International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 6(6), pp. 1484-1495, 18 March, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.

org/IJPS ISSN 1992 - 1950 2011 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of different water, phosphorus and magnesium doses on the quality and yield factors of soybean (Glycine max L.) in Harran plain conditions
Aise Deliboran1*, Erdal Sakin2, Hasan Aslan1 and Ahmet Mermut2
2

Directorate of GAP Soil-Water Researches and Agriculture Research Institute, Sanliurfa, Turkey. Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Agriculture Faculty, Harran University, 63040 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
Accepted 7 March, 2011

This study reports the effects of magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer dosage and different water levels, on the plant growth, yield and quality factors of soybean. The field study used a random block design with three replications and was conducted over two years, 2006 and 2007. Four different P -1 -1 doses (0-4-8-12 kg P da ) and three different Mg doses (0-4-8 kg Mg da ) were applied with three different water levels (I1, I2, I3). Cumulative pan values obtained from a Class A pan evaporation pool were 33% for I1, 67% for I2, and 100% for I3. Yield per decare (da), thousand-grain weight, harvest index, soil biomass, oil content, and protein content increased with increased water, phosphorus and magnesium levels. Increased water levels did not affect root and stem dry items amount dry mass, however, the similar features increased with increased Mg and P levels. Key words: Glycine max L., water level, phosphorus, magnesium, productivity, quality. INTRODUCTION Population of the world is driving the need for increased food production. Vegetable oil consumption, which has a significant role in human health, has increased in proportion to population growth. This has resulted in a shortage of vegetable oil, both in Turkey and globally. Increasing shortfalls in vegetable oil availability highlight the need for oil plants that provide higher agricultural yields. International production data shows that soybean is the most important oil seed plant in USA, China and Italy, compared with canola in France, Canada and Germany; peanut in India; and sunflower in Spain and Turkey. In Turkey, production amounts of oil seed plant in turn are cottonseed, sunflower, soybean, sesame, peanut, canola and saffron (FAO Stat, 2007). Soybean provides an alternative second yield, and has the potential to be an important source of income for producers (DPT, 1989). Agriculture of soybean covers 33 000 ha in Turkey. Total production is 75 000 t and mean -1 yield is 294.1 kg da . Approximately 95% (71,250 t) of Turkeys total yield is from the Mediterranean region (DIE, 2002). Soybean, after the wheat as second product, especially in Cukurova region, has been cultivated extensively over a very short time. Furthermore, with the completion of Southeast Anatolia region (SAR) development, soybean growth is thought in second range in 10% of product design (DPT, 1989). However, as soybean is a new plant for the SAR, there are very few studies of the irrigation and mineral nutritional requirements of the plant in this region. As irrigation sources are limited, water saving studies has been important in recent years. Several projects have examined how restricted irrigation of plants with high water demands may affect yields. When irrigation sources are limited or irrigation cost is very high, instead of complete irrigation, limited irrigation programs, which provide maximum yield from module water, should be applied. Moreover, as excessive irrigation may lead to salinization, barren on the soil and causes soil erosion;

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Abbreviations: P, Phosphorus; Mg, magnesium; da, decare; I, water level; h, hectare; t, tonne; SAR, Southeast Anatolia region; TSMS, Turkish State Meteorological Service; mg, milligram; L, litter; S, sulfur.

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however, limited watering may alleviate these negative situations to some extent. Limited irrigation management is based on yield functions, which express the relationship between water and yield (Nairizi and Ryzdewski, 1997). Shariatmadari and Mermut (1999) found that clay mineral with sepiolite silicate releases very much Mg to the environment and increases P resolution. It was found that P function can be increased by adding Mg to soil with increasing P desorption at the environment with Mg. This finding has great importance in terms of P-availability for plants on calcareous soils. The yield for each da, grain oil and protein content, thousand grain weight, harvest index, soil biomass, chlorophyll content and root and stem dry were determined for the differing water limitations and P and Mg doses.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Materials This study was conducted at Harran University Agriculture Faculty Campus in Turkey during 2006 and 2007. The study used soybean (glycine max. L.) type kind Nova. The study site is located at 36 42' N latitude and 38 58' E longitude and its altitude is 464 m (DSSRI, 2001) The research area is within the South East Anatolia region (SAR) climatic region and is affected by the Mediterranean climate; it is hot and dry in summer and warm in winter. In 2006, between June and October, which covers the duration of soybean growth, mean temperature ranged between 20.6 to 30.8 C, mean minimum temperature ranged between 12.8 to 22.8C, average precipitation was 0 to 0.3 mm, mean relative humidity ranged between 40.8 to 61.5%, and soil temperature ranged between 23.9 to 36.6 In C. 2007, mean temperature was 21.6 to 30.4 mean minimum C, temperature was 16.5 to 23.0 mean precipitation was 0.8 to 25.9 C, mm, mean relative humidity was 36.9 to 47.7%, and soil temperature was 23.3 to 35.0 (Table 1) (TSMG, 2006, 2007). C

