1

Power System Operation Session 1 Course Introduction

1.0 Background Computer applications in power systems have enhanced rapidly in the past decade or so. This rapid enhancement which is expected to continue is the result of the need for safe and economic operation of power systems, increasing complexity of the systems as well as the advancing computer technologies. Today's Energy Management Systems (EMS) enjoy a variety of advanced computer application programs for on-line operation which were not even in offline use a decade ago. The advancements in the area of planning is equally impressive. This course focuses on the philosophy of the modern Control Centre operation and discusses the components of an Energy Management System (EMS). The The topics covered will include: Power System Operation, Energy Management Systems, Network Modeling, Loadflow Methods, Contingency Analysis, Security Analysis Methods, Fast Security Methods, Optimal Power Flow, State Estimation and Automatic Generation Control. Due to time constraint, other application programs not listed above will only be described briefly to highlight their functionality. Examples of these programs are: economic dispatch, load forecasting, etc.

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2.0

Course Outline and Schedule

The course program and tentative schedule is given below:

1-

Course Introduction (session 1) a) Course Background b) Tentative Program and Schedule d) Course Administration e) Computer Applications in Power System

2-

Energy Management System Components (Session 1) a) Description of an EMS b) Interface Between the Application Program c) Frequency and Timing

2-

Network Modeling (Session 1) a) P.U. Systems b) System Matrix Development c) Linear System Analysis

3-

Loadflow Methods (session 2, 3) a) System Component Models b) DC c) Gauss, Gauss-Seidel d) Newton-Raphson, Decoupled, Fast Decoupled e) Optimization Based Techniques

4-

Contingency Analysis Methods (session 4) a) Definition b) Ranking - Active Power (Thermal) Contingency - Voltage Contingency Methods c) Evaluation

5- Optimal Power Flow Methods and Applications (Session 5,6) a) Review of Techniques b) Security Constrained OPF d) Applications

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- Loss Minimization - Remedial Actions

7-

Mid-term Exam (Session 7)

8-

Security Analysis Methods (Session 8,9) a) Time Domain b) Frequency Methods c) Derivation of Security Limits d) Implementation of Security Limits

9-

Fast Security Analysis Methods (Session 10) a) Direct Methods b) Pattern Recognition Methods c) Reduction d) Computer Architecture e) B.C. Hydro's On-line Method

10-

State Estimation (Session 11) a) b) c) d) Formulation Solution Methods Bad Data Determination Measurement Selection

1112-

Control Centre Visit (session 12) Wrap-up and Project Presentations (13, 14)

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3.0

Decision Support Systems in Power System

The management and control of power system is a complex process. Table 1 shows the main elements of the control hierarchy and the approximate time scale on which each level operates.

Function System Planning System maintenance Unit Commitment Economic Dispatch Load Frequency Control Voltage Regulation and Excitation Control

Time Scale 1 to 10 Years or longer 1 Week to 1 year 4 Hours to 1 Week 10 Min to 4 Hours 5 Sec to 10 Min Below 5 Sec

Table 1: the main elements of control hierarchy and their time scale

The above functions can be divided into three classes of : - Planning - Operation Planning - Operation 1 to 10 Years or longer 1 Week to 1 year Seconds to 1 Week

Alternatively the operation planning and planning functions can be combined to divide the above functions into two groups of operation and planning which have been described briefly below.

3.1

Power System Operation

The time frame for power system operation varies from a few seconds to a week. To assist with the operation of the system, modern power systems are equipped with Energy Management Systems which coordinates various control functions in system operation. The prime goal of Energy Management systems is the secure and economic operation of power systems to ensure uninterrupted , safe flow of power to customers at minimum cost. The criteria for security is developed and imposed by North American Reliability Council (NERC). NERC has an extensive criteria to ensure that power system is operated and planned with sufficient degree of reliability. Figure 1 shows a simple overall functional diagram for power system operation. This figure clearly points to three primary functions of a) Information gathering and processing, b) Decision and Control and c) system integration.
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Figure 1: A simple overall functional diagram for power system operation

