1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities including length and time. It describes different units and instruments used to measure length accurately, such as rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometer screws.
2. Methods of measuring time precisely are also presented, from clocks and watches powered by oscillating motions, to modern atomic clocks with uncertainties of seconds over millions of years.
3. Stopwatches are introduced as tools to measure short intervals of time. A variety of physical quantities, units, and methods for measurement are outlined in the chapter.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities including length and time. It describes different units and instruments used to measure length accurately, such as rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometer screws.
2. Methods of measuring time precisely are also presented, from clocks and watches powered by oscillating motions, to modern atomic clocks with uncertainties of seconds over millions of years.
3. Stopwatches are introduced as tools to measure short intervals of time. A variety of physical quantities, units, and methods for measurement are outlined in the chapter.
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities including length and time. It describes different units and instruments used to measure length accurately, such as rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometer screws.
2. Methods of measuring time precisely are also presented, from clocks and watches powered by oscillating motions, to modern atomic clocks with uncertainties of seconds over millions of years.
3. Stopwatches are introduced as tools to measure short intervals of time. A variety of physical quantities, units, and methods for measurement are outlined in the chapter.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities including length and time. It describes different units and instruments used to measure length accurately, such as rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometer screws.
2. Methods of measuring time precisely are also presented, from clocks and watches powered by oscillating motions, to modern atomic clocks with uncertainties of seconds over millions of years.
3. Stopwatches are introduced as tools to measure short intervals of time. A variety of physical quantities, units, and methods for measurement are outlined in the chapter.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
Learning outcomes Understand that physical quantities have numerical magnitude and a unit Recall base quantities and use prefixes Show an understanding of orders of magnitude Understand scalar and vector quantities Determine resultant vector by graphical method Measure length with measuring instruments Measure short interval of time using stopwatches
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.1 Physical Quantities
Quantitative versus qualitative
Most observation in physics are quantitative Descriptive observations (or qualitative) are usually imprecise Quantitative Observations What can be measured with the instruments on an aeroplane?
Qualitative Observations How do you measure artistic beauty?
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.1 Physical Quantities
A physical quantity is one that can be measured and consists of a magnitude and unit. Measuring length
70
km/h SI units are common today
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4.5 m
Vehicles Not Exceeding 1500 kg In Unladen Weight
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.1 Physical Quantities
Are classified into two types:
Base quantities Derived quantities
Base quantity is like the brick the basic building block of a house
Derived quantity is like the house that was build up from a collection of bricks (basic quantity)
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.2 SI Units SI Units International System of Units Base Quantities length mass time electric current temperature amount of substance luminous intensity
Name of Unit metre kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela
Symbol of Unit m kg s A K mol cd
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.2 SI Units This Platinum Iridium cylinder is the standard kilogram.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.2 SI Units
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.2 SI Units Example of derived quantity: area Defining equation: area = length width In terms of units: In terms of units: Units of area = m m = m2 Units of volume = m m m = m2 Defining equation: volume = length width height Defining equation: density = mass volume
In terms of units:
Units of density = kg / m3 = kg m3
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.2 SI Units Work out the derived quantities for: distance time
Defining equation: speed =
In terms of units:
velocity Defining equation: acceleration = tim e
Units of speed =
In terms of units:
Units of acceleration =
Defining equation: force = mass acceleration In terms of units: Units of force =
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.2 SI Units Work out the derived quantities for: Force Defining equation: Pressure = Area In terms of units: Units of pressure = Defining equation: Work = Force Displacement In terms of units: Units of work = Work done Defining equation: Power = Time
In terms of units:
Units of power =
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Chapter
1 Derived Quantity
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
Relation with Base and Derived Quantities Special Name
1.2 SI Units Unit
area volume density speed acceleration force pressure work power
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length width length width height mass volume distance time change in velocity time mass acceleration force area force distance work time newton (N) pascal (Pa) joule (J) watt (W)