P0Mg0 P1Mg0 P2Mg0 P3Mg0 P0Mg1 P1Mg1 P2Mg1 P3Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg2 P2Mg2 P3Mg2 The experiment has used triple super phosphorus as P source and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O) as Mg source; these were applied to parcels with cultivation like being the equivalent to plant order and not being two fertilizers consecutively. After cultivation and fertilizer treatments, a drip irrigation system was set up and the first water was applied to the plants. After exiting finished and proper moisture levels of the soil decreased to 40%, partial irrigation was started. Grain oil content (%) (Anonymous, 1966) was calculated by using the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1965) for protein rate; after analyzing total nitrogen, the obtained value was multiplied by a factor of 6.25 (Hartwitz, 1970). Dry root and stem weight (%) were calculated according to Kacar (1972); chlorophyll content was determined according to Arnon (1949). The harvest index was determined according to Kn (1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was found that Mg applications raise P resolutions in soil with the effect of water. As Mg resolves P, and provides be taken by plant and increases bioavailability, the use of P-fertilizer -and therefore the cost of agricultural inputs-can be reduced. This research shows how Mg is effective in cases of reduced irrigation and fertilizing treatment and it provide new method. Moreover, limiting irrigation to conserve water resources, applying limitation water programs, developing plant strains that are resistant to water stress and determining the appropriate irrigation facilities for these kinds of plants are important for this region. Effect of water, P and Mg treatments on yield for each decare The yield for each decare changed between 111.07 and -1 564.50 kg da in the first year, and between 107.40 and -1 533.57 kg da in the second year; the maximum yield was obtained from I3 and P1Mg2 treatment in the first year and, in second year, from P2Mg2 treatment at the same irrigation level. In the two years of research, the yield for each decare increased with increased water levels (Table 2). Vasiliu et al. (1977), Yavada (1980), Bayrak (1989), Casanova (2000), Saadi and Yazdi-Samadi (1978), Sarma et al. (1976), Saenko (1977), Fernandez et al. (1978), Simiciklas et al. (1989), Muandemele et al. (1988), Specht and Gordon (2000), and Simsek et al. (2001) all reported that increased water levels have a positive effect on soybean yield per da. The findings of this research are consistent with those reported by previous researchers. Moreover, yield per decare on P and Mg levels increased in both years. In the first year, the maximum yield per da was obtained from I3 at P1Mg2 and, in second year, from P2Mg2 combination at the same irrigation combination.

Method The research methodology used a random block design with three replications. Irrigation was the main plot treatment and P and Mg subjects are sub-units. Four different P doses (0-4-8-12 kg P da-1) and three different Mg doses (0-4-8 kg Mg da-1) were applied with three different water levels (I1, I2, I3). Cumulative pan values obtained from class A pan evaporation pool were applied as 33% for I1, 67% for I2, and 100% for I3. Phosphorus treatments were determined as P0 (0 kg P da-1), P1 (4 kg P da-1), P2 (8 kg P da-1), P3 (12 kg P da-1) and Mg treatments are determined as Mg0 (0 kg Mg da-1), Mg1 (4 kg Mg da-1) and Mg2 (8 kg Mg da-1). In the SAR, in soybean production as second yield, high soil temperature is an important factor that restricts bacteria responsible for N fixation. Therefore, bacteria inoculation was not performed during the research. Nitrogen fertilizer, which was applied to plants as ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) with 10 kg N da-1 doses, was divided two parts; the first parts was applied during cultivation and the remainder was applied to all parcels equally, prior to flowering. Phosphorus and Mg treatments were applied to the experiment parcels in a similar way to each irrigation part, as shown in the combinations as follows:

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Table 1. Climate in Sanliurfa in between 2006 and 2007 (TSMS, 2007).

Year

Month June July August September October June July August September October June July August September October

2006

Mean Max. temperature (C) 38.0 38.5 40.4 32.3 25.9 37.2 40.8 39.3 36.0 28.4 44.0 46.8 46.2 42.0 37.8

Mean Min. temperature ( C) 22.8 24.9 26.0 22.4 12.8 23.0 27.0 25.4 22.0 16.5 8.3 15.0 15.5 0.0 1.9

Mean temperature (C) 30.8 32.2 33.4 27.2 20.6 30.4 34.0 32.2 28.4 21.6 27.9 33.1 31.2 26.7 20.1

Mean relative humidity (%) 40.8 45.5 44.6 42.3 61.5 36.9 31.3 41.9 36.4 47.7 32.4 29.6 32.3 35.1 44.8

Mean participation (mm) 0.3 0.3 42.5 0.8 8.0 3.2 25.9 3.0 0.6 0.9 1.1 23.8

Sunrise 2 cal/cm ) 605.1 560.5 462.2 455.4 291.7 614.2 553.2 521.4 427.3 320.6 583.1 561.9 513.0 436.0 315.1

5 cm soil temperature ( C) 36.6 38.8 39.0 32.6 23.9 35.0 38.5 37.4 32.6 23.3 32.6 37.2 36.0 30.6 21.9

2007

Many years (1929-2008)

