SC4524A

28V 2A Step-Down Switching Regulator

POWER MANAGEMENT Features

Description
The SC4524A is a constant frequency peak current-mode step-down switching regulator capable of producing 2A output current from an input ranging from 3V to 28V. The switching frequency of the SC4524A is programmable up to 2MHz, allowing the use of small inductors and ceramic capacitors for miniaturization, and high input/ output conversion ratio. The SC4524A is suitable for next generation XDSL modems, high-definition TVs and various point of load applications. Peak current-mode PWM control employed in the SC4524A achieves fast transient response with simple loop compensation. Cycle-by-cycle current limiting and hiccup overload protection reduces power dissipation during output overload. Soft-start function reduces input startup current and prevents the output from overshooting during power-up. The SC4524A is available in SOIC-8 EDP package.

Wide input range: 3V to 28V 2A Output Current 200kHz to 2MHz Programmable Frequency Precision V Feedback Voltage Peak Current-Mode Control Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting Hiccup Overload Protection with Frequency Foldback Soft-Start and Enable Thermal Shutdown Thermally Enhanced 8-pin SOIC Package Fully RoHS and WEEE compliant

Applications

XDSL and Cable Modems Set Top Boxes Point of Load Applications CPE Equipment DSP Power Supplies LCD and Plasma TVs

Typical Application Circuit

10V 28V C4 2.2mF D1 1N4148 C1 0.1mF L1 8.2mH R4 42.2k

SS270 REV 4

Efficiency
V

90 85 80
5V/2A OUT

IN

IN

BST SW

Efficiency (%)

75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 0

VIN = 12V

VIN = 24V

SS/EN

SC4524A
FB

COMP C7 10nF R7 28.0k

ROSC

GND D2 20BQ030 R6 10.5k C2 22mF

C8 10pF

R5 18.2k

C5 2.2nF

L1: Coiltronics DR73-8R2

C2: Murata GRM31CR60J226K C4: Murata GRM31CR71H225K

0.5

1.5

Load Current (A)

Figure 1. 1MHz 10V-28V to 5V/2A Step-down Converter

June 26, 2008 

Fig.1 Efficiency of the 1MHz 10V-28V to 5V/2A Step-Do

SC4524A
Pin Configuration Ordering Information
Device
SC4524ASETRT()(2)
SW IN ROSC GND 1 2 3 4 9 8 7 6 5 BST FB COMP SS/EN

Package
SOIC-8 EDP Evaluation Board

SC4524AEVB

Notes: () Available in tape and reel only. A reel contains 2,500 devices. (2) Available in lead-free package only. Device is fully WEEE and RoHS compliant.

(8 - Pin SOIC - EDP)

Marking Information

yyww=Date code (Example: 0752) xxxxx=Semtech Lot No. (Example: E900)

SC4524A
Absolute Maximum Ratings
VIN Supply Voltage -0.3 to 32V BST Voltage 42V BST Voltage above SW 36V SS Voltage -0.3 to 3V FB Voltage -0.3 to VIN SW Voltage -0.6 to VIN SW Transient Spikes (0ns Duration) -2.5V to VIN +.5V Peak IR Reflow Temperature .
(2)

Thermal Information
Junction to Ambient () 36C/W Junction to Case () 5.5C/W Maximum Junction Temperature 50C Storage Temperature -65 to +50C Lead Temperature (Soldering) 0 sec 300C

Recommended Operating Conditions

Input Voltage Range 3V to 28V Maximum Output Current 2A Operating Ambient Temperature -40 to +05C Operating Junction Temperature -40 to +25C

260C

ESD Protection Level 2000V

Exceeding the above specifications may result in permanent damage to the device or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not recommended. NOTES() Calculated from package in still air, mounted to 3 x 4.5, 4 layer FR4 PCB with thermal vias under the exposed pad per JESD5 standards. (2) Tested according to JEDEC standard JESD22-A4-B.

Electrical Characteristics
Unless otherwise noted, VIN = 2V, VBST = 5V, VSS = 2.2V, -40C < TJ < 25C, ROSC = 2.k.

