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    Questions?: Superposition of Periodic Motions

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    Harsha Dutta
    1) Two pendulums are connected by a spring forming a coupled oscillator system. When one pendulum is set in motion, energy is exchanged between the two pendulums through the spring. 2) The restoring forces on each mass are due to the motion of the pendulum and the stretching/compressing of the spring. 3) The equations of motion for the two masses can be combined and solved, resulting in two normal modes of oscillation with frequencies ω0 and ω'. The normal modes represent the in-phase and out-of-phase motions of the masses. 4) Special cases of initial conditions are considered, resulting in simplifications to the normal mode amplitudes.

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    Questions?: Superposition of Periodic Motions

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    Harsha Dutta
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    1) Two pendulums are connected by a spring forming a coupled oscillator system. When one pendulum is set in motion, energy is exchanged between the two pendulums through the spring. 2) The restoring forces on each mass are due to the motion of the pendulum and the stretching/compressing of the spring. 3) The equations of motion for the two masses can be combined and solved, resulting in two normal modes of oscillation with frequencies ω0 and ω'. The normal modes represent the in-phase and out-of-phase motions of the masses. 4) Special cases of initial conditions are considered, resulting in simplifications to the normal mode amplitudes.

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    French Chap2

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    1) Two pendulums are connected by a spring forming a coupled oscillator system. When one pendulum is set in motion, energy is exchanged between the two pendulums through the spring. 2) The restoring forces on each mass are due to the motion of the pendulum and the stretching/compressing of the spring. 3) The equations of motion for the two masses can be combined and solved, resulting in two normal modes of oscillation with frequencies ω0 and ω'. The normal modes represent the in-phase and out-of-phase motions of the masses. 4) Special cases of initial conditions are considered, resulting in simplifications to the normal mode amplitudes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views31 pages

    Questions?: Superposition of Periodic Motions

    Uploaded by

    Harsha Dutta
    1) Two pendulums are connected by a spring forming a coupled oscillator system. When one pendulum is set in motion, energy is exchanged between the two pendulums through the spring. 2) The restoring forces on each mass are due to the motion of the pendulum and the stretching/compressing of the spring. 3) The equations of motion for the two masses can be combined and solved, resulting in two normal modes of oscillation with frequencies ω0 and ω'. The normal modes represent the in-phase and out-of-phase motions of the masses. 4) Special cases of initial conditions are considered, resulting in simplifications to the normal mode amplitudes.

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    Questions?

    Lecture 25
    Superposition of periodic motions

    Superposed vibrations in 1d
    In linear systems resultant of more than one harmonic displacements is the sum of individual vibrations

    x 1= A1 cos( t+1 )

    x 2 =A2 cos( t+ 2)

    Same frequency

    x= x 1+x 2= Acos( t+)

    Complex exponential formalism


    x 1= A1 cos( t+1 )=( A1 e
    i (t +1)

    ) ) )

    x 2 =A2 cos( t+ 2)=( A2 e x= x 1+x 2=( A1 e


    i (1 t+ 1)

    i (t +2 )

    + A2 e

    i (2 t+ 2)

    z= z 1+z 2=e

    i (1 t+1 )

    ( A1 + A2 e

    i ( 21 )

    z=e

    i (1 t+1 )

    ( A1 + A2 e

    i ( 2 1)

    z1

    A z2

    Phase difference between the vibrations

    Superposition of vibrations different frequencies

    x 1= A1 cos(1 t)

    x 2=A2 cos( 2 t)

    Beats
    Equal amplitudes, different frequencies

    x= x 1+x 2= A(cos(1 t )+cos( 2 t)) 1 2 1+ 2 = 2A cos t cos t 2 2

    ) (

    Beats
    Equal amplitudes, different frequencies

    x= x 1+x 2= A(cos(1 t )+cos( 2 t)) 12 1 +2 =2A cos t cos t 2 2

    ) (

    Questions? Lecture 26
    Superposition of periodic motions

    Superposition of many vibrations


    - Same frequency - Along the same direction - Each differing from the next by a phase

    x= x i = A0 cos( t+n )
    i=0 n=0

    N 1

    N 1

    = A0 e

    it

    N 1 n=0

    i (n )