Casanova (2000), Bhangoo and Albritton (1972), Paikera et al. (1988), Tomar et al. (1993), Turkhede et al. (1993), Hasnabade et al. (1990), Jayapaul and Ganesaraja (1990), Misra et al. (1990), and Reddy et al. (1990) all reported that different P doses increased soybean yield for each da. Abdel-Gawad et al. (1989) reported that two different times leave fertilizer treatments including Mg and different forms of other micro elements increased soybean yield. The results confirm that the addition of Mg to soil greatly increased yields compared with global soybean productivity. Moreover, it is understood that, in cases of reduced water and fertilizer application, Mg can play an important role in increasing yields. Although the findings of the research are similar to those reported in the

literature, in some combinations, the yield for each da exceeds the values in the literature. Fertilizing with Mg was first suggested by Mermut (1996) and these researchers suggested that the addition of Mg facilitated the uptake of P from soil. The yields achieved in the present study are greater than those reported in the literature, due to the addition of Mg fertilizer. Effect of water, P and Mg treatments on protein and oil content of grain In the first year, oil content ranged between 7.26 and 17.37% and between 8.46 and 19.78% in the second year. In the first year, the maximum value was obtained from S3 and P3Mg2 and from P2Mg2 treatment in the second year at the same irrigation

level. When fertilizer combinations are examined according to water treatments: in the first year, P1Mg2 at I1, P2Mg2 at I2 and P3Mg2 at I3 combinations reached maximum level on protein and oil content of grain. In the second year, P2Mg2 at I1, P3Mg2 at I2 and P2Mg2 at I3 combination reached the highest level on protein and oil content of grain. Moreover, with increasing quantities of water, oil contents increased for all fertilizer combinations in both years. The most notable finding in the first year was that, while Mg increased, oil content also increased; the highest oil yield of I3 combinations was recorded with the highest Mg dose. Accordingly, it can be suggested that the optimum combination is P2Mg2 at I2 or P1Mg2 at I3. Increased Mg and P doses clearly increased oil contents at I1 and I2 and I2 and I3

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Table 2. Mean values of yield for each (kg da-1) groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD (0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I1 I2 111.07 s 188.84 107.40 r 126.83 s 216.28 125.50 qr 132.10 rs 246.73 131.93 q 134.73 rs 232.73 121.30 qr 140.77 qrs 268.41 140.17 pq 162.00 pqr 310.00 156.53 op 207.80 no 321.20 219.83 lm 217.40 mno 349.21 239.57 kl 235.07 mn 382.52 250.17 k 188.00 op 301.28 219.87 lm 243.50 m 339.42 243.40 k 345.17 kl 399.19 334.17 j 187.04 190.82 284.30 31.450 (Fertilizer levels* Irrigation parts)

Mean 130.93 q 139.10 pq 163.93 o 174.00 o 196.90 n 216.90 mn 377.57 gh 397.97 efg 445.10 d 370.27 h 387.83 fgh 411.13 e 429.55

2007 Irrigation part I3 I2 I3 335.33 j 128.87 s 326.60 l 351.17 j 139.20 rs 382.80 hu 451.73 d 160.93 pqr 447.17 cd 406.97 ef 131.17 rs 432.30 def 496.43 c 171.93 pq 492.53 b 517.90 ab 203.50 o 564.50 a 418.17 e 369.40 jk 386.40 hj 509.83 bc 424.47 d-e 405.77 f- 533.57 a 468.07 bc 444.43 cd 340.47 j 377.33 j 338.50 kl 379.83 gh 378.70 j 396.07 g-j 413.20 e 440.63 cde 411.77 e-h 282.85 419.07 21.010 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

Mean 191.22 205.26 249.20 234.09 277.83 297.11 338.52 382.46 409.61 310.20 337.02 386.17 191.22

Table 3. Mean values of oil rate and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD(0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 8.34klm 8.67j-m 9.58g-m 11.55e-l 9.75g-m 10.99e-l 12.73c- 10.71e-m 13.75b-e 9.27-m 9.53h-m 11.77d-k 10.18f-m 11.25e-l 12.75c- 13.92a-e 13.5b-f 16.68ab 10.03f-m 9.63g-m 8.05lm 11.12e-l 10.71e-m 12.02d-j 13.06c-g 15.62abc 15.26a-d 7.26m 9.61g-m 11.71e-k 11.10e-l 10.00g-m 12.99c-h 12.52c-i 12.65c- 17.37a 10.92 10.97 12.74 3.495 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

Mean 8.86 10.76 12.40 10.19 11.39 14.70 9.24 11.28 14.65 9.53 11.37 14.18

2007 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 10.74-l 9.12kl 11.34h-l 12.70g-j 13.99d- 15.24b-g 16.36a-f 16.35a-f 18.28ab 8.46l 11.35h-l 12.55g-k 12.18g-k 12.59g-k 17.88abc 14.50c-h 16.56a-f 17.98abc 12.45g-k 11.65h-l 13.24e-j 13.25e-j 13.09e-j 15.52b-g 16.55a-f 14.17d-l 19.78a 9.84jkl 9.75jkl 12.49g-k 11.65h-l 15.37b-g 15.75b-g 12.99f-j 16.62a-e 17.47a-d 12.64 13.38 15.63 3.577 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

Mean 10.40 13.98 17.00 10.79 14.22 16.35 12.45 13.95 16.83 10.69 14.26 15.69

irrigation levels. Although maximum oil rates were obtained at P2Mg2 doses, an important statistically significant differences and was not found between P1 and P2 doses (Table 3). As Mg is applied to soil as MgSO4, S was effective on vegetable oil content. When examined in terms of oil content, the application of P fertilizer can be reduced by applying MgSO4 to soil. It is understood that, as there was not a significant increase in oil content after

increased irrigation, reductions can be made in irrigation levels. These findings indicate important factors for soybean plant management. In 2007 also, Mg had a great effect on oil contents and maximum values (19.8%) were obtained from P2Mg2 at irrigation level I3. In the first year of the study, protein values varied between 31.94 and 42.24% and between 35.12 and 42.56% in the second year. In the first year, the maximum value was obtained from I1 and P0Mg2; and

