisms
Stalling

Furling
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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics
Wind Speed
Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed
10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more
electricity
2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

Height
Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power
2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity


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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics
Air density
Wind energy increases proportionally with air density
Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates
Lower elevations have greater air density than higher
elevations
Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

Blade swept area
Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the
blades
Blades are shaped like airplane wings
10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater
swept area
Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter
Resulting in 600 foot total height



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This picture shows a
Vestas V-80 2.0-MW wind
turbine superimposed on a
Boeing 747 JUMBO JET
How Big is a 2.0 MW Wind Turbine?
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
KW
MPH
50 40 30 20 10
Wind Turbine Power Curve
Vestas V80 2 MW Wind Turbine
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2003
1.8 MW
350

2000
850 kW
265

2006
5 MW
600
Recent Capacity Enhancements
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1. Hub controller 11. Blade bearing
2. Pitch cylinder 12. Blade
3. Main shaft 13. Rotor lock system
4. Oil cooler 14. Hydraulic unit
5. Gearbox 15. Machine foundation
6. Top Controller 16. Yaw gears
7. Parking Break 17. Generator
8. Service crane 18. Ultra-sonic sensors
9. Transformer 19. Meteorological gauges
10. Blade Hub
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16
17
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5
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Nacelle Components
A Typical HAWT
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Wind Project Siting
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Turbines Constantly Improving
Larger turbines
Specialized blade design
Power electronics
Computer modeling
produces more efficient design
Manufacturing improvements
PHILLIPINES WIND POWER PLANT
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Wind
Power
Class
10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164
ft)
Speed
m/s
(mph)
Speed
m/s
(mph)

1
0 0
4.4 (9.8) 5.6 (12.5)
2
5.1 (11.5) 6.4 (14.3)
3
5.6 (12.5) 7.0 (15.7)
4
6.0 (13.4) 7.5 (16.8)
5
6.4 (14.3) 8.0 (17.9)
6
7.0 (15.7) 8.8 (19.7)
7
9.4 (21.1) 11.9 (26.6)
Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain the same power density, speed
increases 3%/1000 m (5%/5000 ft) elevation.
Wind Power Classes
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Siting a Wind Farm
Winds
Minimum class 4 desired for utility-scale wind farm (>7
m/s at hub height)
Transmission
Distance, voltage excess capacity
Permit approval
Land-use compatibility
Public acceptance
Visual, noise, and bird impacts are biggest concern
Land area
Economies of scale in construction
Number of landowners

Velocity with Height


Engineering/
Design
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Wind Disadvantages
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Market Barriers
Siting
Avian
Noise
Aesthetics
Intermittent source of power
Transmission constraints
Operational characteristics different from
conventional fuel sources
Financing
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Birds - A Serious Obstacle
Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy
Carnage!
Construction

Operations/
Maintenance
Maintenance
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Yawing Facing the Wind
Active Yaw (all medium
& large turbines
produced today, &
some small turbines
from Europe)
Anemometer on nacelle
tells controller which way
to point rotor into the
wind
Yaw drive turns gears to
point rotor into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small
turbines)
Wind forces alone direct
rotor
Tail vanes
Downwind turbines
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Yaw Mechanism
To turn the turbine against the wind
Yaw error and fatigue loads
Uses electric motors and gear boxes
Wind turbine safety
Sensors controlling vibrations
Over speed protection
Aero dynamic braking
Mechanical braking
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Wind Characteristics & Consequences
Remote location and low capacity factor
Higher transmission investment per unit output
Small project size and quick development
time
Planning mismatch with transmission investment
Intermittent output
Higher system operating costs if systems and
protocols not designed properly
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Wind Farm Development
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Wind Farm Development
Key parameters
Wind resource
Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease
Power purchase agreements
Connectivity to the grid
Financing
Tax incentives

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Wind Farm Development
Wind resource
Absolutely vital to determine finances
Wind is the fuel
Requires historical wind data
Daily and hourly detail
Install metrological towers
Preferably at projected turbine hub height
Multiple towers across proposed site
Multiyear data reduces financial risk
Correlate long term offsite data to support short term
onsite data
Local NWS metrological station
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Wind Farm Development
Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease
Obtain local and state governmental approvals
Often includes Environmental Impact Studies
Impact to wetlands, birds (especially raptors)
NIMBY component
View sheds
Negotiate lease arrangements with ranchers,
farmers, Native American tribes, etc.
Annual payments per turbine or production based
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Wind Farm Development
Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
Must have upfront financial commitment from utility
15 to 20 year time frames
Utility agrees to purchase wind energy at a set rate
e.g. 4.3/kWh
Financial stability/credit rating of utility important aspect
of obtaining wind farm financing
PPA only as good as the creditworthiness of the uitility
Utility goes bankrupt youre in trouble
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Wind Farm Development
Connectivity to the grid
Obtain approvals to tie to the grid
Power fluctuations stress the grid
Especially since the grid is operating near max
capacity

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Wind Farm Development
Financing
Once all components are settled
Wind resource
Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease
Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
Connectivity to the grid
Turbine procurement
Construction costs
Take the deal to get financed


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Future Trends
Improvements
Concentrators
Future Wind Turbines
Wind Amplified Rotor Platform
Disc type wind turbine
Much more efficient than HAWT
Requires less height
Low noise
Works in any wind direction


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Expectations for Future Growth
20,000 total turbines installed by 2010
6% of electricity supply by 2020

100,000 MW of wind power
installed by 2020
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Future Cost Reductions
Financing Strategies
Manufacturing
Economy of Scale
Better Sites and
Tuning Turbines for
Site Conditions
Technology
Improvements
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Future Tech Developments
Application Specific Turbines
Offshore
Limited land/resource areas
Transportation or construction limitations
Low wind resource
Cold climates
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The Future of Wind - Offshore
1.5 - 6 MW per turbine
60-120 m hub height
5 km from shore, 30 m
deep ideal
Gravity foundation, pole, or
tripod formation
Shaft can act as artificial
reef
Drawbacks- T&D losses
(underground cables lead to
shore) and visual eye sore

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Hawaiian Wind Farm Shock Absorber
Install on 2.4 MW wind farm on Big Island of Hawaii
Utilizes superconducting materials to store DC power
Suddenly increased and decreased wind power output
Likely to loose efficiency due to AC-DC-AC conversions
"Utility Scale Wind on Islands," Refocus, Jul/Aug 2003, http://www.re-focus.net
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QUESTIONS??

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The end.

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