Comunicacin y Gerencia

Linking words and phrases

Written by Hai Nguyen (HEC-VN 006)
Click to add Text

Explanatio ns

There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the information in the text is organised. This term covers a wide range of words and phrases which make text easier to understand. A selection is given here.

Text Organisers

Adding a point
As well as the obvious dangers, there was the
weather to be considered.

In addition to the obvious dangers, there was

the weather to be considered.

Not only were there the obvious dangers, but

there was also the weather to be considered.

Text Organisers

Developing a point
Besides/furthermore/in addition/ moreover/what's more/on top of that / to make matters worse, smoking has
been directly linked to lung cancer.

Text Organisers

Contrast
The identity of the attacker is known to the police. However/nevertheless/all the same no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. No name has, however/all the same, been released.

Text Organisers

Contrast
(Al)though/while/even though/despite the fact that the identity of the attacker is known to
the police, no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. A name has nevertheless/ nonetheless / still not been released.

Contrast

Text Organisers

No, I didn't say the President got it wrong. On the contrary, I think he's handled the affair superbly. I prefer city life as opposed to country life. I prefer city life, whereas John prefers country life. Donahue established his reputation as a novelist. In contrast, his new book is a nonfiction work.

Text Organisers

Explaining reasons
The government does not intend to cause any further provocation.As a result/ accordingly/

thus/ hence /consequently/for that reason,

all troops have been withdrawn. The employers have promised to investigate these complaints, and we in turn have agreed to end the strike.

Text Organisers

Making generalisations
Broadly speaking, generally speaking, on the whole, by and large, to a large/some/a certain extent, this has been an encouraging
year for the company..

Text Organisers

Starting
That's absolute rubbish! For a start/first of all/in the first place/for one thing, it was Rod who said that, not me. And secondly...

Text Organisers

Giving new information

She then turned to Henry, who incidentally/by the way is now about two meters tall, and said...

By the way/incidentally, do you remember an

old friend of ours called Ransom?

Text Organisers

Concession/qualification
OK, so you two have had a few problems. Even so/all the same, I don't see why you need to split up. Lancaster is a man of great personal integrity. Having said that/even so/all the same, I don't think he'd make a good chairman.

Text Organisers

Reality
What did you think of 'Death in Action'?

To be (perfectly) honest/to tell the truth, I

can't stand films like that.

Text Organisers

Purpose 1
So (that) We can use so that to express purpose (the reason why someone does something). So that is usually followed by can, could, will or would. The police locked the door so (that) no-one could get in.

Text Organisers

Purpose 2
Infinitive of purpose We can also use to to express purpose. The subject of the main clause and of the purpose clause must be the same. Jack went to England so that he could study

engineering.
Jack went to England to study engineering. (NOT for to study) next page

Text Organisers
If the two subjects are different, we can't use to. We have to use so that.

Jack went to England so that his brother

would have some help working in the restaurant

Purpose 3

Text Organisers

In order to, so as to These are more formal ways of expressing purpose. Scientists used only local materials, in order to save money. There are also negative forms: in order not to/

so as not to.
The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm the villagers.

Text Organisers

Purpose 4
For
This describes how something is used. This button is for starting the engine. This is for the lights.

Text Organisers

Result 1
So, such a
So is used with an adjective or adverb. Jim was so tall that he hit his head on the ceiling. Jim drove so quickly that they reached the station twenty minutes early. Such a is used with adjective + singular noun. Helen is such a busy person that she never feels bored. Continued next page

Text Organisers
So many, so much, so few, so little So many/few are used with plural nouns. So much/little are used with uncountable nouns.
There were so many passengers that we couldn't find a seat. There was so much noise that I didn't get to sleep until 3 a.m.
Continued next page

Text Organisers
Too/Not enough + to Too means more than is necessary or good. Not enough means less than is necessary or
good. They can both be used with an adjective + to. Compare: The bookcase was too big to get down the stairs. The bookcase was not small enough to get down the stairs.

Text Organisers

Reason
Because, as and since
As and since have the meaning of because and can begin a sentence. As/since it was late, we decided to go home. In formal, written language we can use for to mean because, but it cannot begin a sentence. Peter has given up sailing, for he doesn't have the time. Continued next page

Text Organisers
Because of, on account of, due to and owing to We can use all these words in place of

because of
Everyone was depressed on account of/due to / owing to the bad weather. Note this difference: Sue's success was due to her hard work. Sue succeeded owing to her hard work. (noun + be + due to) (verb + owing to)

Text Organisers

Sequencing
We often number or order the points we are making. First (of all) Secondly..., Next Then Finally/lastly/last of all In narrative, the sequence of events can be introduced by: First ,.., Then .." After that ..., Finally/in the end

Text Organisers

Giving opinions
We can introduce personal opinions, Personally..., In my own opinion/view..,

Text Organisers

Giving examples
We can introduce examples, For example, For instance, We can also use such as to give an example, but it is not used at the beginning of a sentence, The factory produces electrical goods, such as food mixers and other kitchen appliances

Text Organisers

Summarizing
In conclusion ..., To sum up ...

We can summarize all the points we have made.

Owning a car Owning a car has several advantages. (1)_____you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. You don't have to depend on public transport and (2)_____ you feel more independent. (3)____you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4)_____, there can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5)_____petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6)_____, most people feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages.(7)_____most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. (8)_____, I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9)_____they are noisy and dirty. (10)_____, the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored.

1) A First of all C Personally 2) A however C since 3) A In contrast C Besides this 4) A On the other hand C Thus 5) A as C owing to 6) A Finally C However 7) A For C As well as this 8) A For example C Nevertheless 9) A for example C thus 10) A As a result C Personally

B As a result D Besides this B personally D as a result B In my view D However B To sum up D For example B such as D then B Secondly D As B Next D Consequently B Personally D In comparison B however D since B Moreover D In comparison success attend you!

A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D

Supplements - Linking words

Addition In addition And Similarly Likewise As well as Besides Furthermore Also Moreover And then Too Not only, but Even

Sequence in order Firstly Secondly Thirdly Initially To begin with Earlier/later After this/that Following this/that Afterwards

Consequence As a result Thus So Therefore Consequently It follows that Thereby Eventually Then In that case Admittedly Hence

Contrast (comparison) However On one hand/on the other hand Despite In spite of Although Though But On the contrary Otherwise Yet Instead of Rather Whereas Nonetheless Even though Compared with In contrast Alternatively

Certainty Certainly Obviously Evidently Undoubtedly Of course

Condition If Unless Whether Provided that For So that Depending on

Definition Is Refers to Means Consists of That is

Example For instance One example Just as In particular Such as Namely To illustrate

Reason Since As So Because of Due to Owing to The reason why In other words Leads to Cause

Time Before Since Until Meanwhile While At the moment When Whenever As soon as Just as

Summary In conclusion To sum up To conclude with Lastly Finally To recapitulate In short The end

Comunicacin y Gerencia

Thank you
Written by Hai Nguyen (HEC-VN 006)

Click to add Text