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Table 4. Mean values of protein rate and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD(0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 39.02e-h 38.48f-i 32.27no 40.59a-e 39.80c-f 34.01mn 42.24a 41.09abc 36.27jkl 39.12e-h 39.85c-f 31.94o 41.41abc 39.94c-f 34.57lm 41.88ab 41.19a-d 35.99jkl 38.47f-i 35.67j-m 35.99jkl 38.52f-i 36.63ijk 36.63ijk 39.12e-h 39.39d-g 37.42hij 36.63ijk 36.22jkl 35.35klm 38.93e-h 36.82ijk 36.18jkl 40.08b-f 37.55g-j 37.55g-j 39.67 38.55 35.35 1.923 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts)

Mean 36.59 38.14 39.87 36.97 38.64 39.68 36.71 37.26 38.64 36.07 37.31 38.40

2007 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 38.73e-f 38.10f-l 35.12o 39.39b-g 38.84d- 36.77k-o 39.81b-f 40.73abc 41.00ab 38.61e-k 38.66e-j 36.50l-o 39.58b-g 39.44b-g 37.00i-n 40.13b-e 42.56a 37.92g-l 38.80d-j 37.88g-l 35.39no 39.57b-g 38.93c-h 35.71mno 40.13b-e 39.81b-f 36.95j-o 38.61e-k 37.32h-m 37.05i-n 39.85b-f 38.25f-l 37.42h-m 40.63bcd 39.81b-f 38.98c-h 39.49 39.19 37.15 1.864 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts)

Mean 37.32 38.33 40.51 37.92 38.67 40.23 37.36 38.07 38.96 37.66 38.50 39.81

from I2 and P1Mg2 treatment in the second year. When fertilizer combinations are examined according to water treatments: in the first year, P0Mg2 at I1, P1Mg2 at I2 and P3Mg2 at I3 combinations reached maximum level of protein. In the second year, P3Mg2 at I1, P1Mg2 at I2 and P0Mg2 at I3 combination reached the highest level of protein. Moreover, with increasing irrigation levels, protein values declined for all fertilizer combinations in both study years. The most notable finding of the study in first year is that protein content increased with increasing Mg application; the highest protein yield of I1 combinations was recorded at the highest Mg dose. Accordingly, it can be suggested that the optimum combination is P1Mg2 I2 or P0Mg2 at I1. As magnesium is applied to soil as MgSO4, S was effective on protein level. When examined in terms of protein content, the application of P fertilizer can be reduced by applying MgSO4 to soil. It is understood that, as there was no significant increase in protein content after increased irrigation, reductions can be made in irrigation levels. These findings indicate important factors for soybean plant management (Table 4). In the second year, protein contents varied between 35.12 and 42.56%, and the maximum value was obtained from I2 and P1Mg2 treatment. When fertilizer combinations are examined according to water treatments in the first year, P3Mg2 at I1, P1Mg2 at S2 and P0Mg2 at I3 combinations produced the maximum protein content. Moreover, with increasing irrigation levels, protein values were not affected on all fertilizer combinations. In 2007, Mg highly affected protein increase, and the maximum protein content (42.56%) was obtained from P1Mg2 on I2. Yetim (2008) reported that soybean vegetable oil

values varied between 14 and 24% and protein values varied between 23 and 34%. Sadi and Yazdi-Samadi (1978) found that water and P fertilization in common increase oil content. Fernandez et al. (1978) applied four water levels to Amsoy soybean type; the minimum -1 irrigated plot yielded 267 kg ha and the maximum -1 irrigated plot yielded 674 kg ha . Hasnabade et al. (1990) reported that, in their research in India, as a result of increasing N, P rates and irrigation frequency, protein and oil contents increased. In our study, P and Mg treatments particularly increased oil and protein contents of the soybean grain. It is thought that the increase in oil and protein contents is related to the effect of Mg. It is seen clearly that Mg increases soil P resolution and facilitated P-uptake by plants. The oil content of grain increases with this effect of Mg. Sperrazza and Spremulli (1983) found that when Mg, which is effective on protein synthesis, is depleted or includes too much potassium, protein synthesis ceases and magnesium is necessary for many enzyme and enzyme reactions. Moreover, they reported that Mg accelerates phosphorus uptake by plants and this is very important for oil. The research finding of the positive effects of Mg on oil and protein contents suggests that Mg should be used to maximize soy oil yields. Effect of water, P and Mg treatments on thousandgrain weight In the first year, grain weight of 1000 grain values varied between 84.50 and 161.37 g, and in second year it varied between 83.93 to 162.67 g. The highest values were

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Table 5. Mean values of 1,000 grain weight and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD (0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 84.60 o 84.50 o 110.40 kl 92.90 no 85.03 o 132.07 e-i 101.67 lmn 93.09 no 142.43 b-e 85.63 o 90.47 o 141.50 b-e 88.17 o 94.00 mno 146.70 bc 90.10 o 105.37 l 161.37 a 104.80 lm 120.97 jk 145.17 bc 121.87 ij 124.10 ij 149.20 b 126.43 hij 130.43 f-j 136.80 c-h 105.84 l 127.20 g-j 132.50 d- 126.10 hij 129.63 f-j 138.37 b-f 136.53 c-h 143.43 bcd 137.80 c-g 105.96 110.22 139.42 11.060 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts

