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    Disk Related Commands-1

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    ankur saikia
    The du command displays disk usage information for files and directories. It shows sizes recursively and has options to change the unit of size or only show totals. The dd command copies and converts files, especially for backups. It can backup entire disks or partitions. The df command displays available disk space on file systems in units like blocks or a human readable format. It provides capacity, usage, and availability information.

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    Disk Related Commands-1

    Uploaded by

    ankur saikia
    34 views3 pages
    The du command displays disk usage information for files and directories. It shows sizes recursively and has options to change the unit of size or only show totals. The dd command copies and converts files, especially for backups. It can backup entire disks or partitions. The df command displays available disk space on file systems in units like blocks or a human readable format. It provides capacity, usage, and availability information.

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    heelo

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    The du command displays disk usage information for files and directories. It shows sizes recursively and has options to change the unit of size or only show totals. The dd command copies and converts files, especially for backups. It can backup entire disks or partitions. The df command displays available disk space on file systems in units like blocks or a human readable format. It provides capacity, usage, and availability information.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    34 views3 pages

    Disk Related Commands-1

    Uploaded by

    ankur saikia
    The du command displays disk usage information for files and directories. It shows sizes recursively and has options to change the unit of size or only show totals. The dd command copies and converts files, especially for backups. It can backup entire disks or partitions. The df command displays available disk space on file systems in units like blocks or a human readable format. It provides capacity, usage, and availability information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Disk related commands

    du: Disk Usage


    The“du” (Disk Usage) is a standard Unix/Linux command, used to check the
    information of disk usage of files and directories on a machine. The du command has
    many parameter options that can be used to get the results in many formats. The du
    command also displays the files and directory sizes in a recursively manner.

    Syntax:

    du [OPTION]... [FILE]...

    Options:
    -a, In addition to the default output, include information for each non-directory entry
    -k, show sizes as multiples of 1024 bytes, not 512-byte
    -s, report only the sum of the usage in the current directory, not for each file

    Example : 1 Disk usage of a Directory , when du command is executed without any options
    $ du Pictures
    12072 Pictures

    In the above example , 'Pictures' is a directory and when du command is executed , it displays
    disk usage figures in Kilobytes (default block size) .

    Example : 2 Display sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1

    K 250M , 2G)
    $ du -h Pictures
    12M Pictures
    Example : 3 Display disk usage counts for all the files

    This can be done using -a option.

    $ du -a /var/log/httpd/
    As shown in the above example , that disk usage of individual files (inside the directory
    '/var/log/httpd') is displayed in the output.

    dd command:

    The command ‘dd’ is one of the very powerful utility which can be used in a variety
    of ways. This tool is mainly used for copying and converting data, hence it stands for
    ‘data duplicator’.

    This tool can be used for.

    • Backing up and restoring an entire hard drive or a partition

    • Copy regions of raw device files like backing up MBR(master boot record)

    • Converting data formats like ASCII to EBCDIC

    • Converting lowercase to uppercase and vice versa

    • Creating files with fixed size

    Syntax of ‘dd’ command:

    dd if=<source file name> of=<target file name> [Options]

    Example : 1 Backup entire hard drive to another drive.

    dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=4096 conv=noerror,sync

    Here, ‘if’ stands for input file, ‘of’ stands for output file and ‘bs’ stands for the block size
    (number of bytes to be read/write at a time). The conversion parameter ‘noerror’ allows the
    tool to continue to copy the data eventhough it encounter any errors. The sync option allows
    to use synchronized I/O.

    The above command will copy all the data from the disk /dev/sda to /dev/sdb. ‘dd’ doesn’t
    know anything about the filesystem or partitions- it will just copy everything from /dev/sda to
    /dev/sdb. So, this will clone the disk with the same data on same partition.

    Example : 2 Creating a disk image

    dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/sdadisk.img

    Backing up a disk to an image will be faster than copying the exact data. Also, disk image
    make the restoration much easier.

    Example : 3 Creating a compressed disk image

    dd if=/dev/sda | gzip >/tmp/sdadisk.img.gz


    Example : 4 Restoring hard disk image

    dd if=/tmp/sdadisk.img of=/dev/sda

    df command
    df displays the amount of disk space available on the file system in terms of disk
    blocks. The command displays the capacity of each file system, the space in use, the
    free space and the number of free files.

    Syntax of df command:
    df [OPTION]... [FILE]...

    Example : 1 We can use the df command without any option or file system in order to obtain
    information about all the file systems installed on our machines.
    $ df
    Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
    /dev/loop0 18761008 15246876 2554440 86% /
    none 4 0 4 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    udev 493812 4 493808 1% /dev
    tmpfs 100672 1364 99308 2% /run
    none 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock
    none 503352 1764 501588 1% /run/shm
    none 102400 20 102380 1% /run/user
    /dev/sda3 174766076 164417964 10348112 95% /host

    Example : 2 In order to easily remember the size of the partitions, we use the –h option to
    display the size of the partition in human readable form

    $ df -h
    Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
    /dev/loop0 18761008 15246924 2554392 86% /

    Example : 3 To know the amount of space available in a particular partition, we can specify
    that while giving the df command. Such as in order to know the amount of free disk in the
    root directory, we need to give the following command:

    $ df /

    1. fdisk: Dividing the hard disk into one or more logical disks is called partitions. The
    partitions or the divisions of the disk are described in the partition table found in
    sector 0 of the disk. fdisk creates both partitions as well as file systems. The fdisk
    command is used to cerate, delete and activate partitions.

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