06MCL004

FOR
Earthquake
1
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Element
• Composite Slab
• Composite Girder,
• Composite Column,
• Composite Diagonals,
• Composite Shear walls
2
Composite Element
Composite Slab
• Act as HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGM
• Interconnect all vertical element at each level.
3
Composite Element
Composite Girder
• Help to prevent sway of building system
• To prevent sway action more girder stiffness will be
more effective than column stiffness.
4
Composite Element
Composite Column
Section Steel Tube Filled with

Embedded in Concrete
Concrete
5
Composite Element
Composite Diagonal
• Braced frame was introduced in 1980 for

composite construction.
• More economical than Moment Resisting
Frame,
• Resist Lateral stresses through axial stresses
as a part of Truss.
6
Diagonal Element
Diagonal
• Following bracing system has been considered and compare with

mode of STAAD-2005
• Frame without Bracing,
• X-Bracing,
• V-Bracing,
• PRATT BRACING,
• K-BRACING
• DIAGONAL BRACING
7
Diagonal Element
Diagonal
X-Bracing K-Bracing PRATT-Bracing DIAGONAL-

Bracing
8
Diagonal Element
C OM PA RISION OF BRA C ING SYST EM
250
200
150
DISPLACEMENT
100
50
0
K
X
PRATT
DIAGONAL
Bracing
No
BRA C ING SYST EM
9
Diagonal Element
C OM PA RISION OF BRA C ING SYST EM
1200
1000
AXIAL FORCE
800
600
400
200
0
K
X
PRATT
DIAGONAL
Bracing
No
L EEW A RD C OL UM N
10
Diagonal Element
COM PARISION OF BRACING SYSTEM
5000
4000
AXIAL FORCE
3000
2000
1000
0
K
X
DIAGONAL
PRATT
Bracing
No
WINDWARD SIDE COLUM N
11
Composite System
Composite Building Systems
• Shear Wall System.

• Shear – Wall Frame Interaction System,
• Tube System.
• Vertically Mixed System,
• Mega Frame with super columns.
12
Composite Shear Wall
• It consist of steel plate with

reinforced concrete walls
attached to one side or both
sides using mechanical
connectors such as shear
studs or bolts.
13
Composite Shear wall
Different Arrangement in Composite Shear Wall 14

Advantage of Composite Shear Wall
• Smaller Thickness & Less Weight.
• Don’t take critical path during construction,
• The shear yield capacity of steel plate can be significantly
greater than its capacity to resist shear in yielding of diagonal
tension field. In addition, the reinforced concrete wall provides
sound and temperature insulation as well as fire proofing to steel
shear walls.
• The smaller footprint of the composite shear wall is very
advantageous from architectural point of view providing more
useable floor space particularly in tall buildings
15
Component of
Composite
Shear Wall
16
Composite Shear Wall Component
17
Steel Plate in Shear Wall

• Provide.
• Shear strength and Stiffness.
• Shear ductility.
• Resist overturning moment.
• Plate thinner than ¾’’(19 mm) is not

recommended because of .
• Erection problem.
• Large no. of shear connector is
required.
18
Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by

following action
Shear Yielding Action

(Composite Shear Wall) 19
Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by

following action
Diagonal Field Tension Action

(Steel Shear Wall) 20
RCC Wall in Composite Shear Wall

Main Contribution of RCC wall is as
follow,
•Shear strength and

stiffness.
•Ductility (depending
upon amount of
reinforcement)
•Resist overturning
moment.
•Prevent buckling of
steel plate. 21
Behavior of RCC Wall
Concrete wall carry some of the story shear by developing

compression diagonal field.
22
Shear Connector
• Provide connection
between steel element and
concrete.
• Welded studs are used as
shear connectors and
sometimes channel are
also used.
• They are mainly subjected
1. Shear
2. Tension (buckling in
steel plate).
23
Shear Connector
24
Shear Connector
25
Boundary Column
• Resist overturning
moment.
• Anchor point for
tension field action for
steel plate.
• Bearing element for
compression diagonal
element for RCC wall
• Resist storey shear.
26
Composite
Shear Wall
In
Structural System
27
• Provide ductility through