Decision and control functions depend strongly on real-time and forecasted information. Because measurement data are uncertain, state estimators are used to process incoming measurements of power flows, current flows, etc. and produces a statistical best estimate of all variables of interest. State estimators take advantage of redundant measurements to perform the task of filtering. A parameter estimator can improve the modeling accuracy of the parameters used in the state estimation. The output of state estimators can be used in almost all of decision and control functions. Load forecasting is also a necessary application for those functions which require a longer resolution of time such as unit commitment and economic dispatch. Load forecasting is normally performed based on historical data taking into account factors such as the day of the week, temperature and weather conditions. Application programs are the backbone to the decision and control functions. These functions fall under production or security categories. The production category deals with economy while the security category deals with different issues associated with security. Under production categories, system regulation, unit commitment, economic dispatch can be mentioned. Under the security category, service quality, static and dynamic security assessment can be mentioned. Finally system integration deals with hierarchy implementation of different decision and control functions. Each control function has a different objective and

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time scale and hence there exists a hierarchy for operation of each control as given in Table 1. It has to be recognized that the Energy Management system does not have to be involved in every control function in the system. A power plant need not be controlled entirely from a central location. Most of control actions in a power plant are actually performed locally. The plant exchanges data and control signals with the Energy Management system only for those functions requiring coordination with the rest of the system. The implementation of control decisions again does not necessarily have to be performed by the Energy management System directly as shown in Figure 2. This figure shows schematically how an EMS system operates. More details on the specifics of an Energy Management System will be given later in the course.

Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of EMS Operation

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3.2

Power System Planning

The time frame for power system planning and operation planning varies from one week to many years. Similar to operation for EMS system, the logic of figure 1 applies in that all the three functions also exist in planning time horizon. Information gathering function in power system planning translates into gathering information about system network, generation and load for the period of study. For example if a planning study covers the next five years, detailed information about the system network, generation and load should be available for all the five year period. The resolution of the data or the number of data points used to represent the study period depends on the planning application and the accuracy required. One could use five snapshots representing the peak conditions in each year or forty thousand to capture the conditions at each hour. The objective of the planning exercise is to come up with the minimum cost plan which satisfies the operational constraint. The following examples are some of the power system planning and operation planning which need decision and control function: 1- Alternative network additions 2- Alternative generation additions 3- Transaction scheduling 4- Generation maintenance scheduling Decision and control function in planning combines a set analytical tools which have a large cross section with operation. Application programs such as load forecasting, load flow, security analysis, economic dispatch, unit commitment, optimal power flow are some of the common tools. There are some application programs which are specific to operation or planning such as state estimation (operation) and Var planning (planning).

4.0

Course Administration

The schedules program for the course is expected to take 11 sessions. Tentatively the last two sessions are set aside for presentation of student projects. For those who expect to get credit from U.B.C., the following criteria will be used for the final course mark. 1- Assignments and participation: 2- Mid-term exam 3- Project: 30% 30% 40%

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References for the Course The following books offer relevant material to the course. Each book on its own only covers a portion of the course. 1. Atif S. Debs, "Modern Power Systems Control and Operation", a published by Decisions systems International, 1992. book

2. A. J. Wood, B. F. Wollenburg, " Power Generation operation and Control", a book published in 1984 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3. A.R. Bergen, Power System Analysis, a book published in 1986 by Prentice Hall Inc., 1986 4. Y. Wallach, " Calculations and Programs for Power System Networks", a book published in 1984 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5. J. Heydt, " Computer Analysis Methods for Power Systems", a book published in 1986 by Macmillan Publishing Company. 6. M.J.H. Sterling, "Power System Prentice-Hall, Inc. Control" a book published in 1986 by

7. P. Kundur, " Power System Stability and Control", a book published in 1978 by McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1994. 8. G.W. Stagg, A.H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods in Power System Analysis, a book published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983. 9. O.I. Elgerd, "Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction" published in 1978 by McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971. a book

10. C.A. Cross, " Power System Analysis", a book published in 1979 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11. Narayan S. Rau, Optimization Principles, Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets of the Electric Power Industry, Wiley Interscience, IEEE Press, 2003.

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