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    Longitude, Latitude and Datums

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    TATAVARTHYCH HANUMANRAO
    The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and horizontal datums. It provides information on: - Components of datums including ellipsoids used to model the shape of the Earth like WGS-84. - Coordinate systems including Cartesian, geographic using latitude and longitude, and UTM projection. - How satellite observations help provide a more accurate estimate of the Earth's center and shape. - Issues that can occur when datums are mismatched like differences in coordinate locations.

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    Longitude, Latitude and Datums

    Uploaded by

    TATAVARTHYCH HANUMANRAO
    171 views24 pages
    The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and horizontal datums. It provides information on: - Components of datums including ellipsoids used to model the shape of the Earth like WGS-84. - Coordinate systems including Cartesian, geographic using latitude and longitude, and UTM projection. - How satellite observations help provide a more accurate estimate of the Earth's center and shape. - Issues that can occur when datums are mismatched like differences in coordinate locations.

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    basic knowledge about geographic coordinates

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    The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and horizontal datums. It provides information on: - Components of datums including ellipsoids used to model the shape of the Earth like WGS-84. - Coordinate systems including Cartesian, geographic using latitude and longitude, and UTM projection. - How satellite observations help provide a more accurate estimate of the Earth's center and shape. - Issues that can occur when datums are mismatched like differences in coordinate locations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    171 views24 pages

    Longitude, Latitude and Datums

    Uploaded by

    TATAVARTHYCH HANUMANRAO
    The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and horizontal datums. It provides information on: - Components of datums including ellipsoids used to model the shape of the Earth like WGS-84. - Coordinate systems including Cartesian, geographic using latitude and longitude, and UTM projection. - How satellite observations help provide a more accurate estimate of the Earth's center and shape. - Issues that can occur when datums are mismatched like differences in coordinate locations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are about different coordinate systems like WGS84, UTM and geographic coordinates as well as concepts of datums, ellipsoids and geoids.

    The different coordinate systems discussed are geographic, UTM, Cartesian and GEOREF coordinates.

    A horizontal datum is a reference frame for latitude and longitude coordinates, while a geoid is the surface of equal gravitational potential that better represents sea level than an ellipsoid.

    Longitude, Latitude And Datums

    T.Ch.Hanuman Rao

    World co-ordinate system

    The World Geodetic System, Coordinate Systems, & Projections

    Geographic: 38 41' 08.73" N 077 08 08.37" W Cartesian: X= 1,109,928m Y= -4,860,097m Z= 3,965,162m UTM: 18 314251mE 4284069mN

    Horizontal Datum
    Horizontal Datum - A base reference for a coordinate system. It includes the latitude and longitude and orientation of an initial point of origin of an ellipsoid that models the surface of the earth in the region of interest.
    Z

    Prime Meridian
    Y

    Satellite Observations of the Earth


    ERS-1 depicts the earths shape without water and clouds. This image looks like a sloppily pealed potato, not a smoothly shaped ellipse. Satellite Geodesy has enabled earth scienetists to gain an accurate estimate (+/- 10cm) of the geocentric center of the of the earth. A worldwide horizontal datum requires an accurate estimation of the earths center

    European Remote Sensing satellite, ERS-1 from 780Km

    Components of Datums

    The Ellipsoid
    b a Rotate Ellipse in 3 Dimensions:

    WGS-84 Ellipsoid Semi-major Axis: a = 6371837 m Semi-minor Axis: b = 6356752.3142 Flattening Ratio: f=(a-b)/a = 1/298.257223563

    Horizontal Datums
    Regional vs. Global Approach
    Global replaces regional datums with a common, accurate standard One system for maps of the entire planet

    DoDs Satellite Derived Horizontal Datum


    NIMAs (National Imagery And Mapping Agency World Geodetic System) World Geodetic System 1984

    WGS -84 is an Earth Centered Earth Fixed Cartesian coordinate system with its origin fixed to +/- 10 cm. An ellipsoid is placed on top of the axis to create a geodetic foundation for various coordinate systems.