1. Yielding of the steel shear
wall.
2. Yielding of the steel
reinforcements inside the
concrete wall
3. Compressive crushing of
concrete.
28
1. Lateral load resisted by

dual action
2. The shear wall is designed
to resist total lateral load
while the moment frame is
designed as a “back-up”
system to resist ¼ of the
lateral load.
29
• Two shear wall with
coupling beam in
between them.
• Function of coupling
beams :
1. Acts as a ductile fuse.
2. Providing strength,
stiffness, significant
ductility.
3. Energy dissipation
capability.
30
Steel Plate Composite Shear wall System 31

Shear Wall Sections
A
B B
Section B - B
Section A - A 32
33
Connection Details
34
35
Case Study
A Case Study
San Francisco
Hospital
36
Case Study
San Francisco Hospital
Plan of San Francisco Hospital 37

Case Study
The steel shear walls in this structure were covered on both sides with
•
reinforced concrete shear walls making the wall a composite steel
concrete shear wall.
38
Seismic Behavior
• During 1998-2001, testing was conducted at the

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the
University of California, Berkeley on Composite shear
walls.
• The main objective of this project was to conduct cyclic

testing of a traditional and an innovative composite shear
wall and to develop the design and modeling
recommendations.
39
Seismic Behavior
Testing Sample of Two Shear Wall 40

Seismic Behavior
• The composite shear wall was developed to exhibit two

phase of behavior,
1. Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium

Size Seismic Events.
2. Behavior During Relatively Large Earthquakes.
41
Seismic Behavior
Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium Size

Seismic Events
• Because of gap, concrete wall will not be engaged with
frame.
• Steel plate will be main element to carry seismic shear
between plate.
• For small or moderate event stiffness of the steel plate
alone will be sufficient to resist lateral forces.
• RCC wall remain undamaged.
• RCC wall provide bracing to steel plate during seismic
event.
42
Seismic Behavior
Properties of Test Specimen

43
Seismic Behavior
Shear Wall Detailing
44
Seismic Behavior
45
Case Study
46
Seismic Behavior
Testing Setup
47
Seismic Behavior
Cyclic Loading Sequence
Reversible Cyclic Loading was Applied to both Specimen

48
Specimen Behavior
Specimen
Behavior
49
Specimen Behavior
50
Specimen Behavior
• Maximum strength of traditional shear wall is

slightly higher than the shear wall with gap.
• Specimen without gap having bearing of
concrete for column and beam.
• Stiffness of specimen was slightly higher in case
shear wall without gap difference is too small.
• Participation of RCC wall doesn’t contribute
much for stiffness of whole shear wall.
• In both specimen strength dropped when steel
plate started fracturing.
• Avoid such discontinuities. 51
Damage Comparison
Performance of Both Shear Wall 52

Design Philosophy
Design Philosophy
for
53
Design Philosophy
• Literature survey and actual tests should conducted

• Failure modes (limit states) of the system were identified
• The failure modes are grouped into “ductile” and “brittle.”
• Failure modes are placed in a hierarchical order such
that:
• Member which experienced ductile failure mode having
a priority compare to member having brittle failure
mode.
• non-gravity carrying elements, such as wall plate, reach
their governing limit state prior to gravity carrying
members .
• Design equations are developed for all failure modes.

54
Design Philosophy
Failure Modes
55
Structural System
Innovative Structural System
56

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FOR

Section Steel Tube Filled with

• Braced frame was introduced in 1980 for

• Following bracing system has been considered and compare with

X-Bracing K-Bracing PRATT-Bracing DIAGONAL-

BRA C ING SYST EM

WINDWARD SIDE COLUM N

• Shear Wall System.

• It consist of steel plate with

Different Arrangement in Composite Shear Wall 14

Steel Plate in Shear Wall

• Plate thinner than ¾’’(19 mm) is not

Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by

Shear Yielding Action

Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by

Diagonal Field Tension Action

RCC Wall in Composite Shear Wall

•Shear strength and

Behavior of RCC Wall

Concrete wall carry some of the story shear by developing

• Provide ductility through

1. Lateral load resisted by

Steel Plate Composite Shear wall System 31

Plan of San Francisco Hospital 37

• During 1998-2001, testing was conducted at the

• The main objective of this project was to conduct cyclic

Testing Sample of Two Shear Wall 40

• The composite shear wall was developed to exhibit two

1. Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium

2. Behavior During Relatively Large Earthquakes.

Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium Size

Properties of Test Specimen

Reversible Cyclic Loading was Applied to both Specimen

• Maximum strength of traditional shear wall is

Performance of Both Shear Wall 52

• Literature survey and actual tests should conducted

• Design equations are developed for all failure modes.

Innovative Structural System

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