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    Introduction To Filters

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    Arryshah Dahmia
    Filters are electronic circuits that can select specific frequency ranges from a mixture of frequencies. They are commonly used in audio systems to amplify or suppress certain frequencies for better sound quality. There are different types of filters such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters that allow or block different frequency ranges. Filters can be constructed using passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors, or can use active components in more advanced designs.

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    Introduction To Filters

    Uploaded by

    Arryshah Dahmia
    155 views37 pages
    Filters are electronic circuits that can select specific frequency ranges from a mixture of frequencies. They are commonly used in audio systems to amplify or suppress certain frequencies for better sound quality. There are different types of filters such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters that allow or block different frequency ranges. Filters can be constructed using passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors, or can use active components in more advanced designs.

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    Introduction to Filters

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    Filters are electronic circuits that can select specific frequency ranges from a mixture of frequencies. They are commonly used in audio systems to amplify or suppress certain frequencies for better sound quality. There are different types of filters such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters that allow or block different frequency ranges. Filters can be constructed using passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors, or can use active components in more advanced designs.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    155 views37 pages

    Introduction To Filters

    Uploaded by

    Arryshah Dahmia
    Filters are electronic circuits that can select specific frequency ranges from a mixture of frequencies. They are commonly used in audio systems to amplify or suppress certain frequencies for better sound quality. There are different types of filters such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters that allow or block different frequency ranges. Filters can be constructed using passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors, or can use active components in more advanced designs.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    CHAPTER 5

    INTRODUCTION TO FILTERS
    1

    WHAT IS FILTER?
    Filter

    is an electronic circuit that capable to select one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies.
    Can

    be define as an AC circuit that separates some frequencies from others within mixed-frequency signals.

    WHAT IS FILTER? (CONT..)


    A

    common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power efficiency.
    Filters

    are most commonly used in voice and data communications.


    3

    APPLICATION OF FILTER
    Audio

    equalizers and crossover networks are two well-known applications of filter circuits, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies. Both gives better audio system efficiency and thus better performance.
    Equalizers,

    which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area.
    4

    Crossover

    APPLICATION OF FILTER (cont..) networks, which block certain

    ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block lowfrequency signals, only passing highfrequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals.

    APPLICATION OF FILTER (CONT..)


    Another

    practical application of filter circuits is in the conditioning of non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms in power circuits.
    Some

    electronic devices are sensitive to the presence of harmonics in the power supply voltage, and so require power conditioning for proper operation.
    6

    APPLICATION OF FILTER (CONT..)


    If a distorted sine-wave voltage behaves like a series of harmonic waveforms added to the fundamental frequency, then it should be possible to construct a filter circuit that only allows the fundamental waveform frequency to pass through, blocking all (higherfrequency) harmonics.

    EXAMPLE OF FILTERS

    7 Band Graphic Equalizer /Car audio equalizers

    MP3 equalizers

    EXAMPLE OF FILTERS
    Crossover network in loud speaker

    Crossover network is used between the audio preamplifier and power amplifiers

    TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF FILTERS

    10

    TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF FILTERS

    use resistors, capacitors, and inductors (RLC networks).


    To minimize distortion in the filter characteristic, it is desirable to use inductors with high quality factors They are particularly non-ideal (lossy) They are bulky and expensive
    11

    TYPES OF FILTERS

    The analog or digital filters can be subdivided into four categories:


    LPF

    LOW-PASS FILTERS HIGH-PASS FILTERS

    HPF
    BPF BSF RS

    BAND-PASS FILTERS
    BAND-STOP FILTERS

    12

    TYPES OF FILTERS
    1. Low-pass filter allow pass of low frequencies and reject high frequencies 2. High-pass filter - allow pass of high frequencies and reject low frequencies 3. Band-pass filter - allow pass a band of frequencies and reject all others frequencies 4. Notch or band-reject filter or band-stop filter - reject a band of frequencies and allow to pass all others frequencies

