BKF2422

Chapter 4

Principles of Steady-state Heat
Transfer in Radiation


Topic Outcomes
It is expected that students will be able to:
Utilize the basic equation of radiation for black and gray
bodies
Solve problems related to combined radiation and
convection heat transfer mechanism
Apply view factors to determine radiation heat transfer
rate for various geometries
Analyze and solve problems fro radiation heat transfer
involves absorbing gases medium
electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body due to large
temperature difference.
transmitted through space & vacuum
medium not heated (medium heated by convection)
1. Thermal energy of a hot surface at T
1
is converted into
energy of electromagnetic radiation waves
2. Waves travel through intervening space in a straight lines
& strike a cool object at T
2
3. Electromagnetic waves are absorbed by the body and
converted to thermal energy or heat
ransmitted fraction t ivity transmiss
absorbed fraction ty absorptivi
reflected n irradiatio of fraction ty reflectivi
= =
= =
= =
t
o

1 = + + t o
reflection
absorption
reflection
transmission
Opaque bodies, = 0 + = 1
body black of power emissive total
surface a of power emissive total
, Emissivity = =
B
E
E
c
1 body, Black = c
( )
radiation emits also -
1 it scatering or
ing transmitt , reflecting without hs wavelengt all at directions all from
on) (irradiati radiation incident all absorb that material - body Black
= o
1 body, Gray < c
1 an have materials All < c
Kirchhoffs law:
A body at the same temperature, T
1

1 1
o c =
4
1 1 1
T A q o c =
4
2 12 1
T A q o o =
2 1
2 12
T at
T at 2 body from 1 body of ty absorptivi where
c
o
=
=
1
T
1
c
2
T
2
c
1
2
q
: enclosure to radiation emits body Small
: T at gs surroundin the from energy absorbs body Small
2
( )
4
2 12
4
1 1 1
4
2 12 1
4
1 1 1
T T A T A T A q o c o o o o c = =
( )
4
2
4
1 1
T T A q = o c
2 1
T at Where c c =
: absorption of heat Net
: Simplified
EXAMPLE 4.10-1 Page 303 Radiation to a Metal Tube

A small oxidized horizontal metal tube with an OD of 0.0254 M and being 0.61
m long with a surface temperature at 588 K is in a very large furnace enclosure
with fire-brick walls and the surrounding air at 1088 K. The emissivity of the
metal tube is 0.60 at 1088 K and 0.46 at 588K. Calculate the heat transfer to
the tube by radiation.
K 588
1
= T
m 0.0254
K 1088 air,
2
= T
m 0.61
12
q
K 1088
2
= T
6 . 0 @
46 . 0 @
2 1
1 1
=
=
T
T
c
c
2
m ) 61 . 0 )( 0254 . 0 ( t t = = DL A
i
( )
( )
W 2130
1088 588 ) 10 676 . 5 )( 6 . 0 )( 0254 . 0 (

4 4 8
4
2
4
1 12
=
=
=

t
o c T T A q
4
: body black perfect a from radiation by fer Heat trans
T A q o =
( )
(K) body black the of re temperatu
. / 10 676 . 5 = constant s Boltzmann' - Stefan =
body the of area surface
where
4 2 8
2
==

=

T
K m W
m A
o
4
: body) (gray body black - non a from fer Heat trans
T A q co =
, When
2
T T =

rad conv
q q q + = : fer heat trans Total
( )
( )
2 1 1
2 1 1
where
T T A h q
T T A h q
r rad
c conv
=
=
2
at
gs surroundin
T
conv
q
rad
q
1 1
re temperatu and area , emissivity of surface T A o c =
( )
2 1
4
2
4
1
100 100
676 . 5
T T
T T
h
r

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= c
( )
2 1
4
2
4
1
100 100
1714 . 0
T T
T T
h
r

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= c
( ) ( )
2 1 1 1 1
, When
T T A h T T A h q q q
T T
r c rad conv
+ = + =
=

, 1 when , 1 with units English in 2 - 4.10 Figure = = c c

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
T T
T T
h
r
c
.K W/m 64 . 15
0254 . 0
588 1088
32 . 1
32 . 1
2
4 / 1
4 / 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
| A
=
D
T
h
c
( ) ( )
W 2507
) 1088 588 )( 0487 . 0 )( 3 . 87 64 . 15 (

2 1 1
=
+ =
+ = T T A h h q
r c
View Factors
There is net radiant exchange between
surfaces.
A net flow of energy will occur from hotter
surface to the colder surface
The shape, size, and orientation of two
radiating surfaces determine the heat flow.
( )
4
2
4
1 12 1 12
: 2 plane to 1 plane from radiation Net
T T F A q = o
( )
4
2
4
1 21 1 21
: 1 plane to 2 plane from radiation Net
T T F A q = o
1 plane of area surface where
1
= A
1 planes, parallel infinite For
21 12
= = F F
1 body, black For
2 1
= =c c
( )
1
1 1
1
2 1
4
2
4
1 1 12
+
=
c c
o T T A q
: 2 plane to 1 plane from radiation Net

