FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

FIRE INTRODUCTION

1.

Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion

2.
3.

Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature

Some FUEL or combustible material Together, they produce the CHEMICAL REACTION that is fire

Take away any of these things and the fire will be extinguished AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

FIRE FUEL CLASSIFICATION

Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning. If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse.

Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plasticssolids that are not metals.
Class B: Flammable liquidsgasoline, oil, grease, acetone. Includes flammable gases. Class C: Electricalenergized electrical equipment. As long as its plugged in.

Class D: Metalspotassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other special extinguishing agents.
AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

FIRE TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS

Water (APW)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Dry Chemical (A-B-C, B-C, D-C)

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

FIRE TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS

APW stands for AirPressurized Water. Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are essentially large squirt guns. APWs extinguish fire by taking away the heat element of the Fire Triangle.

Pressurized Co2 fire extinguishers Carbon dioxide is a nonflammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire. CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

It is composed of monoammonium phosphate powder pressurized with nitrogen. Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

FIRE TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS

METAL FIRES
Used on fires involving metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium. Often specific for the type of metal in question. Have no rating nor given a multi-purpose rating for use on other types of fires.

HALON Contains a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that takes place when fuels burn. Often used to protect electrical equipment leaves no residue. Limited range, 4 to 6 feet. Initial application should be made at the base of the fire, even after the flames have been extinguished.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAIPUR

FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

A Assembly
Divisions 1. Production and viewing of performing arts 2. Others not classified (restaurants, bars) 3. Arenas

4. Open air gatherings (race track)

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group A, Division 1 ASSEMBLY

Motion picture theaters Opera houses Television studios admitting a viewing audience Theaters, including experimental theaters

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group A, Division 2 ASSEMBLY

Art galleries Auditoria Bowling alleys Churches and similar places of worship Clubs, nonresidential Community halls Courtrooms Dance halls Exhibition halls

Gymnasia Lecture halls Libraries Licensed beverage establishments Museums Passenger stations and depots Recreational piers Restaurants Schools and colleges, nonresidential
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AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Arenas Indoor swimming pools, with or without spectator seating Rinks

Group A Division 3 ASSEMBLY

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group A Division 4 ASSEMBLY

Amusement park structures (not elsewhere classified) Bleachers Grandstands Reviewing stands Stadia

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

B Care and Detention

Includes penitentiaries, jails, psychiatric wards and special needs facilities Divisions 1. Under restraint or limited self preservation due to security measures 2. Cognitive or physical limitations requiring special care or treatment
AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney
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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group B Division 1 CARE AND DETENTION

Jails Penitentiaries Police stations with detention quarters Prisons Psychiatric hospitals with detention quarters Reformatories with detention quarters

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group B Division 2 CARE AND DETENTION

Childrens custodial homes Convalescent homes Hospitals Infirmaries Nursing homes Orphanages Psychiatric hospitals without detention quarters Reformatories without detention quarters Sanatoria without detention quarters

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Residential

Divisions (none) May include group homes and personal care

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Apartments Boarding houses Clubs, residential Colleges, residential Convents Dormitories Hotels Houses Lodging houses Monasteries Motels Schools, residential

Group C RESIDENTIAL

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Business and Personal Service

Divisions (none) insurance, hair salon, dentist, locksmith

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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Group D
BUSINESS and PERSONAL SERVICE
Banks Barber and hairdressing shops Beauty parlors Dental offices Dry cleaning establishments, self serve, not using flammables Laundries, self serve Medical offices Offices Police stations without detention quarters Radio stations Small tool and appliance rental and service establishments

by Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

E
department stores

Mercantile
Divisions (none)

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group E MERCANTILE
Department stores Exhibition halls Markets Shops Stores Supermarkets

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

F
1. 2. 3. Manufacturing

Industrial
Divisions

high hazard medium hazard low hazard

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group F, Division 1 INDUSTRIAL

Bulk plants for flammable liquids Bulk storage warehouses for hazardous substances Cereal mills Chemical manufacturing or processing plants Distilleries Dry cleaning plants Feed mills Flour mills Grain elevators Lacquer factories Mattress factories Paint, varnish and pyroxylin product factories Rubber processing plants Spray painting operations Waste paper processing plants AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney
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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group F, Division 2 INDUSTRIAL

Aircraft hangers Box factories Candy plants Cold storage plants Dry cleaning establishments not using flammable solvents Electrical substations Factories Freight depots Helicopter landing areas on roofs Laboratories Laundries, except self serve Mattress factories Workshops

Workshops Planing mills Printing plants Repair garages Salesrooms Service stations Storage rooms Television studios not admitting viewing audience Warehouses Wholesale rooms Woodworking factories

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE BUILDING CLASSIFICATION

Group F, Division 3 INDUSTRIAL

Creameries Factories Laboratories Power plants Salesrooms Sample display rooms Storage garages, including open air parking garages Storage rooms Warehouses Workshops

