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    Review of Matrix Operations: Vector: A Sequence of Elements (The Order Is Important)

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    محمد علي حسونة
    This document summarizes key concepts in matrix operations and calculus. 1) A matrix represents a collection of numbers arranged in rows and columns, where each element refers to the number in a specific row and column. Common matrix operations include matrix multiplication, transpose, and inverse. 2) Calculus involves analyzing change, including derivatives, which measure the rate of change of one variable with respect to another (e.g. partial derivatives), and integrals, which find net change. Differential equations model dynamic systems where variables change over time. 3) Multivariable calculus analyzes how quantities vary simultaneously as multiple variables change. The gradient gives the combined rate of change, and the chain rule extends calculations

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    Review of Matrix Operations: Vector: A Sequence of Elements (The Order Is Important)

    Uploaded by

    محمد علي حسونة
    9 views11 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts in matrix operations and calculus. 1) A matrix represents a collection of numbers arranged in rows and columns, where each element refers to the number in a specific row and column. Common matrix operations include matrix multiplication, transpose, and inverse. 2) Calculus involves analyzing change, including derivatives, which measure the rate of change of one variable with respect to another (e.g. partial derivatives), and integrals, which find net change. Differential equations model dynamic systems where variables change over time. 3) Multivariable calculus analyzes how quantities vary simultaneously as multiple variables change. The gradient gives the combined rate of change, and the chain rule extends calculations

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    This document summarizes key concepts in matrix operations and calculus. 1) A matrix represents a collection of numbers arranged in rows and columns, where each element refers to the number in a specific row and column. Common matrix operations include matrix multiplication, transpose, and inverse. 2) Calculus involves analyzing change, including derivatives, which measure the rate of change of one variable with respect to another (e.g. partial derivatives), and integrals, which find net change. Differential equations model dynamic systems where variables change over time. 3) Multivariable calculus analyzes how quantities vary simultaneously as multiple variables change. The gradient gives the combined rate of change, and the chain rule extends calculations

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    9 views11 pages

    Review of Matrix Operations: Vector: A Sequence of Elements (The Order Is Important)

    Uploaded by

    محمد علي حسونة
    This document summarizes key concepts in matrix operations and calculus. 1) A matrix represents a collection of numbers arranged in rows and columns, where each element refers to the number in a specific row and column. Common matrix operations include matrix multiplication, transpose, and inverse. 2) Calculus involves analyzing change, including derivatives, which measure the rate of change of one variable with respect to another (e.g. partial derivatives), and integrals, which find net change. Differential equations model dynamic systems where variables change over time. 3) Multivariable calculus analyzes how quantities vary simultaneously as multiple variables change. The gradient gives the combined rate of change, and the chain rule extends calculations

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Review of Matrix Operations

    Vector: a sequence of elements (the order is important)


    e.g., x = (2, 1) denotes a vector
    length = sqrt(2*2+1*1)
    orientation angle = a
    x = (x1, x2, , xn), an n dimensional vector
    a point in an n dimensional space
    column vector: row vector

    |
    |
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    8
    5
    2
    1
    x
    a
    T
    x y = = ) 8 5 2 1 (
    x x
    T T
    = ) (
    X (2, 1)
    transpose
    norms of a vector: (magnitude)



    vector operations:

    i
    n i
    i
    n
    i
    i
    n
    i
    x x norm L
    x x norm L
    x x norm L
    max
    ) (
    1
    2 / 1 2
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
    1
    s s

    =
    =
    =
    =
    =
    x y
    x
    x
    x
    y y y y x
    y
    y
    y
    x x x y x
    n y x
    x r rx rx rx rx
    T
    n
    n i i
    n
    i
    n
    n
    T
    T
    n
    =
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    = =
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    =
    E
    =

    ) ... , (

    ) ...... , (
    dimension same of vectors column are ,
    product ) dot ( inner
    vector column a : , scaler a : ) ,...... , (
    2
    1
    2 1
    1
    2
    1
    2 1
    2 1

    Cross product:
    defines another vector orthogonal to the plan
    formed by x and y.
    0 ) (

    ) ...... , (
    2
    1 1
    2
    1
    2 1
    > = =
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    E E
    = =
    i
    n
    i
    i i
    n
    i
    n
    n
    T
    x x x
    x
    x
    x
    x x x x x

    y x
    Matrix:



    the element on the ith row and jth column
    a diagonal element
    a weight in a weight matrix W

    each row or column is a vector
    jth column vector
    ith row vector
    n m
    j
    i
    mn m m
    n
    n m
    a
    a a a
    a a a
    A

    =
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    = } {
    ......