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.3 Prefixes Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very small quantities Prefix nano micro milli centi deci
Abbreviation n m c d
Power 109 106 103 102 101
kilo mega giga THEME ONE:
k M G
103 106 109
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Chapter
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1.3 Prefixes Alternative writing method Using standard form N 10n where 1 N < 10 and n is an integer
This galaxy is about 2.5 106 light years from the Earth. THEME ONE:
The diameter of this atom is about 1 1010 m.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit. 2. The physical quantities can be classified into base quantities and derived quantities. 3. There are seven base quantities: length, mass, time, current, temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. 4. The SI units for length, mass and time are metre, kilogram and second respectively. 5. Prefixes are used to denote very big or very small numbers. THEME ONE:
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Scalar quantities are quantities that have magnitude only. Two examples are shown below: Measuring Mass Measuring Temperature
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Scalar quantities are added or subtracted by using simple arithmetic. Example: 4 kg plus 6 kg gives the answer 10 kg 6 kg 4 kg
= 10 kg
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Vector quantities are quantities that have both magnitude and direction
A Force Magnitude = 100 N
Direction = Left
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Examples of scalars and vectors Scalars distance speed Vectors displacement velocity
mass time pressure energy volume density THEME ONE:
weight acceleration force momentum
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Accurate Measurement No measurement is perfectly accurate Some error is inevitable even with high precision instruments Two main types of errors Random errors Systematic errors
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Length Measuring tape is used to measure relatively long lengths For shorter length, a metre rule or a shorter rule will be more accurate
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Correct way to read the scale on a ruler
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Vernier Calipers Allows measurements up to 0.01 cm Consists of a 9 mm long scale divided into 10 divisions
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Vernier Calipers The object being measured is between 2.4 cm and 2.5 cm long. The second decimal number is the marking on the vernier scale which coincides with a marking on the main scale.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Here the eighth marking on the vernier scale coincides with the marking at C on the main scale Therefore the distance AB is 0.08 cm, i.e. the length of the object is 2.48 cm
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
The reading shown is 3.15 cm. The instrument also has inside jaws for measuring internal diameters of tubes and containers. The rod at the end is used to measure depth of containers.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Micrometer Screw Gauge To measure diameter of fine wires, thickness of paper and small lengths, a micrometer screw gauge is used The micrometer has two scales: Main scale on the sleeve Circular scale on the thimble
There are 50 divisions on the thimble One complete turn of the thimble moves the spindle by 0.50 mm
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Micrometer Screw Gauge Two scales: main scale and circular scale One complete turn moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Each division on the circular scale = 0.01 mm
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Time Measured in years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds SI unit for time is the second (s). Clocks use a process which depends on a regularly repeating motion termed oscillations.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Caesium atomic clock 1999 - NIST-F1 begins operation with an uncertainty of 1.7 1015, or accuracy to about one second in 20 million years
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Time The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of a regularly repeating motion. The time for 1 complete oscillation is referred to as the period of the oscillation.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Pendulum Clock Measures long intervals of time Hours, minutes and seconds
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Watch also used to measure long intervals of time most depend on the vibration of quartz crystals to keep accurate time energy from a battery keeps quartz crystals vibrating
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Stopwatch Measure short intervals of time Two types: digital stopwatch, analogue stopwatch Digital stopwatch more accurate as it can measure time in intervals of 0.01 seconds. Analogue stopwatch measures time in intervals of 0.1 seconds.
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
1. The metre rule and half-metre rule are used to measure lengths accurately to 0.1 cm. 2. Vernier calipers are used to measure lengths to a precision of 0.01 cm. 3. Micrometer are used to measure length to a precision of 0.01 mm. 4. Parallax error is due to: (a) incorrect positioning of the eye (b) object not being at the same level as the marking on the scale
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Chapter
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
5. Zero error is due to instruments that do not read exactly zero when there is nothing being measured. 6. The time for one complete swing of a pendulum is called its period of oscillation. 7. As the length of the pendulum increases, the period of oscillation increases as well.