    N sin 2 i t i (N 1)/ 2 = A0 e e sin 2

    Questions? Lecture 27
    Vibrations at right angles

    Vibrations at right angles


    x= A1 cos(1 t+1 ) y= A2 cos(2 t+ 2)

    Possible cases

    1=2

    12

    Perpendicular motion same frequencies


    x= A1 cos( t) y= A2 cos( t+)

    Initial phase difference

    =0

    = 2

    A1= A2=1 = 4
    The motion starts at the dark red spot and goes towards the light red spot, always following the blue line

    ) y=cos( t+ 4

    x=cos( t )

    ) y=cos( t+ 4

    x=cos( t )

    Questions? Lecture 28
    Vibrations at right angles ( different frequencies )

    Perpendicular motion different frequencies Lissajous figures


    y=cos(2 t+ ) 4

    x=cos( t )

    y=cos(2 t+ ) 4

    Step 1 Identify the initial points on the circles.

    x=cos( t)

    y=cos(2 t+ ) 4

    Step 2 Draw a horizontal line through the point on the circle for y-axis motion Draw a vertical line through the point on the circle for x-axis motion The intersection of the lines will give a point on the Lissajous figure.

    x=cos( t)

    y=cos(2 t+ ) 4

    Step 3 Find the positions on the circles after time dt Repeat Step 2 Join the points found for the Lissajous figure

    x=cos( t)

    y=cos(2 t+ ) 4

    Step 4 Repeat Step 3, i.e., Find the positions on the circles after time 2 dt Repeat Step 2 Join the points found for the Lissajous figure Note: Angle covered by the point on the circles will be proportional to the corresponding angular speeds.

    x=cos( t)

    y=cos(2 t+ ) 4
    Repeat the last step and you will construct the Lissajous figure. Any checkpoint?

    x=cos( t)

    ) y=cos(2 t+ 4

    Checks: After completing the Lissajous figure : Count how many times the curve reaches an extreme value of x (or y) to complete the curve. Here Max[x] is reached once

    x=cos( t )

    Max[y] is reached twice Notice the ratio of the frequencies.

    Homework Use this check on all the figures given in the textbook.

    Questions? Lecture 29
    Coupled Oscillators

    Coupled oscillators

    Two independent pendula are connected by a spring

    Set one of them in motion Observe the exchange of energy between the two

    Coupled oscillators

    Restoring forces on each mass 2 F res A=m 0 x A +k ( x A x B )


    Due to motion of the pendulum Due to the spring

    F res B =m x B k ( x A x B )
    Note the sign

    2 0

    Equations of motion
    m x A +m x A +k ( x A x B )=0 m x B +m x B k ( x A x B )=0
    Solution ??
    2 0 2 0

    Add Subtract

    q1 + q1 =0 q 2+ ' q 2=0
    2

    2 0

    q1=x A +x B q 2=x A x B k ' = +2 m


    2 2 0

    q1=x A +x B =C cos(0 t+1) q 2=x A x B = D cos( ' t+2) x A =[C cos(0 t+1)+D cos( ' t+2)]/2 x B =[C cos(0 t+1)D cos( ' t+2)]/2

    C , 1 , D , 2 : from the initial conditions on the masses

    Special cases Initially both masses are given the same displacement from equilibrium (in the same direction) and released from rest

    q 2=x A x B =0 at t =0

    D=0

    Initially both masses are given the same displacement from equilibrium (in opposite directions) and released from rest

    q1=x A +x B =0 at t=0

    C =0

    One of the masses (say A) is displaced and released from rest (Exercise : Find C and D).

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