Parameter Input Supply

Input Voltage Range VIN Start Voltage VIN Start Hysteresis VIN Quiescent Current VIN Quiescent Current in Shutdown

Conditions

Min
3

Typ

Max
28

Units
V V mV

VIN Rising

2.70

2.82 225

2.95

VCOMP = 0 (Not Switching) VSS/EN = 0, VIN = 2V

2 40

2.6 50

mA A

Error Amplifier
Feedback Voltage Feedback Voltage Line Regulation FB Pin Input Bias Current Error Amplifier Transconductance Error Amplifier Open-loop Gain COMP Pin to Switch Current Gain COMP Maximum Voltage COMP Source Current COMP Sink Current VIN = 3V to 28V VFB = V, VCOMP = 0.8V 0.980 .000 0.005 -70 280 60 8 -340 .020

V %/V nA
-

dB A/V
V A

VFB = 0.9V VFB = 0.8V, VCOMP = 0.8V VFB = .2V, VCOMP = 0.8V
(Note ) ISW = -2.6A 2.6

2.4 7 25

Internal Power Switch

Switch Current Limit Switch Saturation Voltage 3.3 250 4.3 400 A mV

SC4524A
Electrical Characteristics (Cont.)
Unless otherwise noted, VIN = 2V, VBST = 5V, VSS = 2.2V, -40C < TJ < 25C, ROSC = 2.k.

Parameter
Minimum Switch On-time Minimum Switch Off-time Switch Leakage Current Minimum Bootstrap Voltage BST Pin Current

Conditions

Min

Typ
35 00

Max

Units
ns ns

0 ISW = -2.6A ISW = -2.6A .8 60 2.3 95

A V mA

Oscillator
Switching Frequency ROSC = 2.k ROSC = 93.k ROSC = 2.k, VFB = 0 ROSC = 93.k, VFB = 0 .04 230 0 50 .3 300 230 00 .56 370 350 70 MHz kHz kHz

Foldback Frequency

Soft Start and Overload Protection

SS/EN Shutdown Threshold SS/EN Switching Threshold Soft-start Charging Current Soft-start Discharging Current Hiccup Arming SS/EN Voltage Hiccup SS/EN Overload Threshold Hiccup Retry SS/EN Voltage 0.2 0.3 .3 .7 .2 2.0 .5 2.8 0.4 .3 V V A A V V .2 V

VFB = 0 V VSS/EN = 0 V VSS/EN = .5 V VSS/EN Rising VSS/EN Falling VSS/EN Falling

.0

2.5 .9 0.6 .0

Over Temperature Protection

Thermal Shutdown Temperature Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis Note : Switch current limit does not vary with duty cycle. 65 0 C C

SC4524A
Pin Descriptions
SO-8
 2 3 4

Pin Name
SW IN ROSC GND

Pin Function
Emitter of the internal NPN power transistor. Connect this pin to the inductor, the freewheeling diode and the bootstrap capacitor. Power supply to the regulator. It is also the collector of the internal NPN power transistor. It must be closely bypassed to the ground plane. An external resistor from this pin to ground sets the oscillator frequency. Ground pin Soft-start and regulator enable pin. A capacitor from this pin to ground provides soft-start and overload hiccup functions. Hiccup can be disabled by overcoming the internal soft-start discharging current with an external pullup resistor connected between the SS/EN and the IN pins. Pulling the SS/EN pin below 0.2V completely shuts off the regulator to low current state. The output of the internal error amplifier. The voltage at this pin controls the peak switch current. A RC compensation network at this pin stabilizes the regulator. The inverting input of the error amplifier. If VFB falls below 0.8V, then the switching frequency will be reduced to improve short-circuit robustness (see Applications Information for details). Supply pin to the power transistor driver. Tie to an external diode-capacitor bootstrap circuit to generate drive voltage higher than VIN in order to fully enhance the internal NPN power transistor. The exposed pad serves as a thermal contact to the circuit board. It is to be soldered to the ground plane of the PC board.