1 plane of emissivity Where
1
1
21 12
1
= =
= =
F F
o c
EXAMPLE 4.11-1 Radiation Between Parallel Planes

Two parallel gray planes which are very large he emmissivities of
1
= 0.8
and
2
= 0.7 and surface 1 is at 1100
o
F and surface 2 at 600
o
F. Use English
units for the following:
What is the net radiation from 1 to 2?
If the surface are both black, what is the net radiation?
6 . 0 @ 7 . 0
46 . 0 @ 8 . 0
2 1
1 1
= =
= =
T
T
c
c
Body Gray (a)
( )
( )
( )
2
4 4 8
2 1
4
2
4
1
12
2 1
4
2
4
1 1 12
W/m 15010
1
7 . 0
1
8 . 0
1
1
8 . 588 5 . 866 10 676 . 5
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
=
+
=
+
=
+
=

c c
o
c c
o
T T
A
q
T T A q
Body Black (b) ( )
( )
( )
.K W/m 25110
8 . 588 5 . 866 10 676 . 5
2
4 4 8
4
2
4
1
1
12
4
2
4
1 1 12
=
=
=
=

T T
A
q
T T A q
o
o
The example shows the influence of surfaces with
emissivities less than 1 on radiation.
This fact is used to reduce radiation loss or gain from a
surface using planes as radiation shield
For example, two parallel surfaces of emissivity at T
1
and T
2
,
the exchange is
1
2
) ( ) (
4
2
4
1 0 12

=
c
o T T
A
q
1
2
) (
1
1 ) (
4
2
4
1 12

+
=
c
o T T
N A
q
N
Suppose we insert one or more radiation planes between
the original surfaces,
General equation for view factor between
black bodies
For finite size, some of the radiation from surface 1 does
not strike surface 2, and vice versa.
Hence the net radiation interchange is less, since some
is loss to the surroundings.
The fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 in all directions
which is intercepted by surface 2 is called F
12
and must
be determined for each geometry by taking differential
surface element and intergrating over the entire surface.
Two important quantities..
Solid angle,
d
1
= dA
1
cos
2
/r
2

Intensity of radiation, I
B
I
B
= dq/(dA cos d)

For general case for fraction of the total radiant
heat that leaves a surface (black body) and arrives
at the second surface,
dq
12
= I
m
dA cos
1
d
1


dq
21
= I
m
dA cos
2
d
2


Finally,
q
12
= A
1
F
12
(T
1
4
T
2
4
) = A
2
F
21
(T
1
4
T
2
4
)
Where
A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21
d
1
= dA
1
cos
2
/r
2
} }
=
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
1
12
cos cos 1
A A
r
A dA
A
F
t
u u
The reciprocity relationship of A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21
can be applied
to any two surfaces.
A
i
F
ij
= A
j
F
ji


And if surface A
1
sees a number of surfaces A
2
, A
3
,.
F
11
+ F
12
+ F
13
+ = 1.0

EXAMPLE 4.11-2 View Factor from a plane to a Hemisphere

Determine the view factors between a plane A1 covered by a hemisphere A2 as
shown in Fig. 4.11-5
21 2 12 1
F A F A =
1.0. factor view the , only see surface since
12 2 1
= F A A
2
1
2
) 0 . 1 (
2
2
2
1
12 21
= = =
R
R
A
A
F F
t
t
0 . 1
, 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 surface For
21 22
12 11 1
= +
= = =
F F
. . F . , F A
2
1
2
1
0 . 1 0 . 1
, for Solving
21 21 22
22
= = = + F F F
F
EXAMPLE 4.11-3 Radiation Between Parallel Disks

In figure 4.11-6, a small disk of area A
1
is parallel to a large disk of
area A
2
and A
1
is centered directly below A
2
. The distance between the
centers of the disks is R and the radius of A
2
is a. Determine the view
factor for radiant heat transfer from A
1
to A
2

( )
( )
( )
}
}
} }
} }
=
=
=
=
a
A
A A
A A
dx x
r
dx x
r A
A
dx x
r
dA
A
r
dA dA
A
F
0
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1 2 1
1
2
2 1 2 1
1
12
2

cos

2

cos

2

cos cos 1


cos cos 1
1
2 1
2 1
t
u
t
u
t
t
u u
t
u u
dx x dA 2
2
2 1
t
u u
=
=
( )
2 / 1
2 2
x R
R
+
=
1
cosu
2 2
2
12
a R
a
F
+
=
View factors when black bodies surfaces are
connected by reradiating walls


Example: furnace

A larger fraction of the radiation from surface 1 is
intercepted by 2. View factor =
For the case of two black bodies surfaces A
1
& A
2

connected with reradiating walls:
1 2
Refractory reradiating wall
12
F
( )
( )
12 2 1 2 1
2
12 2 1
12 1 2 1
2
12 2 1
12
/ 2 1
/ 1
2 F A A A A
F A A
F A A A
F A A
F
+

=
+

=
21 2 12 1
F A F A = ( )
4
2
4
1 1 12 12
T T A F q = o
View factors when gray bodies surfaces are
connected by reradiating walls
For the case of two gray bodies surfaces A
1
& A
2
which
cannot see themselves and connected with reradiating
walls:
F
12



q
12
= F
12
A
1
(T
1
4
T
2
4
)
A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21

For black or gray bodies, with no reradiating walls, again
.

