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    Water 1

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    Swapnil Choubey
    This document provides an overview of water treatment and water chemistry concepts. It discusses various natural sources of water, methods for desalination and water softening, units for measuring hardness, and effects of hard water. Characteristics imparted by impurities in water are classified as physical, chemical, or biological. Specific physical characteristics covered include color, taste, odor, and turbidity. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity are also mentioned.

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    Water 1

    Uploaded by

    Swapnil Choubey
    31 views17 pages
    This document provides an overview of water treatment and water chemistry concepts. It discusses various natural sources of water, methods for desalination and water softening, units for measuring hardness, and effects of hard water. Characteristics imparted by impurities in water are classified as physical, chemical, or biological. Specific physical characteristics covered include color, taste, odor, and turbidity. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity are also mentioned.

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    This document provides an overview of water treatment and water chemistry concepts. It discusses various natural sources of water, methods for desalination and water softening, units for measuring hardness, and effects of hard water. Characteristics imparted by impurities in water are classified as physical, chemical, or biological. Specific physical characteristics covered include color, taste, odor, and turbidity. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views17 pages

    Water 1

    Uploaded by

    Swapnil Choubey
    This document provides an overview of water treatment and water chemistry concepts. It discusses various natural sources of water, methods for desalination and water softening, units for measuring hardness, and effects of hard water. Characteristics imparted by impurities in water are classified as physical, chemical, or biological. Specific physical characteristics covered include color, taste, odor, and turbidity. Methods for measuring and removing turbidity are also mentioned.

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    Applied Chemistry

    UNIT I WATER TREATMENT


    Water is an essential resource for living

    systems, industrial processes, agricultural production and domestic use.

    Its most important use as engineering


    material is in the steam generation.

    Natural sources of Water


    A} Surface water : 1. Rain water 2. River water 3. Lake water 4. Sea water B} Underground water: 1. spring 2. well water

    Other sources of water


    Rain water harvesting Fog collection Desalination of sea water by distillation Desalination of sea water by Reverse
    Osmosis.

    Hardness of water
    Soap consumption capacity of water is
    1. 2.
    known as hardness of water. Generally caused by Ca and Mg ions present in water. Types of hardness Temporary Hardness Permanent Hardness

    Units of hardness
    Parts per million (ppm) :
    In dilute solutions of density 1.
    1 ppm = 1mg/l = 0.07 Clark

    Hardness is calculated in terms of


    equivalent of CaCO3.

    Equivalent of CaCO3 for a hardness causing

    substance = weight of substance x 50/chemical equivalence of substance

    (Chemical equivalent weight of CaCO3 = 50) Eg: - 136 parts by weight of CaSO4 would react
    with the same amount of soap as 100 parts by weight of CaCO3 (i.e., 2 equivalent of CaCO3) = 120 g MgSO4 = 95 g MgCl2

    In the same way 100g of CaCO3 = 111g CaCl2

    Effect of Hard water


    1. Hard water is harmful for potable purpose.
    2. It causes many problems in boilers:- scale and
    sludge formation, corrosion, priming and foaming and caustic embrittlement.

    3. It does not form leather with soaps and


    detergents.

    4. Due to presence of dissolved hardness producing salts of Calcium and magnesium, cant be used in Textile industry, Sugar industry, Dyeing industry, Paper industry, concrete making, pharmaceutical industry
    5. Boiling point of water is elevated due to presence of dissolved salt. Thus cant be used for domestic purposecleaning, cooking

    Characteristics imparted by impurities in water


    Classification

    Physical

    Chemical

    Biological

    A} Physical :-1. Colour 2. Turbidity 3. Taste 4. Odour B} Chemical:- 1. Acidity 2. Gases 3. Mineral matter 4. organic &Inorganic chemicals

    Colour
    Pure water has pale green blue tinge
    in large volume Colour in water is due to Salts of Fe, Mn Acids like Humic acid, fulvic acid Humus material , algae, weeds, protozoa, industrial effluents.

    Colloidally dispersed organic matter. Colour change is harmful only when


    it is associate with toxic nature.

    It effect the penetration power of


    sunlight in water bodies

    Taste and odour


    Odour is mainly due to presence of organic
    matter, H2S, industrial effluents, decayed vegetation including algae, fungi, bacteria and weeds.

    Mainly odour is confine to surface water and


    very low or absent in deep well water.

    The water used for industrial purpose such as

    beverages, food product, paper, pulp and textile must be free of disagreeable odour.

    Turbidity
    Turbidity is a measure of water clarity.

    Suspended solids often present in water are mud, clay,


    algae, bacteria and minerals such as silica, calcium carbonate and iron oxide.

    Suspended solids can be increased by the discharge of


    wastes (domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural effluents), leaching of wastes (from mines). submerged plants and can raise water temperature.

    Suspended solids in water can stop light reaching

    Turbidity depends not only on the quantity of


    insoluble substances, but also on their size , shape and refractive index.

    It is measured by Jackson candle


    turbidimeter

    Expressed in terms of JTU (Jackson


    turbidimeter unit)

    Turbidity in water can be eliminated by

    sedimentation, coagulation and filtration

    Water Softening Methods


    1. Lime soda (L-S) Process 2. Zeolite or Permutit Process 3. Ion Exchange Resins

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