Mean 93.17 103.33 112.40 105.87 109.62 118.94 123.64 131.72 131.22 121.85 131.37 139.26

2007 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 84.63 k 83.93 k 107.57 h 92.80 jk 85.00 k 131.77 def 102.33 hj 93.40 ijk 142.63 bc 85.40 k 90.57 k 137.27 cd 87.47 k 93.13 ijk 145.10 bc 89.97 k 104.27 h 162.67 a 104.73 h 120.57 g 144.90 bc 122.57 fg 123.57 fg 148.83 b 126.87 efg 130.07 d-g 136.77 cde 102.97 hi 127.07 efg 132.23 def 125.33 fg 129.13 d-g 138.03 cd 144.70 bc 137.83 cd 137.70 cd 105.81 109.88 138.79 10.150 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts)

Mean 92.04 103.19 112.79 104.41 108.57 118.97 123.40 131.66 131.23 120.76 130.83 140.08

obtained from I3 and P1Mg2 treatment in both years weight of the 1 000-grain values increased in two years with increased water levels. Simiciklas et al. (1989) and Shou et al. (1991), state that drought stress reduces 1,000 grain weight. The present study is consistent with previous research, in finding that 1,000 grain weight increases or decreases according to water availability. This finding indicates that water availability is very important for soybean yield (Table 5). Moreover, in the two study years, increasing P and Mg doses increased weight of 1000 grain. Atakisi and Arioglu (1983), Dadson and Acquaah (1984), Sepetoglu and Nasir (1988), Paikera et al. (1988), Jayapaul and Ganasaraja (1990), and Hasnabade et al. (1990) all reported that increased P treatments increased weight of 1,000 grain. Bakaloglu and Aycicegi (2005) found that the mean weight of 1,000-grain the soybean was 104.93 -1 grain g and Karasu et al. (2002) reported that this weight varied according to plant types, with a highest -1 value of 194 grain g . The weight of 1000-grain found in the present study are consistent with values in the literature, and it is concluded that, according to treatments, these values increased for some fertilizer combinations. Effect of Water, P and Mg treatments on upper-soil biomass In the first year of the study, soil biomass values varied -1 between 0.30 and 1.41 t da and between 0.34 to 1.49 t -1 da in the second year. The maximum value was obtained from S3 and P1Mg2 treatment in the both years.

In the second year of our study, the soil biomass increased with increasing water levels (Table 6). In this study, soil biomass values of the both years increased with increased P and Mg doses. Heitholt et al. (2004) reported that biomass values of soybean ranged between -1 1.25 and 2.13 t da . Xiang-Wen et al. (2008) applied different P treatments to 96 different soybean genotypes and found that the treatments increased biomass. The current findings are partly consistent with those in the literature.

Effect of water, P and Mg treatments on root and stem dry matter amounts In the first year, root dry matter values ranged between 31.00 and 53.91% and between 29.83 and 55.33% in the second year. In the first year, the maximum value was obtained from I1 and P2Mg0 and it from I2 and P0Mg0 treatment in the second year (Table 7). In the first year of the study, stem dry matter values ranged between 23.85 and 44.96% and between 26.92 and 39.14% in the second year. In the first year, the maximum value was obtained from I1 and P0Mg1 and from I2 and P1Mg2 treatment in the second year (Table 8). In both years of the study, increased water levels decreased root and stem dry matter percentages; and firstly increased stem dry matter amounts then decreased them. Increased P and Mg doses partly affected root and stem dry matter amounts; which showed a particular increase on less irrigated plots. Whitt and Van Bavel (1955) note that 300 kg water is necessary to obtain 1 kg

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Table 6. Mean values of upper-soil biomass (t da-1) and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD (0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 0.30s 0.46qrs 0.93ghi 0.50p-r 0.61m-q 1.16cde 0.53o-r 0.70j-n 1.41ab 0.44rs 0.62m-p 1.16de 0.54n-r 0.65l-p 1.32abc 0.63m-p 0.80i-l 1.46a 0.68k-o 0.84ij 1.08efg 0.72j-m 1.16de 1.12def 0.82-k 1.25cd 1.18cde 0.60m-r 0.90h 0.89hi 0.66l-o 1.07efg 1.00fgh 0.68k-o 1.26bcd 1.15def 0.59 0.86 1.16 0.1547 ((Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

Mean 0.57 0.76 0.88 0.74 0.84 0.96 0.87 1.00 1.08 0.80 0.91 1.03

2007 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 0.34w 0.53s-v 0.84lmn 0.48u-w 0.59q-v 1.06hij 0.53s-v 0.75m-p 1.33bcd 0.46vw 0.60q-u 1.25c-f 0.53tuv 0.68o-r 1.36abc 0.67o-s 0.77mno 1.49a 0.72n-q 0.88klm 1.11gh 0.80mno 1.19e-h 1.37abc 0.83lmn 1.27cde 1.46ab 0.56r-v 0.95jkl 0.94jkl 0.62p-t 1.13fgh 0.99ik 0.68o-r 1.18e-h 1.22d-g 0.60 0.88 1.20 0.136 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

