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    Medical Parasitology

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    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses pathogenic biology and how parasitology is taught in medical education programs in China and other countries. It defines key terms like symbiosis, parasite and host types, life cycles, and the relationships and effects between parasites and hosts. It also outlines the basic factors of parasitic disease transmission, including the source of infection, routes of transmission, and susceptible hosts.

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    Medical Parasitology

    Uploaded by

    Candilicious10
    109 views53 pages
    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses pathogenic biology and how parasitology is taught in medical education programs in China and other countries. It defines key terms like symbiosis, parasite and host types, life cycles, and the relationships and effects between parasites and hosts. It also outlines the basic factors of parasitic disease transmission, including the source of infection, routes of transmission, and susceptible hosts.

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    Basic Introduction to Medical Human Parasitology.

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    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses pathogenic biology and how parasitology is taught in medical education programs in China and other countries. It defines key terms like symbiosis, parasite and host types, life cycles, and the relationships and effects between parasites and hosts. It also outlines the basic factors of parasitic disease transmission, including the source of infection, routes of transmission, and susceptible hosts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    109 views53 pages

    Medical Parasitology

    Uploaded by

    Candilicious10
    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses pathogenic biology and how parasitology is taught in medical education programs in China and other countries. It defines key terms like symbiosis, parasite and host types, life cycles, and the relationships and effects between parasites and hosts. It also outlines the basic factors of parasitic disease transmission, including the source of infection, routes of transmission, and susceptible hosts.

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    of 53

    Medical Human Parasitology

    Cheng Yanbin [email protected] Department of Immunology & Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University 2013

    Pathogenic Biology
    Study the biological causes to human infectious diseases.
    Microbiology--- Pathogens (Microbe) : viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Parasitology--- Pathogens (Parasites) : protozoa, helminthes, and arthropods.

    Medical microbiology and


    parasitology usually comprises part

    of preventive medicine and is also


    considered the important foundation of the clinical infectious diseases and public health sciences.

    Overseas medical education


    In USA, UK, and other countries,
    medical microbiology include medical

    microbiology and parasitology. Medical


    parasitology is not a independent

    curriculum.

    Curriculum reform in China (Microbiology and parasitology)


    Before 1997, two independent curricula Since 1997, integrated into a curriculum, and called Pathogenic biology. However, in our school, Microbiology and parasitology are two independent curricula in medical education of oversea students.

    Teaching types
    Lecture: 24 hours (3 hours8) Introduce main parasites and related parasitic diseases Experiment: 12 hours (3 hours4) Observe the morphologic characteristics of parasites under the microscope or by your eyes Draw the structures of parasites according to your observation

    Websites for parasitolgy &parasitic disease


    http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/iM AGE_Library.htm http://www.cdc.gov http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/Default.ht m http://apps.who.int/tdr/ http://www.parasite.org.au/

    Introduction to Medical Parasitology


    Contents of Medical Parasitology Conceptions related to medical parasitology Relationships between parasites and hosts The basic factors of transmission of parasitic diseases The preventive measures of parasitic diseases

    Prevention

    Parasitic diseases
    Transmission Treatment Diagnosis

    Medical Parasitology

    Pathogenesis

    Parasites

    Life Cycle Morphology

    Contents of Medical Parasitology


    Include the biological features of parasites, the relationships between parasites and hosts, the pathogenic factors and the related pathogenesis, the diagnosis, the transmission and prevalence, and the prevention and control of the diseases.

    Conceptions related to medical parasitology


    Symbiosis
    Parasite and type of parasites

    Host and common type of host


    Life cycle and type of life cycle

    Symbiosis
    ------This is about the biological phenomenon. The relationship between two living things (animals). Two living things live together and involve protection or other advantages to one or both partner. Commensalism Mutualism

    Parasitism*

    Commensalism
    ---- commensalism is a class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit).

    Fig. A female pea crab in the mantle cavity of its mussel host. The crab does not damage the mussel and uses its shell purely for protection

    Mussel

    Mussel

    Remora sharks are endowed with an adhesive disk on the dorsal surface of their heads. They use this adhesive disk to hitch a ride on larger animals, usually whales, which tend to be sloppy eaters. When food floats away from the whales mouth, the remora can unhitch itself and collect the scraps of food floating by.

    Mutualism
    ------ An association which is beneficial to both living things.

    Fig. A selection of ciliates from the rumen of cattle or sheep. The rumen contains enormous numbers of ciliates that break down cellulose in the feed. nourishment

    Red-billed oxpeckers are feed on an impalaa practice that benefits both animals.

    Parasitism
    ------ An association which is beneficial to one partner and harmful to the other partner. The former that is beneficial to is called parasite, the latter that is harmful to is called host. Human / Hookworm

    Parasite and the types of parasites


    Parasite: It is an animal that is dependent on another animal (host) for its survival. Types of parasites Protozoa Nematodes Parasites Helminthes Trematodes EndoCestodes Arthropods ---------------- Ecto-

    PROTOZOA: unicellular animals. It is very small and range in size from 2 to more than 100m. They have cell membrane, cell plasma, nucleus.

    NEMATODES: vermiform, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical in structure and taper towards their anterior and posterior ends. Adults are diecious (sexes are separate)

    TREMATODES: typically flattened and leaf-

    shaped. There are male and female system in a fluke body. Adults are hermaphroditic (sexes are not separate)

    CESTODES: long, ribbon-like in shape. Many ribbonlike chain of segments. Each segment bear a complete male and female system. Adults are hermaphroditic (sexes are not separate)

    Other classification
    Parasites may be classified according to different ways.
    Obligate parasite: a parasite which cannot survive in any other manner. Facultative parasite: an organism which may exist in a free-living state and which if opportunity presents itself may become parasitic.

