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    Asynchronous Transfer Mode

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    Mehboob Khokhar
    Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol for data transfer that uses fixed-size cells. It has three main planes - user, control, and management. ATM uses virtual connections called virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs) to transfer data between users or networks. VPCs bundle multiple VCCs to simplify networking. ATM provides different quality of service categories like constant bit rate (CBR) for real-time traffic and available bit rate (ABR) for best-efforts delivery. It uses adaptation layers to encapsulate different data like IP packets into the fixed size ATM cells.

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    Asynchronous Transfer Mode

    Uploaded by

    Mehboob Khokhar
    29 views37 pages
    Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol for data transfer that uses fixed-size cells. It has three main planes - user, control, and management. ATM uses virtual connections called virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs) to transfer data between users or networks. VPCs bundle multiple VCCs to simplify networking. ATM provides different quality of service categories like constant bit rate (CBR) for real-time traffic and available bit rate (ABR) for best-efforts delivery. It uses adaptation layers to encapsulate different data like IP packets into the fixed size ATM cells.

    Original Description:

    atm

    Original Title

    LEC3-ATM

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    Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol for data transfer that uses fixed-size cells. It has three main planes - user, control, and management. ATM uses virtual connections called virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs) to transfer data between users or networks. VPCs bundle multiple VCCs to simplify networking. ATM provides different quality of service categories like constant bit rate (CBR) for real-time traffic and available bit rate (ABR) for best-efforts delivery. It uses adaptation layers to encapsulate different data like IP packets into the fixed size ATM cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    29 views37 pages

    Asynchronous Transfer Mode

    Uploaded by

    Mehboob Khokhar
    Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol for data transfer that uses fixed-size cells. It has three main planes - user, control, and management. ATM uses virtual connections called virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs) to transfer data between users or networks. VPCs bundle multiple VCCs to simplify networking. ATM provides different quality of service categories like constant bit rate (CBR) for real-time traffic and available bit rate (ABR) for best-efforts delivery. It uses adaptation layers to encapsulate different data like IP packets into the fixed size ATM cells.

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    Asynchronous Transfer Mode

    Protocol Architecture
    Similarities between ATM and packet switching
    Transfer of data in discrete chunks
    Multiple logical connections over single physical
    interface
    In ATM flow on each logical connection is in
    fixed sized packets called cells
    Minimal error and flow control
    Reduced overhead
    Data rates (physical layer) 25.6Mbps to
    622.08Mbps
    Protocol Architecture (diag)
    Reference Model Planes
    User plane
    Provides for user information transfer
    Control plane
    Call and connection control
    Management plane
    Plane management
    whole system functions
    Layer management
    Resources and parameters in protocol entities
    ATM Logical Connections
    Virtual channel connections (VCC)
    Analogous to virtual circuit in X.25
    Basic unit of switching between two end users
    Full duplex
    Fixed size cells
    Data, user-network exchange (control) and network-
    network exchange (network management and routing)
    Virtual path connection (VPC)
    Bundle of VCC with same end points
    ATM Connection Relationships
    Advantages of Virtual Paths
    Simplified network architecture
    Increased network performance and
    reliability
    Reduced processing
    Short connection setup time
    Enhanced network services
    Call
    Establishment
    Using VPs
    Virtual Channel Connection
    Uses
    Between end users
    End to end user data
    Control signals
    VPC provides overall capacity
    VCC organization done by users
    Between end user and network
    Control signaling
    Between network entities
    Network traffic management
    Routing
    VP/VC Characteristics
    Quality of service
    Switched and semi-permanent channel
    connections
    Call sequence integrity
    Traffic parameter negotiation and usage
    monitoring

    VPC only
    Virtual channel identifier restriction within VPC

    Control Signaling - VCC
    Done on separate connection
    Semi-permanent VCC
    Meta-signaling channel
    Used as permanent control signal channel
    User to network signaling virtual channel
    For control signaling
    Used to set up VCCs to carry user data
    User to user signaling virtual channel
    Within pre-established VPC
    Used by two end users without network intervention
    to establish and release user to user VCC
    Control Signaling - VPC
    Semi-permanent
    Customer controlled
    Network controlled