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 2 2
1
12
c c A
A
F
12 12
F F =
View Factors F
12
= fraction of the radiation leaving surface 1 that is
intercepted/reaching by surface 2.
} }
=
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
1 12

cos cos
A A
r
dA dA
A F
t
u u
General equation:
)
21 2 12 1
: relations y Reciprocit i F A F A =
) 1 ... : rule Summation ii
13 12 11
= + + + F F F
) 0 : convex) or (flat itself see cannot 1 Surface iii
11
= F
1
A
2
A
) 1 : 2 surface see only can 1 Surface iv
12
= F
3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 . 1 2 . 1
2 3 3 1 3 3 2 . 1 3 3
2 3 1 3 2 . 1 3



+ =
+ =
+ =
F A F A F A
F A F A F A
F F F
) algebra Similar to v
1
A
3
A
2
A
2 . 1
A
EXAMPLE 4.11-5 Complex View Factor for Perpendicular Rectangles

Find the view factor F
12
for the configuration shown in Fig. 4.11-9 of the
rectangle with area A
2
displaced from the common edge of rectangle A
1
and
perpendicular to A
1
. The temperature of A
1
is T
1
and that of A
2
and A
3
is T
2
=
1
1 1
2
3
3
1
A
2
A
3
A
( ) ( ) ( )
13 12 ) 23 ( 1
13 1 12 1 ) 23 ( 1 1
4
2
4
1 13 1
4
2
4
1 12 1
4
2
4
1 ) 23 ( 1 1
F F F
F A F A F A
T T F A T T F A T T F A
+ =
+ =
+ = o o o
13 ) 23 ( 1 12
F F F =
+
1
2
1
r
2
r
?
surface black are Both
22
= F
Example
2
2
1
22
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
21
21 2 12 1
21 22
22 21
12 11
12 11
1
4
4
1
1
1 , 0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = = =
=
=
= +
= =
= +
r
r
F
r
r
r
r
r
r
A
A
F
F A F A
F F
F F
F F
F F
t
t
sphere For
Radiation in Absorbing Gas
Most mono atomic & diatomic gases are transparent to
thermal radiation. (He, H
2
, Ar, O
2
, N
2
).

Dipole gases and higher polyatomic gases emit and
absorb radiant energy significantly. (CO
2
, CO, H
2
O, SO
2
,
NH
3
).

Absorption of thermal radiant by gas depend on pressure
and temperature.
i.e. | partial pressure of gases, | amount of absorption.
If the gas is heated, it radiates energy to surrounding.
Characteristic Mean Beam Length of Absorbing
Gas
The absorption of energy by gas T
1
, P and characteristic
length, L (mean beam length). Mean beam length, L
specific geometry.
The mean beam length has been evaluated for various
geometries in Table 4.11-1 (pg. 321).
For other shapes,

where,
L = m, V = m
3
of gases A = surface area of enclosure m
2
.
A
V
L 6 . 3 =

G
,
G
and radiation of a gas


q = o
G
T
G
4
- (rate of radiation emitted) from the
gas.

q =
G
T
1
4
- (rate of absorption of energy as it is
radiated back to the gas from midpoint of surface
element.)

The net rate of radiant transfer between a gas at T
G
and
a black surface of finite area A
1
at T
1
.

( )
4
1
4
T T A q
G G G
o c o =
Figure 4.11-10 gives the gas emissivity,
G
of CO
2
at
a total pressure of the system = 1.0 atm abs using
at T
G
.

p
G
= partial pressure of CO
2
in atm.
L = mean beam length in m (Table 4.11-1 ).

G
of CO
2
is determined also from Figure 4.11-10 but
at T
1
.

(T
1
=temperature of midpoint of surface element.)
But instead of using p
G
L, need to use:

The value obtained from the chart is then multiplied
by correction factor .




|
.
|

\
|
G
G
T
T
L p
1
65 . 0
1
|
.
|

\
|
T
T
G
L p
G
For the case when wall of enclosure are not black. An
approximation when the emissivity is greater than 0.7,
effective emissivity, can be used


Hence the radiant transfer between a gas at T
G
and not
black surface at T
1

( )
4
1
4
' T T A q
G G G
o c c o =
2
0 . 1
'
+
=
c
c
Example 4.11.7 Page 321
A furnace is in the form of a cube 0.3 m on a side inside
and these interior walls can be approximated as black
surfaces. The gas inside at 1.0 atm total pressure at
1100K contains 10 mol% CO
2
and the rest is O
2
and N
2
.
The small amount of water vapor present will be
neglected. The walls of the furnace are maintained at
600K by external cooling. Calculate the total heat
transfer to the walls neglecting heat transfer by
convection.
Ans: 2.6 kW