Introduction To OB

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Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

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Organization: Organization is
structured social system
consisting of groups and
individuals working together
to meet some agree-on
objectives.
Organizations consist of
structured social units, such
as individuals or work groups,
who strive to attain a common
goal, such as to produce and
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Organizational behavior can

be defined as the
understanding, prediction,
and management of human
behavior in organizations.

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Process of Organizational Behaviour
CONTROL
UNDERSTANDING PREDICTION
What solutions are
which variables are
important? what patterns of possible?
behaviour are
Which variables can
How strong are they? present? be influenced?
How do they
interrelate?
What is cause effect How can they be
relationship? influenced?

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Organizational behaviour is
the study and application of
knowledge about how people
act within organizations.
It is a human tool for human
benefit.
It applies broadly to the
behaviour of people in all
types of organization such as
business, schools and service
organizations.
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Organizational behaviour is field of

study that investigates the impact
that individuals, groups, and
structure have on behaviour within
organizations for the purpose of
applying such knowledge towards
improving an organization’s
effectiveness.

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Organizational behaviour is the study

of organizational components, and
their impact on human behaviour and
organizational performances. Such
study can benefit from a various
behavioral and social sciences.

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Organizational behaviour is the

systematic study of the nature of
organizations: how they begin,
grow, and develop, and their effect
on individual members, constituent
groups, other organizations and
larger institutions.

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Characteristics of OB:
Focuses primarily on people.
Systematic study of the actions and
attitudes that people exhibit within

organizations.
Emphasizes the interactions and
relations between the organization and
individual behaviour.
Concerned with work-related behaviour
in which people are motivated.

Seeks to fulfill both employee needs and
organizational objectives.
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Nature and Scope of OB:
1. A field of study and not a discipline.
2. Interdisciplinary Approach
3. An applied science
4. Behavioral Approach to Management
5. Concern with Environment
6. Scientific Method Foundation
7. Contingency Orientation
8. Levels of Performance Analysis
9. Few Absolutes
10. A systems Approach

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1. A field of study and not a
discipline:
 synthesize borrowed concepts,
and processes in the field of
enquiry.
Its Principles are difficult to define
in scientific terms and its

boundaries are not clear.

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2. Interdisciplinary Approach:
OB has its roots in well established
fields as psychology, sociology,

and anthropology.
OB also takes relevant concepts
from economics, political science

and law.

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3. An applied science:
OB is oriented towards
understanding the forces that
affect behaviour so that their
effects may be predicted and
guided towards effective
functioning of organization.

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4. Behavioral Approach to
Management:
OB is related with the conceptual
and human dimensions of

management.

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5. Concern with Environment:

OB has a distinctly humanistic
tone, reflected in the concern

for self-development, personal
growth, and self-actualization.

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6. scientific Method Foundation:

OB follows the scientific
method and makes use of logic
theory in its investigations and
in answering the research
questions.

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7. Contingency Orientation:
This approach is directed
towards developing managerial
actions that are most
appropriate for a specific
situation.

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8. Levels of Performance
Analysis:
Field of OB embraces three
levels of performance analysis:

 Individual
 Group
 Formal organization

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9. Few Absolutes:
Human beings are very
complex and are not alike,
which limits the OB manager to
make simple and accurate
generalizations about human
behaviour.

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10. A systems approach:

Analyses the behaviour in view
of psychological, social and

cultural factors.
It carefully links the variables
together.

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Conceptual Model for Organizational
FORMAL Behaviour ORGANIZATION
HUMAN BEING
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR
ORGANIZATIONAL
BIOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE DYNAMICS
PHYSICOLOGICAL
Groups
Classical Heredity
Informal Organization
Neoclassical Nervous System
Modern Sense Organs
CONFLICT & CHANGE
Muscles & Glands
Frustration
PROCESSES Goal Conflict
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Decision Making PROCESSES
Role Conflict
Communication Human Resistance
Perception
Control Learning
HUMAN ADAPTATION TO
Motivation
ORGANIZATION
TECHNOLOGY Motivation Techniques
Techniques PERSONALITY
Leadership Techniques
Human Knowledge Development
Organization
Structure
Development

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Psychology
Psychology is the science of

human behavior.
It is the science that seeks to
measure, explain and

sometimes change the
behavior of humans.
Psychologists concern
themselves with studying and
attempting to understand
individual behavior.
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Social Psychology
Social Psychology focuses on
the influence of people on one

another.
Social psychologists have
made significant contributions
in the area of measuring,
understanding and changing
attitudes; communications
patterns; the way in which
groups activities can satisfy
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Anthropology
It is the science of human learned
behavior and is especially
important to understand
Organizational culture.
Study societies to learn about
human beings and their activities.
This study helps to understand the
differences in fundamental values,

attitudes and behavior between
people in different countries and
within different organizations.
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Sociology
It is the science of society.
Contributed knowledge about group and
inter group dynamics.