    ATM Cells
    Fixed size
    5 octet header
    48 octet information field
    Small cells reduce queuing delay for high
    priority cells
    Small cells can be switched more
    efficiently
    Easier to implement switching of small
    cells in hardware
    ATM Cell Format
    Header Format
    Generic flow control
    Only at user to network interface
    Controls flow only at this point
    Virtual path identifier
    Virtual channel identifier
    Payload type
    e.g. user info or network management
    Cell loss priority
    Header error control
    Generic Flow Control (GFC)
    Control traffic flow at user to network interface
    (UNI) to alleviate short term overload
    Two sets of procedures
    Uncontrolled transmission
    Controlled transmission
    Every connection either subject to flow control
    or not
    Subject to flow control
    May be one group (A) default
    May be two groups (A and B)
    Flow control is from subscriber to network
    Controlled by network side

    Header Error Control
    8 bit error control field
    Calculated on remaining 32 bits of header
    Allows some error correction

    Effect of
    Error in
    Cell Header
    ATM Service Categories
    Real time
    Constant bit rate (CBR)
    Real time variable bit rate (rt-VBR)
    Non-real time
    Non-real time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR)
    Available bit rate (ABR)
    Unspecified bit rate (UBR)
    Guaranteed frame rate (GFR)
    Real Time Services
    Amount of delay
    Variation of delay (jitter)

    CBR
    Fixed data rate continuously available
    Tight upper bound on delay
    Uncompressed audio and video
    Video conferencing
    Interactive audio
    A/V distribution and retrieval
    rt-VBR
    Time sensitive application
    Tightly constrained delay and delay variation
    rt-VBR applications transmit at a rate that
    varies with time
    e.g. compressed video
    Produces varying sized image frames
    Original (uncompressed) frame rate constant
    So compressed data rate varies
    Can statistically multiplex connections


    nrt-VBR
    May be able to characterize expected
    traffic flow
    Improve QoS in loss and delay
    End system specifies:
    Peak cell rate
    Sustainable or average rate
    Measure of how bursty traffic is
    e.g. Airline reservations, banking
    transactions

    UBR
    May be additional capacity over and above
    that used by CBR and VBR traffic
    Not all resources dedicated
    Bursty nature of VBR
    For application that can tolerate some cell
    loss or variable delays
    e.g. TCP based traffic
    Cells forwarded on FIFO basis
    Best efforts service

    ABR
    Application specifies peak cell rate (PCR)
    and minimum cell rate (MCR)
    Resources allocated to give at least MCR
    Spare capacity shared among all ARB
    sources
    e.g. LAN interconnection

    Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
    Designed to support IP backbone subnetworks
    Better service than UBR for frame based traffic
    Including IP and Ethernet
    Optimize handling of frame based traffic passing from LAN
    through router to ATM backbone
    Used by enterprise, carrier and ISP networks
    Consolidation and extension of IP over WAN
    ABR difficult to implement between routers over ATM network
    GFR better alternative for traffic originating on Ethernet
    Network aware of frame/packet boundaries
    When congested, all cells from frame discarded
    Guaranteed minimum capacity
    Additional frames carried of not congested
    ATM Adaptation Layer
    Support for information transfer protocol
    not based on ATM
    PCM (voice)
    Assemble bits into cells
    Re-assemble into constant flow
    IP
    Map IP packets onto ATM cells
    Fragment IP packets
    Use LAPF over ATM to retain all IP
    infrastructure

    Adaptation Layer Services
    Handle transmission errors
    Segmentation and re-assembly
    Handle lost and misinserted cells
    Flow control and timing

    AAL Protocols
    Convergence sublayer (CS)
    Support for specific applications
    AAL user attaches at SAP
    Segmentation and re-assembly sublayer (SAR)
    Packages and unpacks info received from CS into
    cells
    Four types
    Type 1
    Type 2
    Type 3/4
    Type 5
    AAL Protocols
    Segmentation and Reassembly
    PDU
    AAL Type 1
    CBR source
    SAR packs and unpacks bits
    Block accompanied by sequence number


    AAL Type 2
    VBR
    Analog applications
    AAL Type 3/4
    Connectionless or connected
    Message mode or stream mode

    AAL Type 5
    Streamlined transport for connection
    oriented higher layer protocols

    CPCS PDUs
    (Common Part Convergence
    Sublayer)
    37
    Example AAL 5 Transmission

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