    13

    ANALOG FILTER RESPONSE- Ideal


    Gain A(dB )

    lowpass

    Gain A(dB )

    highpass

    f
    Gain A(dB )

    f Gain A(dB )

    bandpass

    bandstop

    f
    14

    ANALOG FILTER RESPONSE- realistic


    Gain A(dB )

    lowpass

    Gain A(dB )

    highpass

    f Gain A(dB )

    f Gain A(dB )

    bandpass

    bandstop

    f
    15

    LOW PASS FILTER

    a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency signals and difficult passage to high-frequency signals. There are two basic kinds of circuits capable of accomplishing this objective, and many variations of each one: inductive low-pass filter capacitive low-pass filter
    16

    INDUCTI VE LOW PASS FILTER

    The inductor's impedance increases with increasing frequency. This high impedance in series tends to block high-frequency signals from getting to the load

    17

    CAPACITIV E LOW PASS FILTER


    The capacitor's impedance decreases with increasing frequency. This low impedance in parallel with the load resistance tends to short out highfrequency signals, dropping most of the voltage across series resistor R1.
    18

    FREQUENCY CUTOFF FOR LOW-PASS FILTER


    All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. that is, the frequency above which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage. The definition for cutoff frequency is the frequency for which the transfer function magnitude is decreased by the factor 1 / 2 from its maximum value. In a simple capacitive/resistive low-pass filter, it is the frequency at which capacitive reactance in ohms equals resistance in ohms. In a simple capacitive low-pass filter (one resistor, one capacitor), the cutoff frequency is given as:

    19

    REVIEW
    A low-pass filter allows for easy passage of low-frequency signals from source to load, and difficult passage of highfrequency signals. Inductive low-pass filters insert an inductor in series with the load; capacitive low-pass filters insert a resistor in series and a capacitor in parallel with the load. The former filter design tries to block the unwanted frequency signal while the latter tries to short it out. The cutoff frequency for a low-pass filter is that frequency at which the output (load) voltage equals 70.7% of the input (source) voltage. Above the cutoff frequency, the output voltage is lower than 70.7% of the input, and vice versa.
    20

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    Electronic circuit that passes highfrequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency High-pass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or RF devices. They can also be used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to make a bandpass filter.

    21

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    In this circuit arrangement, the reactance of the capacitor is very high at low frequencies so the capacitor acts like an open circuit and blocks any input signals at Vin until the cut-off frequency point (c) is reached.
    22

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    Above the cut-off frequency point the reactance of the capacitor has reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit allowing all of the input signal to pass directly to the output as shown below in the High Pass Frequency Response Curve.
    23

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    Frequency response curve / Bode Plot


    24

    Cutoff frequency for high pass filter:

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    25

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    The circuit gain, Av which is given as Vout/Vin (magnitude) and is calculated as:

    26

    EXAMPLE NO1.

    HIGH PASS FILTER

    Calculate the cut-off or "breakpoint" frequency (c) for a simple high pass filter consisting of an 82pF capacitor connected in series with a 240k resistor.

    27

    FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A FILTER

    28

    BAND PASS FILTER

    A band pass filter passes all frequencies within a band of frequencies and rejects all other frequencies outside the band.
    This filter can be build from a low-pass and high-pass filter

    29

    HOW BAND PASS FILTER PRODUCED.?

    Creating a bandpass filter from a low-pass and high-pass filter can be illustrated using block diagrams

    30

    USING CAPACITOR

    31

    USING INDUCTOR

    32

    BAND STOP FILTER

    A band stop filter rejects all frequencies within a band of frequencies and passes all other frequencies outside the band.
    A band stop filter is often referred to as a Notch filter.

    33

    Basic Active Filters


    Low pass filter
    C
    R fb
    +
    +

    High pass filter


    Rfb
    C Rin
    +

    Vi n
    _

    R in

    Vin
    _

    VO
    _

    VO
    _

    34

    Basic Active Filters


    Band pass filter
    R1 C1
    +

    C2 R2 R2 Ri
    +

    R1

    R fb

    Vin
    _

    VO
    _

    35

    Basic Active Filters


    Band stop filter
    C1 R1 R1 R fb R2
    +

    Ri
    +

    Vin

    C2

    VO
    _

    36

    Basic Active Filters


    Band stop filter
    C1 R1 R1 R fb R2
    +

    Ri
    +

    Vin

    C2

    VO
    _

    37

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