    ......
    2 1
    1 12 11

    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    = =
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    -
    m
    n n m
    i
    j
    a
    a
    a a A
    a
    a
    ) ...... (
    :
    :
    1
    1 x
    :
    :
    :
    ij
    ii
    ij
    w
    a
    a
    a column vector of dimension m is a matrix of m x 1

    transpose:


    jth column becomes jth row
    square matrix:
    identity matrix:

    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =

    mn n n
    m
    T
    n m
    a a a
    a a a
    A
    ......
    ......
    2 1
    1 21 11
    n n
    A

    =
    =
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    otherwise 0
    if 1
    1 ...... 0 0
    0 ...... 1 0
    0 ..... 0 1
    j i
    a I
    j
    i
    symmetric matrix: m = n

    matrix operations:




    The result is a row vector, each element of which is
    an inner product of and a column vector
    ji ij i i
    T
    a a ij or a a i or A A = = =
    - -
    , ,
    ) ( ) ,...... (
    1
    j
    i n
    ra ra ra rA = =
    - -
    ) ,...... (
    ) ,...... )( ...... (
    1
    1 1
    n
    T T
    n m n m
    T
    a x a x
    a a x x A x
    - -
    - -
    =
    =
    T
    x
    j
    a
    -
    product of two matrices:



    vector outer product:

    j i ij p m p n n m
    b a C where C B A
    - -
    - = =
    n m n n n m
    A I A

    =
    ( )
    |
    |
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    |
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    n m m m
    n
    n
    m
    i
    T
    y x y x y x
    y x y x y x
    y y
    x
    x
    x
    y x
    ...... , ,

    ,...... ,
    ......


    2 1
    1 2 1 1 1
    1
    1

    Calculus and Differential Equations


    , the derivative of , with respect to time
    System of differential equations



    solution:
    difficult to solve unless are simple

    (t)
    i
    x

    =
    =
    ) ( ) (

    ) ( ) (
    1 1
    t f t x
    t f t x
    n n

    i
    x
    t
    )) ( ), ( (
    1
    t x t x
    n

    ) (t f
    i
    Multi-variable calculus:
    partial derivative: gives the direction and speed of
    change of y, with respect to


    )) ( ...... ), ( ), ( ( ) (
    2 1
    t x t x t x f t y
    n
    =
    ) (
    3
    ) (
    2
    2
    ) (
    1
    1
    ) ( 2
    2 1
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    2
    ) cos(
    ) sin(
    x x x
    x x x
    x x x
    x x x
    e
    x
    y
    e x
    x
    y
    e x
    x
    y
    e x x y
    + +
    + +
    + +
    + +
    =
    c
    c
    =
    c
    c
    =
    c
    c
    + + =
    i
    x
    the total derivative:
    gives the direction and speed of change of y, with respect to t




    Gradient of f :
    Chain-rule: z is a function of y, y is a function of x, x is a
    function of t

    T
    n
    t x t x
    t x t x t y
    n
    f
    n
    x
    f
    x
    f
    dt
    df
    ) ......
    1
    (
    ......
    1
    ) ( ) (
    ) ( ) ( ) (
    1


    - V =
    c
    c
    +
    c
    c
    = =
    ) ...... , (
    1 n
    x
    f
    x
    f
    f
    c
    c
    c
    c
    = V
    )) ( ...... ), ( ), ( ( ) (
    2 1
    t x t x t x f t y
    n
    =
    dt
    dx
    dx
    dy
    dy
    dz
    dt
    dz
    =
    dynamic system:



    change of may potentially affect other x
    all continue to change (the system evolves)
    reaches equilibrium when
    stability/attraction: special equilibrium point
    (minimal energy state)
    pattern of at a stable state often
    represents a solution

    =
    =
    ) ...... , (

    ) ..... , (
    1
    1
    1 1
    ) (
    ) (
    n n
    n
    x x f
    n
    x x f
    t x
    t x

    i
    x
    i x
    i
    = 0

    ) ...... , (
    1 n
    x x
    i
    x

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