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    Sulfate Resistant Concrete

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    Francheska Beltran
    Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with components in concrete, like calcium aluminate hydrate or calcium hydroxide. This can cause expansion, cracking, spalling and weakening of concrete structures. Concrete exposed to marine environments, soil with high sulfate levels, and mining/chemical industries are most at risk. Using sulfate resistant cement, fly ash, silica fumes or slag cement can improve resistance by reducing permeability and reactive components in concrete. Proper mix design, curing and minimizing the water-cement ratio are also important to resist sulfate attack. Australian standards provide guidelines for concrete in sulfate-prone soils requiring a minimum cement content and limiting water-cement ratios.

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    Sulfate Resistant Concrete

    Uploaded by

    Francheska Beltran
    495 views18 pages
    Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with components in concrete, like calcium aluminate hydrate or calcium hydroxide. This can cause expansion, cracking, spalling and weakening of concrete structures. Concrete exposed to marine environments, soil with high sulfate levels, and mining/chemical industries are most at risk. Using sulfate resistant cement, fly ash, silica fumes or slag cement can improve resistance by reducing permeability and reactive components in concrete. Proper mix design, curing and minimizing the water-cement ratio are also important to resist sulfate attack. Australian standards provide guidelines for concrete in sulfate-prone soils requiring a minimum cement content and limiting water-cement ratios.

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    report made about innovations on concrete

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    Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with components in concrete, like calcium aluminate hydrate or calcium hydroxide. This can cause expansion, cracking, spalling and weakening of concrete structures. Concrete exposed to marine environments, soil with high sulfate levels, and mining/chemical industries are most at risk. Using sulfate resistant cement, fly ash, silica fumes or slag cement can improve resistance by reducing permeability and reactive components in concrete. Proper mix design, curing and minimizing the water-cement ratio are also important to resist sulfate attack. Australian standards provide guidelines for concrete in sulfate-prone soils requiring a minimum cement content and limiting water-cement ratios.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    495 views18 pages

    Sulfate Resistant Concrete

    Uploaded by

    Francheska Beltran
    Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates react with components in concrete, like calcium aluminate hydrate or calcium hydroxide. This can cause expansion, cracking, spalling and weakening of concrete structures. Concrete exposed to marine environments, soil with high sulfate levels, and mining/chemical industries are most at risk. Using sulfate resistant cement, fly ash, silica fumes or slag cement can improve resistance by reducing permeability and reactive components in concrete. Proper mix design, curing and minimizing the water-cement ratio are also important to resist sulfate attack. Australian standards provide guidelines for concrete in sulfate-prone soils requiring a minimum cement content and limiting water-cement ratios.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    The key takeaways are the mechanisms of sulfate attack including ettringite formation and gypsum formation, parameters that affect sulfate resistance, and supplementary cementitious materials that can improve sulfate resistance.

    The mechanisms of sulfate attack include ettringite formation through reactions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate with calcium aluminate hydrate, and gypsum formation through reactions of sodium sulfate with calcium hydroxide or calcium sulfate with calcium aluminate hydrate.

    Major parameters that affect sulfate resistance include the type of cement used, water-cement ratio, binder content, replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials, air entrainment, and adequate compaction and curing.

    SULFATE RESISTANT CONCRETE

    MECHANISMS OF SULFATE ATTACK


    Ettringite Formation
    Reaction of Sodium sulfate with calcium aluminate hydrate Reaction of Magnesium sulfate with calcium aluminate hydrate

    Gypsum Formation
    Reaction of sodium sulfate with calcium hydroxide In aqueous conditions: Reactions of calcium sulfate with calcium aluminate hydrate Magnesium sulfate attacks calcium silicate hydrate

    MANIFESTATION OF SULFATE ATTACK


    Loss in strength Expansion Surface spalling Mass loss Disintegration

    AFFECTED AREAS
    Structures in marine environment Areas where soil and ground water have high sulfate contents Chemical and Mining Industries

    MAJOR PARAMETERS
    1. 2. 3. 4. Use of Type II or V cement. Reduce water/cement ratio. Minimize binder content. Replace cement with supplementary cementitious material. 5. Provide air entrainment. 6. Adequate compaction and curing.

    SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL


    Fly ash Silica Fumes Blast furnace slag

    Fly Ash
    Chemically binds free lime in cementitious compounds Reduces concrete permeability Reduces the amount of reactive aluminates (tricalcium aluminate) ACI 232.2R-96 (Use of Fly Ash in Concrete) reports that fly ash with CaO content less than 15% will generally improve sulfate resistance.

    DEGREE OF RESISTANCE
    Type V Cement + Fly Ash Type II Cement + Fly Ash Type V Cement Type II Cement Type I Cement + Fly Ash Type I Cement

    SILICA FUMES
    Decreases concrete permeability Silica fume chemically binds some of the free calcium hydroxide in the paste preventing future reaction with sulfates. ACI 234 states that silica fume concrete has good resistance to sodium sulfate attack but does not work as well against magnesium sulfate.

    SRC vs TRADITIONAL CONCRETE

    AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
    AS 3735 Supplement
    sulfate levels exceed 2000 ppm in groundwater :
    min. cement content: 320 kg/m3 max. watercement ratio: 0.5

    AS 3972
    FULLY BURIED cement content: 335 kg/m3 watercement ratio: 0.5 PARTIALLY BURIED cement content: 415 kg/m3 watercement ratio: 0.4

    Australian Standard 3972


    BENEFITS:
    Minimize the corrosion of reinforced steel Provides high level of concrete performance Increased workability and pumpability Improved later-age concrete strength

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