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE CONSTRUCTION

The fire resistance of a building or its structural components is expressed in hours against a specified fire load which is expressed in Kcl/m2 and against a certain intensity of fire.
As per the code the construction is divided into 4 types
TYPE I CONSTRUCTION TYPE II CONSTRUCTION 4 Hour Rating 3 Hour Rating

TYPE III CONSTRUCTION

TYPE IV CONSTRUCTION

2 Hour Rating
1 Hour Rating

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE CONSTRUCTION

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING BUILDING TYPE

Single Occupancy The building being used for a single type of function. Mixed Occupancy If the building Is being used for more than one type of occupancy then in case of fire norms for more hazardous building will be followed.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING EXITS

All the entry and exits routes including the corridors, doorways, passage ways, staircases, verandah or terrace which have a access to the street or to other building at the same level can be called the Fire exit. Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits. Exits shall be so arranged such that they may be reached without passing through another occupied unit. All exits shall be provided with doors of minimum 2 Hr. rating. Minimum width of the opening and corridors must be 1m (additional 500mm clear width will be counted as additional half unit) Width of the exits shall be in accordance with the occupant load for the building and should facilitate for complete evacuation in 2.5 minutes.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING OCCUPANT LOAD

OCCUPANT LOAD

OCCUPANT PER EXIT WIDTH

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING TRAVEL DISTANCE

For fully sprinkled building the travel distance may be increased by 50% of the values specified ramps shall be provided with automatic sprinkler system and shall be counted as one of the means of escape. AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney
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FIRE PLANNING STAIRCASE (INDOOR)

Should be constructed of non combustible martials. The staircase shall not be arranged around the lift shaft. No Gas piping or Electrical panels shall be allowed in the stairway. Minimum Width of Staircase:

Tread Riser

300mm 150mm AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING STAIRCASE (EXTERNAL)

It Is desirable to be provided in high rise buildings. All external staircase shall be connected to the ground. Entrance to the external stair shall be separate and remote from internal stair. The width of the stair shall not be less than 1250mm with a tread of min 250 mm and riser not more than 190mm. Handrail will be at a height of 1200mm. Spiral Staircase Shall not be permitted for building with more than 9 Mts. Height.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING STAIRCASE (PRESSURIZED)

In pressurization air is injected into the staircase lobby which prevents the accumilation of toxic gases in the stair lobby.

Pressurization can be in two stages: Single Stage : operational only during the case of fire Double Stage: a nominal pressure is maintained in the escape route and increases level of pressurization can be used in case of emergency. Pressure difference in the staircase shall be :

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE PLANNING LIFTS

All Lifts in the building shall not be regarded as fire lifts. All fire lifts shall have a minimum capacity of 8 passengers with a emergency switch provided on the ground floor for operation under emergency.

All fire lifts shall have a operational power backup and made of material of 4 Hr. rating.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEMS

Fire warning system must provide an immediate warning of fire or overheat by means of a red light and an audible signal in the flight deck. The system must accurately indicate that a fire had been extinguished and indicate if the fire re-ignites. The system must be durable and resistant to damage from all the environmental factors that may exist in the location where it is installed.

The system must include an accurate and effective method for testing to assure system integrity.
The system must be easily inspected, removed and installed. MAINLY OF TWO TYPES

Thermo-switch

Thermocouple
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AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

FIRE THERMO-SWITCH SYSTEM

A circuit in which one or more thermal switches are connected to an electrical circuit with a warning horn and an aural alarm.
If more than one thermal switch is used they are connected in parallel, so closing of any one switch will provide warning. The thermal switch, sometimes called a spot detector, works by expansion of the outer casing in the unit. When exposed to heat the casing becomes longer, causing the two contacts inside to meet, thus closing the circuit. Closing the circuit activated the warning system in control room

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, 657, Aircraft by Maintenance Robert Charney and Repair JAIPUR pg:
602-614

References: Aircraft Powerplants pg: 649-

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Thermocouple System
Also called a rate of rise detection system.

A circuit where one or more thermocouples are connected in series to activate an alarm when there is a sufficient temperature increase at the sensor.
Thermocouples are made of two dissimilar metals which are twisted together inside an open frame.

References: Aircraft Powerplants pg: 649657, Aircraft Maintenance and Repair pg: 602-614

FIRE THERMOCOUPLE SYSTEM

The frame allows air to flow over the wires without exposing the wires to damage.
The exposed wires make a hot junction. The cold junction is located under the insulating material in the sensor unit. When there is a difference in temperature a current is created.

About 4 mA
The current created sets off a sensitive relay activating the alarm. If the temperature rise is slow so that the cold junction heats up along with the hot junction then the relay will not be activated.

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, 657, Aircraft by Maintenance Robert Charney and Repair JAIPUR pg:
602-614

References: Aircraft Powerplants pg: 649-

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FIRE FIXED INSTALLATIONS

The following type of fixed installations may be required as per the use and occupant load of the building: FIRE EXTINGUSHER WET RISER DOWN CORNER AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM WATER SPRAY

FOAM
GASEOUS DRY POWDER SYSTEM AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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FIRE FIXED INSTALLATIONS

AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF JAIPUR byARCHITECTURE, Robert Charney

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