Chapter 16

THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Development is a graphical method of obtaining the area of the surfaces of a solid. When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on a plane, the surface of the solid is said to be developed. The figure thus obtained is called a development of the surfaces of the solid or simply development. Development of the solid, when folded or rolled, gives the solid. METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT

The following two methods are mainly employed to obtain the development of surfaces of solids:
1. Parallel line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of prisms and cylinders. Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn from the two ends of the solids and the lateral faces are located between these lines. 2. Radial line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of pyramids and cones. An arc of radius equal to the slant edge/generator is drawn and the lateral faces/curved face are marked properly inside the arc.

PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT Example 16.1 The Fig. 16.3(a) shows the FV of a cube of side 50 mm. Develop all the faces of the cube. Solution Refer Fig. 16.3(b). A cube has six equal square faces. To obtain the development, draw two parallel stretch-out lines, one each from the top and bottom face. Draw four lateral faces 1, 2, 3 and 4 between these lines as shown. The top face 5 and bottom face 6 can be drawn attached to any one lateral face. Note that the sides of all the faces in the development are equal to 50 mm.

Example 16.3 The two views of a triangular prism of side of base 50 mm and length of axis 80 mm are shown in Fig. 16.5(a). Develop the prism. Solution Refer Fig. 16.5(b). A triangular prism has three equal rectangular lateral faces and two equal triangular end faces. In a development, the three lateral faces, 1, 2 and 3, are drawn between the stretch-out lines. The end faces 4 and 5 are attached to a lateral face. All the faces show their true shapes.

Example 16.4 Figure 16.6(a) shows the FV and TV of a cube (in the thirdangle method of projection) cut by an AIP as shown. Draw the development of the remaining part of the cube. Solution Refer Fig. 16.6(b). It shows the development along edge A1. 1. Locate points p, q, r, m and n at the intersection of the cutting plane with the edges. 2. Draw the stretch-out lines A A and 11 directly in line with a c and 13 respectively. 3. Assuming the cube to be whole, draw four squares for the vertical faces (i.e., AB2 1, BC3 2, CD4 3 and DA1 4), one square for the top (i.e., 3 4 1 2) and another for the bottom (i.e., CD A B) as shown to represent the development. 4. Project p to P on 1 A in development. Similarly, project q ( r) to Q and R on 2 B and 4 D respectively. The projector lines must be parallel to stretch-out lines.

5. The line 2(4)3 does not represent the TLs of the respective edges. TV shows the TLs of these edges. Hence, project m (n) to m and n in TV between 32 and 34 respectively. Now, 3m and 3n respectively give the true distances of points M and N from corner 3. Therefore, mark M and N in the development such that 3 M = 3m and 3 N = 3 n. Note that M is on 32 and N is on 34. As the edge 32 appears twice in the development, M will also appear twice. 6. Join the points located in the development in the correct sequence, i.e. P QM3M NR P A DA B C B A P. Show this curve by thicker lines. The folding lines, i.e., QB, 3 C, 3 N, etc., may also be thickened. Keep the other lines thin since they do not lie on the actual development.

Fig. 16.6

Example 16.5 Figure 16.7(a) shows a cylinder cut by an AIP. Draw the development of truncated cylinder. Solution Refer Fig. 16.7(b). 1. Divide the circle in TV into 12 equal parts. Project the division points to the FV and draw the generators. Mark points p1, p2, p3, etc., at the intersection of the AIP and the generators.

2. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole cylinder. The length of the line 11 is equal to x 50 = 157 mm (circumference of the circle). Divide the length of 157 mm into 12 equal parts. Draw lines 2 B, 3 C, 4 D, etc. 3. Draw horizontal lines through points p1, p2, p3, etc., to cut the corresponding generators (i.e., 2B, 3 C, D4, etc.) in points P1, P2, P3, etc. Draw a smooth curve through these points. The figure AP1 P2 P3 P11 A11 A is the required development.

RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Example 16.6 Figure 16.8(a) shows the two views of a triangular pyramid of base side 50 mm and slant height 85 mm. Obtain the development of the pyramid. Solution Refer Fig. 16.8(b). A triangular pyramid has three equal lateral triangular faces and an equilateral triangular base face. To draw the development, first draw OA parallel and equal to slant height oa. Then, with O as a centre and radius = OA, draw an arc. Obtain the three sides of the base of the pyramid inside this arc. This is done by cutting the arcs of radius 50 mm, subsequently with the centres A, B and C on the bigger arc. Join AB, BC and CA. Also join these sides with O to obtain faces 1, 2 and 3 in development. Attach the base face 4 to any one of the lateral faces as shown. Note that the pyramid is opened from the edge oa, hence OA will appear twice in the development.

