This document contains lecture notes on heat transfer topics including radiation between surfaces and combined radiation and convection heat transfer. Key points discussed include:
- Radiation heat transfer coefficients can be defined similarly to convection coefficients to represent radiation heat transfer rates.
- The total heat transfer is the sum of convection and radiation rates, related to the combined heat transfer coefficient.
- View factors represent the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface, and can be used to calculate net radiation rates between surfaces. Expressions are derived for gray surfaces with arbitrary emissivities.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating combined convection and radiation rates, and net radiation rates between parallel gray planes of different temperatures and
This document contains lecture notes on heat transfer topics including radiation between surfaces and combined radiation and convection heat transfer. Key points discussed include:
- Radiation heat transfer coefficients can be defined similarly to convection coefficients to represent radiation heat transfer rates.
- The total heat transfer is the sum of convection and radiation rates, related to the combined heat transfer coefficient.
- View factors represent the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface, and can be used to calculate net radiation rates between surfaces. Expressions are derived for gray surfaces with arbitrary emissivities.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating combined convection and radiation rates, and net radiation rates between parallel gray planes of different temperatures and
This document contains lecture notes on heat transfer topics including radiation between surfaces and combined radiation and convection heat transfer. Key points discussed include:
- Radiation heat transfer coefficients can be defined similarly to convection coefficients to represent radiation heat transfer rates.
- The total heat transfer is the sum of convection and radiation rates, related to the combined heat transfer coefficient.
- View factors represent the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface, and can be used to calculate net radiation rates between surfaces. Expressions are derived for gray surfaces with arbitrary emissivities.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating combined convection and radiation rates, and net radiation rates between parallel gray planes of different temperatures and
This document contains lecture notes on heat transfer topics including radiation between surfaces and combined radiation and convection heat transfer. Key points discussed include:
- Radiation heat transfer coefficients can be defined similarly to convection coefficients to represent radiation heat transfer rates.
- The total heat transfer is the sum of convection and radiation rates, related to the combined heat transfer coefficient.
- View factors represent the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface, and can be used to calculate net radiation rates between surfaces. Expressions are derived for gray surfaces with arbitrary emissivities.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating combined convection and radiation rates, and net radiation rates between parallel gray planes of different temperatures and
Apr. 26 & 27 6.0 Radiation (5) Radiation between surface EXAMPLE 12 (6) View factor EXAMPLE 13
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Week 10 Apr. 26 & 27
6.0 Radiation (5) Radiation between surface 4.10C Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer(P303) The heat-transfer rate by convection and the convective coefficient are given by
qconv hc A1 T1 T2
(4.10-7)
qconv is the heat-transfer rate by convection in W, hc the natural or forced
convection coefficient in W/m2 K, T1 the temperature of the surface, and T2 the temperature of the air and the enclosure. A radiation heat-transfer coefficient hr in W/m2K can be defined as
qrad hr A1 T1 T2 Where 4/25/2016
(4.10-8)
qrad is the heat-transfer rate by radiation in W.
Week 10 Apr. 26 & 27
6.0 Radiation (5) Radiation between surface 4.10C Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer The total heat transfer is the sum of Eqs.(4.10-7) and (4.10-8)
q qconv qrad hc hr A1 T1 T2
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(4.10-9)
Week 10 Apr. 26 & 27 6.0 Radiation (5) Radiation between surface 4.10C Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer To obtain an expression for hr, we equate Eq. (4.10-6) to (4.10-8) and solve for hr: hr
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T14 T24 T1 T2
4 4
T1 / 100 T2 / 100 5.676
T1 T2
(4.10-10)
EXAMPLE 4.10-2. Combined Convection Plus Radiation from a Tube
(12)
Recalculate Example 4.10-1 for combined radiation plus natural
convection to the horizontal 0.0254-m tube.
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Area A of the tube is
Solution:
A 0.0254 0.61 0.0487 m 2
For the natural convection coefficient to the 0.0254-m horizontal tube, the simplified equation from Table 4.7-2 will be used as an approximation even through the film temperature is quite high: We select h 1.32 T , because 1/ 4
L3 2 gT c p hL m
a N N Gr Pr k k 2
N Nu
(4.7-4)
Where a and m are constants from Table 4.7-1. NGr the Grashof number. density in kg/m3, viscosity in kg/m s, T the positive temperature difference between the wall and bulk fluid or vice versa in K, k the thermal conductivity in W/m K, cp the heat capacity in J/kg K, the volumetric coefficient of expansion of the fluid in 1/K[for gases is 1/(TfK)], and g is 9.80665 m/s2. All the physical properties are evaluated at the film temperature Tf=(Tw+Tb)/2. In general, for a vertical cylinder with length L m, the same equation can be used as for a vertical plate.
