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    Lecture+16+MAK +Heat+Cap+Electron+Gas

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    Po Kai
    The document discusses heat capacity of electron gas in solids. It defines heat capacity as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. It then derives an expression for electronic heat capacity of a free electron gas model. The electronic heat capacity is directly proportional to temperature and number density of states at the Fermi level. It also notes that the total heat capacity has contributions from both electrons and the lattice. For temperatures below the Debye and Fermi temperatures, the total heat capacity is the sum of the electronic and lattice heat capacities.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Lecture+16+MAK +Heat+Cap+Electron+Gas

    Uploaded by

    Po Kai
    122 views12 pages
    The document discusses heat capacity of electron gas in solids. It defines heat capacity as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. It then derives an expression for electronic heat capacity of a free electron gas model. The electronic heat capacity is directly proportional to temperature and number density of states at the Fermi level. It also notes that the total heat capacity has contributions from both electrons and the lattice. For temperatures below the Debye and Fermi temperatures, the total heat capacity is the sum of the electronic and lattice heat capacities.

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    The document discusses heat capacity of electron gas in solids. It defines heat capacity as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. It then derives an expression for electronic heat capacity of a free electron gas model. The electronic heat capacity is directly proportional to temperature and number density of states at the Fermi level. It also notes that the total heat capacity has contributions from both electrons and the lattice. For temperatures below the Debye and Fermi temperatures, the total heat capacity is the sum of the electronic and lattice heat capacities.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    122 views12 pages

    Lecture+16+MAK +Heat+Cap+Electron+Gas

    Uploaded by

    Po Kai
    The document discusses heat capacity of electron gas in solids. It defines heat capacity as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. It then derives an expression for electronic heat capacity of a free electron gas model. The electronic heat capacity is directly proportional to temperature and number density of states at the Fermi level. It also notes that the total heat capacity has contributions from both electrons and the lattice. For temperatures below the Debye and Fermi temperatures, the total heat capacity is the sum of the electronic and lattice heat capacities.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL

    Heat Capacity of the


    Electron Gas
    The heat capacity, C is the amount of heat dQ, which is
    needs to be transferred to a substance on order to raise
    its temperature by a certain temperature interval.
    V
    V
    T
    U
    C
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    c
    c
    =
    The specific heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit
    mass
    m
    C
    c =
    Heat Capacity, C
    The heat capacity at constant volume is defined as
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    Source: Chris Wiebe
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    Source: Chris Wiebe
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    Electronic Heat
    Capacity
    The increase AUU(T)-U(0) in the total energy of a
    system of N electrons when heated from 0 to T is
    } }
    = A

    F
    D d f D d U
    c
    c cc c c cc
    0 0
    ) ( ) ( ) (
    where f(c,T) is the Fermi distribution function and D(c) is
    the density of states.
    ( ) | | 1
    1
    +
    =
    T k
    T f
    B
    / exp
    ) , (
    c
    c
    The Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function is given as
    The function f(c, T) gives the probability that the energy
    level c, is occupied by an electron at Temperature T
    At 0 K, the upper limit is c
    F

    and the FD function is 1
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    We multiply the identity
    } }
    = =

    F
    D d f D d N
    c
    c c c c c
    0 0
    ) ( ) ( ) (
    By
    F
    to obtain
    } } }
    = +

    F
    F
    F
    D d f D d
    F F
    c
    c
    c
    c cc c c cc
    0 0
    ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    0 0
    = +
    } } }

    F
    F
    F
    D d f D d f D d
    F F F
    c
    c
    c
    c cc c c cc c c cc
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    } }
    = A

    F
    D d f D d U
    c
    c cc c c cc
    0 0
    ) ( ) ( ) (
    } }
    + = A

    F
    F
    D f d f D d U
    F F
    c
    c
    c c c c c c c c c c
    0
    ) ( )] ( 1 )[ ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    } } }
    + = A

    F
    F
    F
    D d f D d f D d U
    c
    c
    c
    c cc c c cc c c cc
    0 0
    ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    + = A
    } } }