Mean 0.57 0.71 0.87 0.77 0.86 0.98 0.90 1.12 1.19 0.82 0.91 1.03

Table 7. Mean values of root dry matter (%) level and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Average LSD (0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 47.96 a-f 43.59 d-k 48.45 a-e 37.25 l-p 47.80 a-f 46.11 b-g 44.49 c-j 50.06 abc 37.73 k-o 45.96 b-g 41.27 g-m 34.71 n-q 31.11 pq 46.17 b-g 32.45 opq 48.02 a-f 45.12 b-i 41.99 f-l 53.91 a 45.16 b-h 35.73 m-q 50.79 ab 38.92 i-n 39.39 h-n 48.00 a-f 38.76 j-n 42.33 e-l 53.62 a 39.57 h-n 35.06 n-q 31.00 q 44.17 c-j 37.15 l-q 49.57 a-d 37.47 k-o 39.03 h-n 45.14 43.17 39.18 6.233 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts)

Mean 46.67 43.72 44.09 40.65 36.58 45.04 44.93 43.03 43.03 42.75 37.44 42.02

2007 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 47.63 b-f 55.33 a 43.35 f-k 42.07 g-l 43.11 f-k 38.75 j-n 36.13 mn 43.94 e-j 38.64 j-n 44.53 d- 41.85 g-l 37.46 lmn 45.39 d-h 43.15 f-k 34.31 no 39.43 i-n 46.30 c-g 39.62 -n 34.99 no 52.51 ab 45.17 d-h 34.93 no 44.73 d-i 43.22 f-k 38.12 k-n 41.06 g-m 29.83 o 51.22 abc 42.12 g-l 41.90 g-l 48.98 b-e 43.30 f-k 40.57 h-m 36.16 mn 49.70 bcd 37.47 lmn 41.65 45.59 39.19 5.402 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts

Mean 48.77 41.31 39.63 41.28 40.95 41.78 44.22 40.96 36.34 45.08 44.28 41.11

dry matter from soybean. Vearela (1998) reported that, when water stress created 40 from 20% at soybean, dry matter amounts were determined to decrease between 25 to 34%. Dadson and Acquaah (1984) found that different doses of N and P fertilizers applied at sowing time with bacteria inoculation increased the dry matter of soybean. The findings of the present study and those in the literature are similar to some extent. Root and stem

dry matter values are consistent with values in the literature and varied according to treatments. Effect of water, P and Mg treatment on chlorophyll amounts In the first year, total chlorophyll values varied between

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Table 8. Mean values of stem dry matter (%) level and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007 years.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD (0.05)

2006 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 40.76 bc 39.61 bcd 41.86 b 44.96 a 34.73 g-j 41.01 bc 38.70 cde 36.62 e-h 30.89 l-q 35.77 fghi 31.55 k-p 37.19 d-g 31.38 k-p 33.68 i-l 33.02 i-m 37.82 def 33.36 i-m 33.15 i-m 29.90 o-r 29.61 o-r 32.17 j-o 29.25 pqr 28.37 qr 32.74 j-n 29.50 o-r 31.51 k-p 35.62 f- 41.70 b 23.85 s 33.87 h-j 29.17 pqr 29.98 n-r 29.00 pqr 29.83 o-r 27.18 r 30.70 m-q 34.90 31.67 34.27 2.836 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts)

Mean 40.74 40.23 35.40 34.83 32.70 34.78 30.56 30.12 32.21 33.14 29.39 29.24

2007 Irrigation part I1 I2 I3 31.53 cd 31.72 cd 28.64 klm 31.97 c 32.05 c 30.68 c-i 29.36 h-m 31.42 cd 28.27 lmn 31.54 cd 31.65 cd 30.49 c-j 31.83 cd 28.98 j-m 30.80 c-h 29.00 j-m 39.14 a 29.10 j-m 28.39 k-n 31.21 c-f 31.07 c-g 28.72 klm 30.38 d-j 29.84 e-k 29.23 i-m 28.51 klm 26.92 n 29.64 f-l 31.83 cd 29.54 g-m 29.64 f-l 31.39 cde 28.21 lmn 28.41 k-n 34.88 b 28.06 mn 29.94 31.93 29.30 1.567 (Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts)

Mean 30.63 31.57 29.68 31.23 30.54 32.41 30.22 29.65 28.22 30.34 29.75 30.45

44.50 and 79.41 mg L and the maximum values were obtained from I1 and P1Mg, I2 and P1Mg0, I3 and P1Mg1 treatments (Table 9). Moreover, there was too little difference among irrigations and close values were obtained on I3. In the second year, total chlorophyll values varied between 36.68 to 74.85 mg L-1 and the maximum values were obtained from I3 and P1Mg1 treatment (Table 10). In the both years of our study, total chlorophyll amount varied for all fertilizer combinations in relation to increased water applications. In the first year, chlorophyll amount increased partly with increased water levels and small differences occurred between irrigation levels. In the second year also, total chlorophyll amount increased with increased irrigation levels. At three irrigation levels, chlorophyll level was affected and increased with increased P and Mg levels. In conclusion, Mg increased plants uptake of P. Total chlorophyll increased on increased P and Mg doses. Sperrazza and Spremulli (1983) reported that Mg is found in chlorophyll composition; each chlorophyll molecule consists on Mg atom and Mg is at the centre of the chlorophyll molecule. If there is insufficient Mg availability, photosynthesis does not occur. Moreover, when Mg, which is effective on protein synthesis, is insufficient or includes too much K, protein synthesis stops and magnesium is necessary for many of enzyme and enzyme reactions. Moreover, they stated that Mg accelerates uptake of phosphorus by plants, and Mg is found abundant at seed and this is very important for oil. The findings of the present study verify the thoughts of Sperrazza and Spremulli (1983). However, it should not be forgotten that, during soybean fertilization, Mg was not applied to the soil. As Mg (with sulfur) increases oil

