Geocoding and Georeferencing June2017

Geocoding and
Georeferencing
Scott Bell
GIS Institute
Learning Outcomes
 Define coordinate system and map
projection
 Relate coordinate systems and map
projections
 Distinguish between defining and
changing coordinate systems
 Create new GIS data from addresses
and paper maps
 Explain how to integrate GPS point
data
2
Processing Geographic Information
 Georeferencing and Geocoding
 Linking data we have to geographic frames of
reference
• Supporting the display of our data in a GIS and its
integration with other geographic data
 Geocoding: matching addresses to geographic
coordinates (latitude and longitude)
 Georeferencing: matching geographic images
to coordinates
3
Frames of Reference
 Global: systems that provide
discrete coordinates for locations
anywhere on the Earth’s surface
 The geodetic latitude of a point
is the angle between the
equatorial plane and a line normal
to the reference ellipsoid.
 The geodetic longitude of a
point is the angle between a
reference plane and a plane
passing through the point, both
planes being perpendicular to the
equatorial plane.
 The geodetic height at a point is
the distance from the reference
ellipsoid to the point in a direction
normal to the ellipsoid.
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Frames of Reference
 Global Frames of reference are applied
to a model of the Earth (size and shape)
 Earth’s actual shape is too complicated
 Spheroidal and Ellipsoidal models are
used
 Any single model of the Earth’s size and
shape is called a geodetic datum
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Geographic and Projected
Coordinates
(f, l) (x, y)
Map Projection
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Coordinate Systems in ArcGIS
 Latitude and Longitude (3-D object surface,
locations indicated in degrees)
 Projected (2 D and Planar, X, Y in distances)
 All GIS data is stored according to a coordinate
system
 Sometimes the information about the coordinate system
DOESN’T come with the data (but the underlying
information is still stored with respect to one)
• In these situations we need to define or specify the coordinate
system (“define” command)
 Sometimes we want to change the data from one
coordinate system to another
• In these situations need to transform or project the data from one
coordinate system to another (“project” command)
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Address Matching and Geocoding
 Frames of Reference
 Continuous
 Discrete, Objects, and Areas
• Street Address: Palmetto Seafood Co.
2200 Gervais St.
Columbia, SC 29204-1808 USA
• Section, ¼ section, township
• Larger? City, province, etc
 Uh-oh, problems
 For the most part databases produce successful
geocoding results
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11 S4, Brown University
Georeferencing a Paper Map
 Sometimes the data we want is only

available in a hard copy
 Or is an image
 If we know some important things about the
contents of the image or map we can
coordinate it with global reference systems
 Establish links between the image and a
geographically known database
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Control Points
 Link points are called “control points”
 Control points should be:
 Easy to confirm (same location in the world)
 Be spread across the space being
georeferenced
 Have good overlap between the two datasets
 Established by clicking as close as possible to
your intended target is important (zooming in
helps)
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Frames of Reference
 Global Frames of reference are
applied to a model of the Earth (size
and shape)
 Earth’s actual shape is too
complicated
 Spheroidal and Ellipsoidal models are
used
 Any single model of the Earth’s size
and shape is called a geodetic datum
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Universal Transverse Mercator
 Locations indicated in meters (from a
pair of origins)
 Lat/Long locations in degrees make it
difficult to derive distances between
places or make measurements in non-
spherical coordinates
 Most of us intuitively understand
meters, kilometers, etc. for distance
and area better than degrees,
minutes, and seconds
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UTM
 However…
 This apparent simplicity comes at the
cost of a complex frame of reference
and multiple origins

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Geodetic Datums
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Geocoding and

 Sometimes the data we want is only

17 S4, Brown University

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