Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon through the analysis of data
acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area or phenomenon under investigation
DATA ACQUISITION (a) the energy source; (b) propagation of energy through the atmosphere; (c) energy interaction with the earth features; (d) Retransmission of energy through the atmosphere; (e) Sensing System: airborne and /or space borne sensors; (f)Sensing product: generation of sensor data in pictorial and/or numerical form. DATA ANALYSIS (g) Interpretation and analysis: examining the data using various viewing and interpretation devices; (h) Information Product : data presentation in the form of maps, tables or reports; (i) Users: Information presented to users Data usage in decision making process.
EM spectrum used in remote sensing lie along a continuum characteristised by magnitude changes of many powers of 10 EM spectrum in logarithmic plot Visible portion of such plot extremely small, since the spectral sensitivity of human eye extends only from 0.4 to 0.7 m Primary color BGR B - 0.4 to 0.5 m; G -0.5 to 0.6 m; R 0.6 to 0.7 m
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IR waves
Near IR: 0.7 to 1.5 m Mid IR: 1.3 to 3 m
Thermal IR: Beyond 3 to 14 m Only Thermal IR energy is directly related to sensation of heat.
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Where,
E=energy of a quantum h=plancks constant = frequency of light, Hertz or sec-1 M= Total radiant exitance from the surface of material, W/m2 = Stefan- Boltzmann constant,5.6697 10-8 Wm-2K-4 = Emissivity
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transparent. The outgoing spectral radiance of objects at the earths surface is modified before it reaches the sensor.
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Atmospheric window
The atmospheric gasses, carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapour, causes reflection, scattering, and attenuation of energy, so that only a few windows are available through which part of all the pertinent radiation is transmitted.
One important atmospheric window exists in
the visible spectral region (0.4 - 0.7 m). There are three windows in the infrared region (3.0 4.5 m, 8.5 14.0 m and 17. 19.0 m ).
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Ex. Assume the speed of light to be 3x108 m/s. If the frequency of an electromagnetic wave is 500,000 GHz (GHz =gigahertz = 109 m/s), what is the wavelength of that radiation? Express your answer in micrometres (m).
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and transmitted will vary for at different wavelength even for a given feature type. Thus, two features may be indistinguishable in one spectral range and be different in another wavelength band. The reflectance characteristics of earth surface features may be quantified by measuring the portion of incident energy that is reflected. This is measured as a function of wavelength, and is called Spectral Reflectance, R.
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ER() Energy of wavelength reflected from the object R= = 100 EI() Energy of wavelength incident on the object
A graph of a spectral reflectance of an object
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Spatial Resolution
Spatial resolution may be defined as the
minimum distance between two objects that a sensor can record distinctly...[but] it is the format of the sensor system that determines how spatial resolution is measured'. Spectral Resolution- It is the width of the spectral bands in which the image is taken
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Radiometric Resolution- It is the capability to differentiate the spectral reflectance/emittance between various
targets. Temporal Resolution- It explains how often sensor records imagery of a particular area [which means frequency of repetitive coverage]
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RADAR
SLAR
Side looking Air Borne Radar
SAR
Synthetic aperture Radar
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Radar is essentially a ranging or distance measuring device. It consists fundamentally of a transmitter, a receiver, an antenna, and
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By measuring the time delay between the transmission of a pulse and the reception of the backscattered "echo" from different
targets, their distance from the radar and thus their location can be determined.
As the sensor platform moves forward, recording and processing of the backscattered signals builds up a two-
ct SR 2
Slant range [direct distance between transmitter and object] c= speed of light T= time between pulse transmission and echo reception
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SR
A radar systems look angle is the angle from nadir point to a point of intersect on the ground Slant range resolution, SR Ground range resolution, Rr c Rr 2 cos d Azimuth resolution, Ra
Ra GR
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c Rr 2 cos d
AL
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Problems
Ex . A given SLAR system transmits pulses over a duration of 0.1 sec. Find the range resolution of the system at a depression angle 450 c Ans: 21m
Rr
Ex. A given SLAR system has a 1.8 mrad antenna beamwidth. Determine the azimuthal resolution of the system at ranges of and 12 km Ans: 10.8 m & 21.6 m
2 cos d
Ra GR
Ex. A given SLAR system has a 2 mrad antenna beamwidth and wavelength of the transmitted pulse is 5 cm. Determine the length of the antenna Ans: 25 m
AL
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recording and processing techniques, but synthesize the effect of a very long antenna.
antenna beamwidth, even at far ranges, without requiring physically long antenna or a short operating wavelength. complex
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Fig. Concept of an array of real antenna positions forming a Synthetic Aperture Radar
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track to transform a single physically short antenna into an array of such antennas that can be linked together mathematically as part the data recording and processing procedures
The "real" antenna is shown in several successive
These successive positions are treated mathematically as if they are simply sucessive elements of a single long synthetic antenna
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Glossary
Albedo : Ratio of the amount of electromagnetic
energy (solar radiation) reflected by a surface to the amount of energy incident upon the surface.
ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal
spectrometer. Band - Broadcasting frequency within given limits. A subdivision within an electromagnetic region. Bandwidth- The total range of frequency required to pass a specific modulated (spectral resolution) signal without distortion or loss of data. The wavelength interval recorded by a detector.
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EM - Electromagnetic
GPS - Global Positioning System GIS - Global Information System / Geographic
Information System IFOV - Instantaneous field of view: the solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to radiation.
In a scanning system, the solid angle subtended by
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IKONOS - A high-resolution earth observation satellite launched in 1999, which occupies a 682-km sun synchronous orbit and
employs linear array technology collecting data in
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resource satellites that acquire multispectral images in the visible and IR bands. Remote sensing of energy naturally reflected or radiated from the terrain. Radiation: Act of giving off electromagnetic energy. RGB [ Red, Green, and Blue]the colors used in constructing visible and false color image representations. MIR : Mid Infrared
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Spatial Resolution The ability to distinguish between closely spaced objects on an image.
Commonly expressed as the most closely spaced
electromagnetic energy at specified wavelength intervals. Spectral Resolution Range of wavelengths recorded by a detector. (bandwidth)
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