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content, it should be taken into consideration with regard to oil plant yields. Effect of water, P and Mg treatments on harvest index In the first year, root dry matter values ranged between 21.14 and 51.40% and between 21.88 and 48.88% in the second year; the maximum value was obtained from I1 and P3Mg2, I1 and P3Mg2 treatment (Table 11). In the second years of study, increased water and phosphorus levels increased harvest index values. Part of the increase was associated with increased magnesium doses (Table 11). Hume et al. (1989) noted that if it is not water stress, harvest index values of soybean range between 47 to 56%; Weilenmann and Luquez (2000) reported a range between 40 to 49%. Oktem (2005) considers a high harvest index demands too much grain and too little chaff. He suggests that one of the biggest goals of plant producers is to reach 50% harvest indexes; however, the index of 35 to 40% achieved with current growing methods and plant types is much lower than demanded. The findings of this study have some similarities with previous studies and there are some differences in these values for some fertilizer combinations. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study found that yield increased with increased water amount and P and Mg treatments. The highest yield was obtained from I3 (100)

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Table 9. Average values of total chlorophyll (mg L-1) and groups occurred on different irrigation levels, fertilizer combinations and dates in 2006.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Average Total mean LSD (0.05)
*Measurement.

I1 1* 57.16cd 56.97cd 59.47cd 57.37cd 57.23cd 56.58cd 59.53cd 68.22b 56.40cd 59.50cd 56.59cd 55.68cde 58.39 Date 2* 59.45cd 60.23cd 61.11c 58.95cd 59.91cd 61.46c 59.39cd 59.37cd 59.34cd 60.46cd 59.78cd 60.20cd 59.97 61.26 3* 73.77ab 50.47e 57.81cd 78.46a 79.41a 72.37b 58.21cd 54.97de 71.42b 57.71cd 59.66cd 70.89b 65.43 Mean 63.46 55.89 59.47 64.92 65.52 63.47 59.04 60.85 62.39 59.22 58.68 62.26

Irrigation I2 Date Mean 1* 2* 3* 57.43i-m 58.45g-m 63.70c-h 59.86 59.68f-k 53.62lm 62.70e- 58.67 56.32klm 59.42f-l 64.84b-f 60.19 57.26i-m 61.26e-k 70.28ab 62.93 61.73e-k 58.64g-m 64.34c-g 61.57 58.50g-m 57.85h-m 69.48abc 61.94 57.17i-m 57.05i-m 70.90a 61.71 58.40h-m 53.12m 63.36d-h 58.29 61.02e-k 58.01h-m 66.25a-e 61.76 57.12-m 55.90klm 68.73a-d 60.58 56.73j-m 56.99i-m 62.40e-j 58.71 58.01h-m 59.61f-k 67.87a-d 61.83 58.28 57.49 66.24 60.67 5.907 ((Fertilizer levels x Irrigation parts x Date)

1* 58.06i-m 55.00j-o 54.98j-o 53.87k-o 57.06i-n 58.72h-l 55.78i-o 57.22i-n 61.36f-i 57.83i-m 57.38-n 55.15j-o 56.87

I3 Date 2* 53.56l-o 52.16mno 54.03k-o 51.51no 53.32l-o 59.58g-k 50.24op 58.06i-m 64.21e-h 56.95i-n 58.65h-l 44.50p 54.73 59.74

3* 54.98j-o 60.34g-j 75.99a 73.41ab 72.09abc 73.45ab 55.37j-o 74.82a 70.19a-d 67.08c-f 68.08b-e 65.47d-g 67.61

Mean 55.53 55.83 61.67 59.60 60.82 63.92 53.80 63.37 65.25 60.62 61.37 55.04

Total mean 59.62 56.80 60.44 62.49 62.64 63.11 58.18 60.84 63.13 60.14 59.59 59.71

irrigation part and P1Mg2 (564.50 kg da ) treatment at first year; and in second year, it was obtained from the same irrigation part and P2Mg2 -1 (533.57 kg da ) treatment. Lower yield was obtained from irrigation parts on which water stress was applied. Yield increased by applying Mg to soil and much higher yields were obtained compared with world soybean yields; this suggests that Mg can play an important role in increasing soybean yields in situations where water and fertilizer treatments must be decreased. Moreover, thousand-grain weight, harvest index, upper-soil biomass and chlorophyll content increased with increased water, P and Mg levels. Root and stem dry matter amounts were not

-1

greatly affected by increased water levels, but did increase with increased P and Mg levels. In this study, increased water and P and Mg treatments increased oil content and the highest values were obtained from I3 irrigation part and P3Mg2 (17.37%) treatment in the first year; and were obtained from the same irrigation part and P2Mg2 (19.78%) treatment in the second year. In the first year of the study, protein amount decreased with increased water amount and, in the second year, protein amounts were not affected. Phosphorus and Mg treatment increased protein levels. The highest values were obtained from I1 irrigation part and P0Mg2 (42.24%) treatment; in the second year, the highest values

were obtained from I2 irrigation part and P1Mg2 (42.56%) treatment. The most notable finding related to oil and protein on I1 is that oil and protein amount increased with increased Mg. As magnesium is applied to soil as MgSO4, sulphur (S) was effective on oil content. P fertilizer dose can be decreased by applying MgSO4 to soil. It is understood that, as there was not a significant increase in oil content after increased irrigation, savings can be made in irrigation. These findings reveal important points for soy plant management. It is understood that, with the start of irrigation on Harran Plain, soybean can be included in sowing turn. The findings of this study, which show that high quality soy yield, can be obtained while

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Table 10. Average values of total chlorophyll (mg L-1) and groups occurred on different irrigation levels, fertilizer combinations and dates in 2007.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1 P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Ort. G.Ort LSD(0.05)
*Measurement.