Example 16.7 Figure 16.9(a) shows the TV and FV of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and slant height 75 mm. Draw the development of its curved surface. Solution Refer Fig. 16.9(b).

When the curved surface of a cone is opened and laid on a plane, it shows the shape of a sector. The included angle of the sector depends on the slant height, R and the radius of the base of the cone, r. The radius of the sector will be equal to the slant height of the cone. The length of the arc will be equal to the circumference of the base of the cone, i.e., 2r. If is the included angle (in radian) of the sector, then, R = 2r.
i.e., i.e., = 2( r/ R) (in degree) = 360( r/ R)

Therefore, the first step is to find the included angle of the sector, . In this example, = 360 (25/75) = 120. Then draw a line OA, parallel and equal to an extreme generator oa. With O as a centre and radius = OA, draw an arc of included angle 120 to complete the sector. As the cone is opened from the edge oa, OA will appear twice in the development.

If R = 2r then = 180, i.e., if the slant height of a cone is equal to its diameter of base then its development is a semicircle of radius equal to the slant height.

Example 16.8 A cone of base diameter 40 mm and slant height 60 mm is kept on the ground on its base. An AIP inclined at 45 to the HP cuts the cone through the midpoint of the axis. Draw the development.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.10.

1. Draw FV and TV as shown. Locate the AIP. 2. Divide the TV into 12 equal parts and draw the corresponding lateral lines (i.e., generators) in FV. Mark points p1, p2, p3, , p12 at the points of intersections of the AIP with generators of the cone. 3. Obtain the included angle of the sector. = (20/60)* 360 = 120. 4. Draw O1 parallel and equal to o7. Then draw sector O11 O with O as a centre and included angle 120. 5. Divide the sector into 12 equal parts (i.e., 10 each). Draw lines O2, O3, O4, , O12. 6. Project points p1, p2, p3, , p12 from FV to corresponding lines in development and mark points P1, P2, P3, , P12 respectively. Join all these points by a smooth freehand curve.

ANTI-DEVELOPMENT Anti-development is the reverse process of development. In this case, the developed surface of a solid is given and one has to draw the solid.

Example 16.10 Figure 16.12(a) shows the development of a cut cylinder of height 170 mm. Draw the solid from development.
Solution The cut cylinder obtained from the given development is shown in Fig. 16.12(b). 1. Enclose the given development in rectangle 1111 as shown. 2. Find the diameter of the cylinder, i.e., 157/ = 50 mm.

3. Draw FV and half TV of the cylinder as shown. Full TV is not necessary since 6 divisions of the semicircle will serve the purpose of 12 divisions of the circle as shown.

4. Divide the length 11 in the development into 12 equal parts and draw vertical lines through each point, viz., 22, 33, 44, , 1212. Locate the points of intersections of these vertical lines with the arc and mark them as P1, P2, P3, , P12.

5. Divide half TV into 6 equal parts and obtain the corresponding lateral lines in FV. 6. Projects points P1, P2, P3, , P11 from development to corresponding lateral lines in FV and mark these points as p1, p2, p3, , p11. Point Q lies between 1112. First locate it between 1112 in half TV in such a way that 12 Q in development = 12 q in half TV. Project q from half TV to q in FV exactly in between 1112. 7. Join points p1, p2, p3, , q by smooth curve. The cut cylinder thus obtained represents the required anti-development.

Example 16.11 A regular pentagonal prism of side 40 mm and length of axis 75 mm is kept on the ground on its base with one of its rectangular faces away from the observer and parallel to the VP. A thread is wound around the prism starting from the nearest corner of the base and is brought back to the top of the same vertical edge. Find the minimum length of the thread and show it in FV and SV. Solution Refer Fig. 16.13.

1. Draw TV of the prism with one edge parallel to XY and a corner nearest to the observer. Obtain FV and SV. 2. Draw development A A A1 A1 of the whole prism as shown. 3. Draw a straight line A1 A in development. A1 A represents the minimum length of the thread. This is because the shortest distance between any two points is the length of straight line joining them. Note that A1 and A represent two ends of the same vertical edge of the prism. 4. Locate points of intersection of the thread with vertical lines through B, C, D and E. Mark them as 1, 2, 3 and 4. 5. Project points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on respective edges in FV and SV. Join a1123 4 a and a11 234 a. Points 1234 are joined by dashed lines as the part of thread is invisible from the front. In SV, a112 is hidden.