    F
    F
    F
    D d f D d f D d U
    c
    c
    c
    c cc c c cc c c cc
    0 0
    ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (
    0 0
    } } }
    +

    F
    F
    F
    D d f D d f D d
    F F F
    c
    c
    c
    c cc c c cc c c cc
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    } }
    + = A

    F
    F
    D f d f D d U
    F F
    c
    c
    c c c c c c c c c c
    0
    ) ( )] ( 1 )[ ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    The energy needed to take electrons from c
    F to

    the orbital of energy c > c
    F

    Energy needed to bring the electrons
    to c
    F
    from orbital below c
    F

    dT
    D f d f D d d
    dT
    dU
    C
    F
    F
    F F
    el
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    +
    = =
    } }

    c
    c
    c c c c c c c c c c
    0
    ) ( )] ( 1 )[ ( ) ( ) ( ) (
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    } }
    = =

    F
    F
    D
    dT
    df
    d
    dT
    df
    D d
    dT
    dU
    C
    F F el
    c
    c
    c
    c
    c c c
    c
    c c c c
    0
    ) (
    ) (
    ) (
    ) (
    ) ( ) (
    }

    =
    0
    ) (
    ) , (
    ) ( c
    c
    c c c D
    dT
    T df
    d C
    F el
    Since the electrons at c
    F
    are of importance, we make
    D(c) = D(c
    F
    )
    }

    ~
    0
    ) , (
    ) ( ) (
    dT
    T df
    d D C
    F F el
    c
    c c c c
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    If we ignore the variation of the chemical potential with
    temperature and assume that = c
    F
    , which is good
    approximation at room temperature and below. Then
    | |
    2 2
    1 +

    =
    T k
    T k
    T k dT
    T df
    B F
    B F
    B
    F
    / ) exp(
    / ) exp( ) , (
    c c
    c c c c c
    ( )
    | |
    } }

    +
    =
    (
    (

    =
    T k
    x
    x
    B
    B
    F
    T k
    T k
    B
    F
    F el
    B F
    B
    F
    B
    F
    dx
    e
    e
    T k
    T k x
    D d
    e
    e
    T k
    D C
    /
    ) (
    ) (
    ) (
    ) (
    ) (
    c
    c c
    c c
    c c
    c c
    c
    2 2
    3
    2
    0
    2 2
    1
    1
    Therefore,
    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    Taking into account that c
    F
    >>k
    B
    T, we can put the low
    integration limit to minus infinity and obtain
    | |
    T k D dx
    e
    e x
    T k D C
    B F
    x
    x
    B F el
    2
    2
    2
    2
    2
    3
    1
    ) ( ) ( c
    t
    c =
    +
    =
    }


    Using the density of states for a free electron gas
    F
    F
    N
    D
    c
    c
    2
    3
    = ) (
    we finally obtain
    F
    B el
    T
    T
    Nk C
    2
    2
    t
    =
    where we defined the Fermi
    temperature T
    F
    = E
    F
    /k
    B

    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    The total heat capacity, taking into account the electron
    and the lattice contribution, equals to:
    3
    AT T C + =
    For temperatures below both the Debye temperature u
    and Fermi Temperature, T
    F

    PHY 3201 FIZIK KEADAAN PEPEJAL
    Metal
    expt

    FEG

    expt
    /

    FEFG
    =
    m*/m

    Li 1.63 0.749 2.18
    Na 1.38 1.094 1.26
    K 2.08 1.668 1.25
    Cu 0.695 0.505 1.38
    Ag 0.646 0.645 1.00
    Au 0.729 0.642 1.14
    Al 1.35 0.912 1.48
    Results for simple metals (in units mJ/mol K)
    show that the FEFG values are in reasonable
    agreement with experiment, but are always
    too high:
    The departure from unity involves three
    separate effects:
    2. Interaction of conduction electrons with
    phonons (phonons can distort the
    lattice that the electrons see .electron-
    phonon scattering is common in most
    materials)
    3. Interaction of the conduction electrons
    with themselves (these are negative
    charges, which should repel one
    another!)
    1. Interaction of conduction electrons with
    the periodic potential of the lattice

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