1* 57.54a-f 58.11abc 57.98a-d 59.56a 58.44abc 58.16abc 58.18abc 57.45b-g 58.38abc 58.21abc 57.57a-f 57.69a-e 58.11

I1 Date 2* 57.16c-h 57.20c-h 55.83e-h 55.35h 55.44gh 59.26ab 55.98d-h 55.45gh 56.97c-h 57.26b-h 57.03c-h 55.54fgh 56.54 53.36

Irrigation I2 3* 41.47l 39.60l 51.75 44.65k 40.66l 40.83l 50.99i 46.86j 45.98jk 51.09 46.17jk 45.24jk 45.44 Mean 52.06 51.64 55.18 53.19 51.51 52.75 55.05 53.25 53.78 55.52 53.59 52.82 Date Date 1* 2* 3* 57.80cd 55.57f 50.62h 54.66 58.99bc 56.80def 51.18gh 55.65 57.62c-f 57.33c-f 46.10j 53.68 58.46bcd 58.97bc 52.97g 56.80 58.46bcd 57.49c-f 55.66ef 57.20 58.16bcd 58.04cd 36.68k 50.96 58.12bcd 58.61bcd 51.49gh 56.07 55.68ef 58.93bc 61.12a 58.58 57.65cde 60.13ab 47.67i 55.15 58.27bcd 57.47c-f 53.00g 56.25 58.51bcd 56.72def 45.07j 53.44 57.71cde 57.41c-f 48.04l 54.39 57.95 57.79 49.97 55.24 2.063 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts Date) 1* 58.02c-h 57.05d- 58.77b-e 58.38b-f 58.98bcd 58.22b-g 58.04c-h 57.37c-i 58.93bcd 58.50b-e 58.52b-e 53.22kl 57.83 Date 2* 57.90c-i 57.61c-i 57.47c-i 57.62c-i 57.02d-i 57.38c-i 58.08c-h 58.81b-e 58.27b-f 56.42f-j 58.10c-g 52.15l 57.24 57.95

I3 3* 59.27bc 58.62b-e 54.93jk 57.04d-i 74.85a 56.21g-j 60.27b 55.95ij 56.84e-j 57.19d-i 58.16c-g 56.03hij 58.78 Mean 58.40 57.76 57.06 57.68 63.62 57.27 58.80 57.38 58.01 57.37 58.26 53.80

Total mean 55.04 55.02 55.31 55.89 57.44 53.66 56.64 56.40 55.65 56.38 55.10 53.67

Table 11. Mean values of harvest index (%) and groups occurred on different irrigation levels and fertilizer combinations in 2006 and 2007.

Fertilizer level P0Mg0 P0Mg1 P0Mg2 P1Mg0 P1Mg1 P1Mg2 P2Mg0 P2Mg1

I1 35.75 d-i 25.15 m-p 25.18 m-p 31.14 g-l 26.05 l-p 26.17 l-p 30.67 h-m 30.19 i-m

2006 Irrigation part I2 27.98 j-o 22.63 op 23.25 nop 21.14 p 26.45 k-p 25.15 m-p 43.67 b 36.65 c-g

Mean I3 36.69 c-g 33.33 e-j 32.33 f-k 36.79 c-g 37.52 c-f 38.82 b-e 35.75 d-i 36.14 d-h 33.47 27.03 26.92 29.69 30.01 30.05 36.70 34.33 I1 31.20 h-l 26.29 l-p 24.74 nop 26.97 l-p 26.89 l-p 23.51 op 30.49 i-l 29.93 -n

2007 Irrigation part I2 25.21 m-p 23.69 op 21.88 p 28.76 j-o 27.38 l-o 28.11 k-o 43.21 b 33.52 f-j

Mean I3 39.86 bc 33.65 f-j 34.10 d-I 32.73 g-k 36.65 c-g 34.78 c-i 37.85 c-g 37.44 c-g

32.09 27.88 26.91 29.49 30.31 28.80 37.18 33.63

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Table 11. Contd.

P2Mg2 P3Mg0 P3Mg1 P3Mg2 Mean LSD(0.05)

28.62 j-n 37.57 c-f 37.57 c-f 31.45 g-l 42.42 bc 37.65 c-f 36.88 c-g 35.67 d- 39.60 bcd 51.40 a 35.34 d-i 35.88 d-i 31.52 31.49 36.51 5.942 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

34.59 37.17 37.39 40.75

30.02 i-m 35.16 c-i 36.95 c-g 39.29 bcd 39.07 b-e 36.34 c-h 39.50 bc 38.73 b-f 38.56 b-f 48.88 a 34.84 c-i 33.85 e-j 31.48 31.63 36.06 5.268 (Fertilizer levels Irrigation parts)

34.05 38.23 38.93 39.19

making water and fertilizer savings should be conveyed to producers, and the findings may inform other studies related to soy in this region.
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