Sociologist is concerned with the variety
of roles within a society, the norms and

standards of behavior that emerge within
societies and groups.
Inputs from sociologists are group
dynamics, design of work teams,
Organizational culture, formal
Organizations, theory and structure,
Organizational technology, bureaucracy,
communications, power, conflict and inter
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Political Science
It is the study the behavior of individuals
and groups within a political

environment.

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Engineering
Engineering has made important
contributions to our understanding of the
design of work.
Design of work leads human productivity
and efficiency in work behavior.

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Management
It is a administrative science.
It is the study of overseeing activities
and supervising people in Organizations.

It emphasizes the design,
implementation, and management of
various administrative and Organizational
systems.

Major Disciplines and their 17-29
PERSONALITY, PERCEPTION,
contribution to OB ATTITUDE,
LEARNING, MOTIVATION, JOB
SATISFACTION, INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY TRAINING, LEADERSHIP
EFFECTIVENESS,
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL,
EMPLOYEE SELECTION
WORK DESIGN, WORK STRESS
GROUP DYNAMICS,
COMMUNICATION, LEADER SHIP
POWER AND POLITICS
CONFLICT
SOCIOLOGY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES,

FORMAL AND INFORMAL STUDY
ORGANIZATIONS, GROUP
OF OB
ORGANIZATIONAL CURLTURE
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE,
ATTITUDE CHANGE,
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY COMMUNICATION, GROUP
PROCESSES , GROUP
DECISION-MAKING
INDIVIDUAL CULTURE,
ANTHROPOLOGY ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE,
ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATIONAL POWER
POLITICAL SCIENCE
POLITICS, CONFLICT

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Goals of Organizational
Behavior:
To improve the processes by
which the organization

functions.
Helps managers and
employees to understand the
complex dynamics of the
various components which
enhance or detract the
organization from achieving its
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Organizational Behavior
recognizes the dynamic nature
of organizations:
OB scientists recognize that
organizations are not static,
but dynamic and ever-changing
entities. They recognize
organizations are open system,
that is self sustaining systems
that use energy to transform
resources
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
from the
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Open system
TRANSFORMATION
Eg. Training,
manufacturing
OUTPUT
INPUT
To the environment
From the environment Eg. Products, wages
Eg. Natural resources, earned
skilled workforce

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Organizational Behavior there is
no “one Best” approach:
OB scholars recognize that
behaviour in work settings is
the complex result of many
interacting forces.
OB provides a clear indication
that the contingency approach

is being used. They tell us that
certain behaviour is contingent
on the existence of certain
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OB confronts the challenges of work
force diversity:
OB faces challenges created by
changes in the work force itself.

The demographic characteristics of
the work force have been changing

over the past few decades.
Example: Many women still find
that they are victimized by

stereotypes and male dominated
corporate cultures that keep them
form advancing.
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OB takes a global perspective:
Culture is an important determinant
of people’s actions and values is
clearly an under statement – and a
conclusion that has important
implications for the study of
organizational behaviour.
OB is characterized by its
comparative nature – that is, its
tendency to examine OB concepts
across different nations and
cultures.
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Challenges of OB
Increasing Number of Global
Organizations
Utilizing Information Technology and
E-commerce
Building a Competitive advantage
Maintaining a Diverse Workforce

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17-1

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Organizational behavior can

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Organizational behaviour is field of

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Organizational behaviour is the study

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Organizational behaviour is the

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Systematic study of the actions and

attitudes that people exhibit within

in which people are motivated.

2. Interdisciplinary Approach

3. An applied science

4. Behavioral Approach to Management

5. Concern with Environment

6. Scientific Method Foundation

7. Contingency Orientation

8. Levels of Performance Analysis

9. Few Absolutes

10. A systems Approach

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

in scientific terms and its

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

fields as psychology, sociology,

from economics, political science

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

and human dimensions of

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

5. Concern with Environment:

tone, reflected in the concern

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

6. scientific Method Foundation:

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

levels of performance analysis:

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

10. A systems approach:

of psychological, social and

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Psychology is the science of

measure, explain and

the influence of people on one

differences in fundamental values,

Contributed knowledge about group and

inter group dynamics.

of roles within a society, the norms and

and groups within a political

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

and efficiency in work behavior.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

It is the study of overseeing activities

and supervising people in Organizations.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000