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    BIO 201 Chapter 3, Part 2 Lecture

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    DrPearcy
    1. The cytoplasm contains cytosol and organelles. Cytosol is the intracellular fluid and site of chemical reactions that provide building blocks for cell functions. Organelles include the cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, mitochondria, and nucleus. 2. Mitochondria generate ATP and are abundant in active cells. The nucleus contains DNA organized into chromosomes. Gene expression involves transcription and translation. 3. The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis. In mitosis, the cell undergoes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and tel

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    BIO 201 Chapter 3, Part 2 Lecture

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    DrPearcy
    613 views36 pages
    1. The cytoplasm contains cytosol and organelles. Cytosol is the intracellular fluid and site of chemical reactions that provide building blocks for cell functions. Organelles include the cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, mitochondria, and nucleus. 2. Mitochondria generate ATP and are abundant in active cells. The nucleus contains DNA organized into chromosomes. Gene expression involves transcription and translation. 3. The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis. In mitosis, the cell undergoes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and tel

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    1. The cytoplasm contains cytosol and organelles. Cytosol is the intracellular fluid and site of chemical reactions that provide building blocks for cell functions. Organelles include the cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, mitochondria, and nucleus. 2. Mitochondria generate ATP and are abundant in active cells. The nucleus contains DNA organized into chromosomes. Gene expression involves transcription and translation. 3. The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis. In mitosis, the cell undergoes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and tel

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    613 views36 pages

    BIO 201 Chapter 3, Part 2 Lecture

    Uploaded by

    DrPearcy
    1. The cytoplasm contains cytosol and organelles. Cytosol is the intracellular fluid and site of chemical reactions that provide building blocks for cell functions. Organelles include the cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, mitochondria, and nucleus. 2. Mitochondria generate ATP and are abundant in active cells. The nucleus contains DNA organized into chromosomes. Gene expression involves transcription and translation. 3. The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis. In mitosis, the cell undergoes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and tel

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    of 36

    Chapter 3, Part 2

    The Cellular Level of


    Organization
    Cytoplasm - 2
    components
    1. Cytosol - intracellular fluid, surrounds the organelles
    - the site of many chemical reactions
    - energy is usually released by these reactions
    - reactions provide the building blocks for cell
    maintenance, structure, function and growth

    2. Organelles
    Specialized structures within the cell
    The cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments
    throughout the cytosol
    -provides structural support for the cell
    -three types according to increasing size:
    microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
    The Cytoskeleton
    Organelles

     Centrosome - located near the


    nucleus, consists of two centrioles
    and pericentriolar material (Fig. 2.7)
     Cilia - short, hair-like projections
    from the cell surface, move fluids
    along a cell surface
     Flagella - longer than cilia, move an
    entire cell; only example is the sperm
    cell’s tail (Fig. 2.8)
    The Centrosome
    Cilia and Flagella
    Organelles

     Ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis


     Endoplasmic reticulum - network of
    membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or
    tubules
    - Rough ER - connected to the nuclear
    envelope, a series of flattened sacs, surface is
    studded with ribosomes, produces various
    proteins
    -Smooth ER - a network of membrane
    tubules, does not have ribosomes,
    synthesizes fatty acids and steroids,
    detoxifies certain drugs
    Ribosomes
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Organelles
     Golgi complex - consists of 3-20
    flattened, membranous sacs called
    cisternae
    - modify, sort, and package
    proteins for transport to different
    destinations
    - proteins are transported by
    various vesicles
    Lysosomes - vesicles that form from
    the Golgi complex, contain powerful
    Golgi Complex
    Processing and
    Packaging
    Lysosomes
    Organelles

     Peroxisomes - smaller than


    lysosomes, detoxify several toxic
    substances such as alcohol,
    abundant in the liver
     Proteasomes - continuously destroy
    unneeded, damaged, or faulty
    proteins, found in the cytosol and the
    nucleus
    Organelles
    Mitochondria - the “powerhouses” of the cell
     Generate ATP
     More prevalent in physiologically active cells: muscles,
    liver and kidneys
     Inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
     Cristae - the series of folds of the inner membrane
     Matrix - the large central fluid-filled cavity
     Self-replicate during times of increased cellular demand
    or before cell division
    Mitochondria
    Organelles - Nucleus