    Prime Meridian
    Y

    Impact of Datum Mismatch


    Map dated 1989 WGS-84 Map dated 1957 NAD-27 (North American Datum 1927)

    15S WC4330

    15S WN4430

    Impact of Datum Mismatch

    10

    Gravity - Fitting the Ellipsoid to the Physical Earth


    Deviation of Ellipsoid Normal, the vertical Perpendicular to
    Ellipsoid Surface

    Geoid Vertical Perpendicular to Geoid Surface

    Earth Surface Geoid: Surface of Equal Gravitational Potential

    Deviation of the vertical

    Geoid Separation

    Ellipsoid

    Coordinate Systems
    Cartesian Coordinates: X= 1,109,928m Y= -4,860,097m Z= 3,965,162m Geographic: 38.684N, 077.150W 38 41.145' N, 077 08.135 W 38 41' 08.73" N, 077 08 08.37" W GEOREF: GJNJ5141 UTM: 18 314,251mE 4,284,069mN

    DD DM DMS

    Cartesian Coordinate Systems


    Three dimensional right hand coordinate system with an origin at the center of the earth and the X axis oriented at at the Prime Meridian and the Z at the North Pole
    X Axis Coordinate Distance from the Y-Z plane measured parallel to the X-Axis; Y Axis Coordinate Perpendicular distance from the plane of the prime meridian; positive in the eastern hemisphere and negative in the western. Z Axis Coordinate Perpendicular distance from the plane of the equator; positive in the northern Hemisphere negative in the southern
    X 0 Long
    Z

    (X,Y,Z)

    Y 90E

    Prime Meridian

    Geographic Coordinates
    Latitude & Longitude are defined by the Prime Meridian and the Equatorial reference planes
    Geographic latitude Vertical angle from the equator to the normal of ellipsoid, positive in Northern Hemisphere and negative in the southern Geographic longitude Horizontal angle from the prime meridian Prime positive in the eastern Meridian hemisphere and negative in the western Geodetic height Distance normal from the reference ellipsoid

    Observers
    Z

    Meridian

    Latitude
    Y

    Longitude
    X 38 41 08.73 N 077 08 08.37 W

    Geographic Coordinates
    Rules of thumb for latitude
    1 latitude 60 nautical miles 1 latitude 1 nautical mile 1 latitude 30 meters .1 latitude 3 meters . 01latitude 30 centimeters

    Dont forget longitude converges Dont forget the base 60 conversion


    60 minutes per degree 60 seconds per minute

    Geographic Reference System, GEOREF


    0 15 90 N 60 N 45 N 0
    A B C D E F G H J K M L K J H G F E D C B A L M N P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

    90 N

    Equator

    90 S

    90 S
    0 Greenwich origin 180

    origin 180 combination of two characters.

    The earth is divided into 288 quadrangles, each 15O x 15O, identified by an unique

    In the matrix, quadrangle NK is placed over the Netherlands.

    Mercator projection
    is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographerGerardus Mercator, in 1569. became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant course, known as rhumb lines or loxodromes, as straight segments. ( In navigation, a rhumb line (or loxodrome) is a line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, i.e. a path derived from a defined initial bearing. That is, upon taking an initial bearing, one proceeds along the same bearing, without changing the direction as measured relative to true north.) While the linear scale is equal in all directions around any point, thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects (which makes the projection conformal), the Mercator projection distorts the size and shape of large objects, as the scale increases from the Equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite.

    How to choose projections


    Generally, follow the lead of people who make maps of the area you are interested in. Look at maps! State plane is a common projection for all states in the USA UTM is commonly used and is a good choice when the east-west width of area does not cross zone boundaries

    UTM projection
    Universe Transverse Mercator Conformal projection (shapes are preserved) Cylindrical surface Two standard meridians Zones are 6 degrees of longitude wide Scale distortion is 0.9996 along the central meridian of a zone There is no scale distortion along the standard meridians Scale distortion is 1.00158 at the edge of the zone at the equator (1.6 meters in 1000 meters) Scale distortion gets to unacceptable levels beyond the edges of the zones

    UTM zones

    Universal Tranverse Mercator

    India UTM Zones

    Universal Transverse Mercator Grid


    Central Meridian

    16o
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    1,700,000 1,600,000 1,500,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 900,000
    800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000

    0o 174o Zone 2

    400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000

    0o 156o

    2 3 4 5 6 7 8

    168o Zone 3 162o Zone 4

    03 508,256mE 0,567,359mN

    Equal ARC Standard Projection


    Problem: How to make raster data square and seamless over large area ARC Projection shrinks lower latitude pixels and stretches higher latitude pixels to square data Problems printing small scale charts (JNC/GNC) Must re-project ARC data to get around problem

    Original Chart to be scanned

    Scanning Process

    12% Stretch

    Digital Chart in ARC projection

    Up to 12% Shrink

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