    Endoparasite and ectoparasite


    ----A parasite which lives in or on the body of the host is called endoparasite (protozoa and heminthes) or ectoparasite (arthropods).

    Host and type of host


    Host : An organism that harbors the parasite. usually larger than the parasite. Intermediate host : The host harboring the larvae or asexual stage of parasite. Final host : The host harboring adult or sexual stage of parasite. Reservoir host : Animals harboring the same species of parasites as man. Potential sources of human infection.

    Life cycle and type of life cycle


    Life cycle : The whole process of parasite growing and developing. The direct life-cycle : Only one host (no intermediate host). The indirect life cycle : Life cycle with more than one host (intermediate host and final host).

    Relationships (Effects) between parasite and host


    injure to

    Parasites harbour in Host (animal or human)


    to response immune produce

    Effects of the parasites on the host Effects of the host on the parasites

    Effects of parasites on the host


    Depriving the host of essential substance Hookworm Suck blood Anemia Mechanical effects of parasites on the host
    Ascaris Perforate(peritonitis)/Obstruction (ileus)

    Toxic and allergic effect E.h Proteolytic enzyme Necrosis/ulcer Parasite antigen Immune system e.g Anaphylaxis
    Immune response
    Allergy/ Hypersensitivity

    Depriving the host of nutrition


    Pathogens utilize nutrition from host environment for their development and reproduction. Helminthes (nematodes or flukes --have a gut and mouth) feed upon the surrounding tissues, body fluids or even host cell debris. Tapeworms (no gut or mouth) reply on the hosts daily intake by their body wall absorbing for their own food. (osmosis)

    The hookworms, after completing its migration to small intestine, feeds by biting deeply into the mucosa and sucking blood and tissue fluids. Hookworm infection cause anemia due to simple blood loss.

    Mechanical effects of parasites


    Entering the cells: Some protozoa must live and reproduce in certain cells. Finally result in the rupture of the host cells. Migration or penetration through tissue or organ. Blockage and pressure: The intestinal lumen can be blocked by worms. Hydatid cyst in liver may reach volumes of 1-2 litres, it can cause severe damage to organ.

    Toxic and hypersensitivity


    Toxin: Many parasites can introduce or secret toxin and cause damage to host. Hypersensitivity: The metabolites, secretion, excretion or other products of parasites or dead worms may act as foreign antigen, to stimulate the immune system of host to produce immune response or hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity is harmful to host, which may lead to severe or even fatal reaction.

    Rupture of hydatid cysts with sudden release of large amounts of fluid can produce severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), sometime lead to shock or dead of patients.

    Effects of the host on the parasites


    ----The host can produce certain degree resistance to parasites in human body or reinfection. The resistance (Immunity) is not very strong. In general, It dont wipe out parasites completely, but may limit the number of parasites and establish balance with parasites. Innate immunity Acquired immunity

    Innate immunity
    Barrier : Prevent parasites to invade in certain degree. Skin/Mucous membrane / Placenta. Acid in skin or stomach can cause damage of the parasites. Phagocytosis of phagocyte. ----Non-specific/effective against a wide range of parasitic infection/controlled by genetic factors. But not very strong!

    Acquired immunity
    Mechanism : cellular and humoral immunity. Sterilizing immunity : Wipe out the parasites completely, meanwhile get a long-term specific resistance to re-infection. Rare! Non-sterilizing immunity : Wipe out most of the parasites, but not completely. On the premise of parasites in the bodylimit the number of parasites in bodyand get a part of resistance to re-infection. Common! No parasite, no immunity!

    The basic factors of transmission of parasitic diseases


    Parasitic diseases Infectious diseases Transmission The source of the infection The routes of transmission The susceptible host ----The combined effect of those factors determine the dispersal and the prevalence of the parasites at a given time and place and regulate the incidence of the parasitic diseases in certain local population.

    The source of the infection


    Patient : Persons who have parasites in their body and show clinical symptoms. Carrier : Persons who have parasites in their body, not show symptoms. Reservoir host : Animals that harbors the same species of parasites as man. Sometimes, the parasites in animals can transmit into human.

    The routes of transmission I


    Congenital transmission : From pregnant women to infant. Toxoplasmosis Contact transmission : Direct contact--Trichomonas vaginalis; Indirect contact--Ascaris lumbricodes Food transmission : The infectious stage of parasites contaminated food / The meat of the intermediate hosts containing infectious stage of parasites.

    The routes of transmission II


    Water transmission : Drink or contact the water contaminated the infectious stage of parasites. Soil transmission : Contamination of the soil by feces containing the certain stage of parasites and this stage can develop into stage. Arthropod transmission : Vectors of certain parasitic diseases.

    The susceptible host


    ----In general, most people is the susceptible host (Why?). The parasite reaching a susceptible host must gain entrance and set up a favorable residence in order to complete its life cycle and cause the transmission of parasitic diseases.

    The avenues of invasion


    Digestive tract : Most common avenue of entrance. (Food/ Water transmission) Skin : Infective larvae perforate skin and reach to body and establish infection. (soil/ water transmission) Blood : Bloodsucking insects containing infective parasites bite the skin and inject parasites into human blood. (Arthropod transmission---malaria).

    The prevention measures of the parasitic diseases


    Controlling the source of the infection.
    ----Treatment of the patients, carriers and reservoir hosts.

    Intervention at the routes of transmission


    ----Managing feces and water resource,controlling or eliminating vectors and intermediate hosts.

    Protecting the susceptible hosts.


    ----Paying attention to personal hygiene, changing bad eating habit, taking medicine.

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