     Spherical or oval shaped structure


     Usually most prominent feature of a cell
     Nuclear envelope - a double membrane that
    separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
     Nuclear pores - numerous openings in the
    nuclear envelope, control movement of
    substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
     Nucleolus - spherical body that produces
    ribosomes
     Genes - are the cell’s hereditary units, control
    activities and structure of the cell
     Chromosomes - long molecules of DNA
    combined with protein molecules
    Organelles - Nucleus
    Packing of DNA into a
    Chromosome of a Dividing
    Cell
    Overview of Gene
    Expression
    Transcription
    Translation
    Translation
    Somatic Cell Division -
    Mitosis
     The cell cycle is a sequence of events
    in which a body cell duplicates its
    contents and divides in two
     Human somatic cells contain 23 pairs
    of chromosomes (total = 46)
     The two chromosomes that make up
    each pair are called homologous
    chromosomes (homologs)
     Somatic cells contain two sets of
    chromosomes and are called diploid
    cells
    Cell Division

     Interphase - the cell is not dividing


    - the cell replicates its DNA
    - consists of three phases, G1, S,
    and G2, replication of DNA occurs in
    the S phase Mitotic phase - consists
    of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a
    cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to
    form two identical cells
    The Cell Cycle
    DNA Replication
    Nuclear Division: Mitosis

     Prophase - the chromatin fibers change into


    chromosomes
     Metaphase - microtubules align the
    centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the
    metaphase plate
     Anaphase - the chromatid pairs split at the
    centromere and move to opposite poles of the
    cell; the chromatids are now called
    chromosomes
     Telophase - two identical nuclei are formed
    around the identical sets of chromosomes
    now in their chromatin form
    Cytoplasmic Division:
    Cytokinesis
     Division of a cell’s cytoplasm to form
    two identical cells
     Usually begins in late anaphase
     The plasma membrane constricts at
    its middle forming a cleavage furrow
     The cell eventually splits into two
    daughter cells
     Interphase begins when cytokinesis is
    complete
    1 Centrosom
    e:Centriol
    Pericentriolar
    es
    material
    Nucleol
    Nuclear
    us
    envelope
    Chromat
    in
    Plasma
    L all at membrane
    Cytos
    M 700x
    (a) ol
    INTERPHASE
    2

    1 Centrosom
    e:Centriol
    Pericentriolar
    es
    material
    Nucleol
    Nuclear
    us
    envelope
    Chromat Kinetocho
    in
    Plasma re
    6 all at
    L Centrome membrane
    Cytos
    M 700x
    (a) re ol Mitotic
    Chromosome
    INTERPHASE spindle
    (two 2
    (microtubul
    chromatids Fragments of
    5 joined at nuclear
    centromere Earl envelope
    (b) L
    y PROPHASE ate
    Metaphase
    plate
    Kinetocho
    3
    Cleavage re
    furrow Centrome
    re Mitotic
    Chromosome spindle
    (two (microtubul
    (f) IDENTICAL CELLS IN Fragments of
    chromatids
    INTERPHASE (c) nuclear
    5 joined at
    centromere Earl METAPHASE L envelope
    (b) 4
    y PROPHASE ate
    Metaphase
    (e) plate
    TELOPHASE 3
    Cleavage
    furrow
    Cleavag
    e
    furrow
    Chromoso
    (c)
    me
    METAPHASE
    4

    (e)
    TELOPHASE Earl
    L
    (d) y
    ate
    ANAPHASE
    Reproductive Cell
    Division
     During sexual reproduction each new
    organism is the result of the union of two
    gametes (fertilization), one from each
    parent
     Meiosis - reproductive cell division that
    occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) that
    produces gametes with half the number of
    chromosomes
     Haploid cells - gametes contain a single set
    of 23 chromosomes
     Fertilization restores the diploid number of
    chromosomes (46)
    Reproductive Cell
    Division
     Meiosis occurs in two successive
    stages: meiosis I and meiosis II
     Each of these two stages has 4
    phases: prophase, metaphase,
    anaphase, and telophase
     Summary - Meiosis I begins with a
    diploid cell and ends with two cells
    having the haploid number of
    chromosomes; in Meiosis II, each of
    the two haploid cells divides, the net
    result is four haploid gametes that are
    genetically different from the original
    Reproductive Cell
    Division
    Reproductive Cell
    Division
    Cellular Diversity

     The average adult


    has nearly 100
    trillion cells
     There are about 200
    different types of
    cells
     Cells come in a
    variety of shapes
    and sizes
     Cellular diversity
    permits organization
    of cells into more
    End of Chapter 3,
    Part 2

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