NGr
3 2
0.0254 0.69 9.81.19103 500
5.80104
2.8010
5 2
T hc 1.32
1/ 4
We select this equation
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NGrNPr 5.80104 0.7 4.06104
1088 588 hc 1.32
0.0254
1/ 4
15.64W / m 2 K 6
Substituting the known values,
1088 588 hc 1.32
0.0254
1/ 4
15.64W / m 2 K
Using Eq. (4.10-10) and = 0.6
4 4
1088 / 100 588 / 100
hr 0.60 5.676
1088 588
87.3W / m 2 K
Substituting into Eq.(4.10-9),
q hc hr A1 T1 T2 15.64 87.30.0487 588 1088
= - 2507 w 4/25/2016
(6) View factor
4.11B Derivation of View Factors in Radiation for Various Geometries (p309) 1. Introduction 2. View factor for infinite parallel black planes. If two parallel and infinite black planes at T1 and T2 are radiating toward each 4
T other, plane 1 emits 1 radiation to plane 2, which is all absorbed. Also, plane 2 emits T24 radiation to plane 1, which is all absorbed. Then for plane 1, the net radiation is from plane 1 to 2,
q12 A1 T14 T24
(4.11-13)
In this case all the radiation from 1 to 2 is intercepted by 2; that is, the fraction of radiation leaving 1 that is intercepted by 2 is F12, which is 1.0. 4/25/2016
The factor F12 is called the geometric view or simply view factor. Hence,
q12 F12 A1 T14 T24
(4.11-14)
Where F12 is fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 in all directions which is
intercepted by surface 2. Also,
q21 F21 A2 T14 T24
(4.11-15)
In the case of parallel plate, F12=F21=1.0 and the geometric factor is simply omitted.
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3. View factor for infinite parallel gray planes
If both of the parallel plates A1 and A2 are gray, with emissivities and absorptivities of 1=1 and 2= 2, respectively, we can proceed as follows. Since each surface has an unobstructed view of the other, the view factor is 1.0. In unit time, surface A1 emits 1 A1T14 radiation to A2. Of this, the fraction 2(where 2=2) is absorbed:
Absorbed by A2 2 1 A1 T14
(4.11-16)
4 Also, the fraction (1-2) or the amount (1-2)( 1 A1T1 ) is reflected back A1. Of this amount A1 reflects back to A2 a fraction (1-1) or an amount 1 1 1 2 1 A1T14 . The surface A2 absorbs the fraction 2, or
T Absorbed by 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
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(4.11-17)
10
The amount reflected back to A1 from A2 is 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 A1T14
Then A1 absorbs 1 of this and reflects back to A2 an amount
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 A1T14
The surface A2 then absorbs
Absorbed by A2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 A1T14
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(4.11-18)
11
3. View factor for infinite parallel gray planes
This continues, and the total amount absorbed at A2 is the sum of Eqs.(4.11-16), (4.11-17), (4.11-18), and so on:
q12 A1T14 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
(4.11-19)
The result is a geometric series (In detail please refer (M1):
q12 A1T14
1 2 1 A1T14 1 1 1 1 2 1 / 1 1 / 2 1
(4.11-20)
Repeating the above for the amount absorbed at A1 which comes from A2, q21 A1T24
1 1 / 1 1 / 2 1
(4.11-21)
The net radiation is the difference of Eqs.(4.11-20) and (4.11-21):
q12 A1 T14 T24
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1 /
1 1 1/ 2 1
If 1=2=1.0 for black bodies, Eq.(4.11-22) becomes Eq.(4.11-13)
(4.11-22) 12
EXAMPLE 4.11-1 Radiation Between Parallel Planes (13) (p311)
Two parallel gray planes which are very large have emmissivities of 1=0.8 and 2=0.7; surface 1 is at 866.5K and surface 2 at 588.8K. Use SI units for the following: (a) What is the net radiation from 1 to 2 ? (b) If the surfaces are both black, what is the net radiation
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13
EXAMPLE 4.11-1 Radiation Between Parallel Planes
Solution: For part (a), using Eq. (4.11-22) and substituting the known values,
866.5 588.8 15010W / m 2
q12 5.676 10 8 A1 1 / 0 .8 1 / 0 .7 1
For black surface in part (b), using Eq.(4.11-13),