SS/EN

6 7 8 9

COMP FB BST Exposed Pad

SC4524A
Block Diagram Fig.2
IN COMP
6

SLOPE COMP

+
+ EA +

+ ISEN 6.1mW OC + ILIM 20mV BST

FB
7

V1 + PWM FREQUENCY FOLDBACK

S R CLK Q POWER TRANSISTOR

ROSC
3

OSCILLATOR

R R SS/EN
5

OVERLOAD

A1

+ -

1.23V

SW

PWM

1
GND
4

1V

1.9V FAULT

REFERENCE & THERMAL SHUTDOWN

SOFT-START AND OVERLOAD HICCUP CONTROL

Fig.3

Figure 2. SC4524A Block Diagram

1.9V IC 2mA

B4 + B1

S Q R OVERLOAD

SS/EN

1V/2.15V

B2

FAULT

ID 3.5mA

_ Q

S R

OC

PWM

B3

Figure 3. Soft-start and Overload Hiccup Control Circuit

6

Curve 2
SC4524A/B

Curve 3
SC4524A SS270 REV 6-7

SC4524A

Typical Characteristics
Efficiency
V O=5V V O=3.3V V O=2.5V

90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 40 0 SS270 REV 6-7 0.5

90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 40

Efficiency

Feedback Voltage vs Temperature

1.02 VIN =12V 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97

V O=5V V O=3.3V

Efficiency (%)

Efficiency (%)

V O=1.5V

Curve 5 45

1MHz, VIN =12V D2 =20BQ030

Curve 6 45
1.5 2 0 0.5 SS270 REV 6-7

1MHz, VIN =24V D2 =20BQ030

VFB (V)

V O=2.5V

1.5

-50

-25

25

50

75
o

100 125

Load Current (A)

Load Current (A)

Temperature ( C)

1000

Frequency Setting Resistor vs Frequency

VIN =12V

Frequency vs Temperature
1.2
ROSC=93.1k

Foldback Frequency vs VFB

1.25 1
ROSC=93.1k

1.1

100

Normalized Frequency

Normalized Frequency

ROSC (k)

0.75 0.5 0.25

ROSC=12.1k

1.0
ROSC=12.1k

10

Curve 8
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0.9

Curve 9
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 Temperature (o C)

TA =25oC

0.8

0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Frequency (MHz)
SS270 REV 6-7 SS270 REV 6-7

VFB (V)
SS270 REV 6-7

300 250 200 150 100 50 0.0

Switch Saturation Voltage vs Switch Current

Switch Current Limit vs Temperature

4.5 100.0

BST Pin Current vs Switch Current

VIN =12V

-40oC 125oC 25oC

3.5

BST Pin Current (mA)

Current Limit (A)

4.0

75.0

VBST =15V

VCESAT (mV)

50.0

-40oC 125oC

3.0

25.0

2.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 Switch Current (A) Temperature (o C)

0.0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Switch Current (A)

Curve 11
SS270 REV 6-7

Curve 12
SS270 REV 6-7

SC4524A

Typical Characteristics (Cont.)

SS270 REV 6-7

VIN Thresholds vs Temperature

3.0 2.9
Start

2.5 2.0

VIN Supply Current vs Soft-Start Voltage

125oC -40oC

100 80

VIN Shutdown Current vs VIN

VSS = 0

VIN Threshold (V)

Current (mA)

Current (uA)

2.8 2.7 2.6

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

60 -40oC 40 20 0 125oC

Curve 14 2.5
2.4 -50 -25 0

UVLO

Curve 15
0 0.5 1 VSS (V) 1.5 2
SS270 REV 6-7

25

50
o

75

100 125

10

15 VIN (V)

20

25

30

Temperature ( C)
SS270 REV 6-7

SS270 REV 6-7

VIN Quiescent Current vs VIN

2.5 2.0 125oC -40oC 0.40

SS Shutdown Threshold vs Temperature

Soft-Start Charging Current vs Soft-Start Voltage

0.0 -0.5

SS Threshold (V)

0.35

Current (mA)

Current (uA)

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 5 10 15 VIN (V) 20 25 30

-1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5

125oC

0.30

-40oC

0.25

VCOMP = 0 0.20 -50 -25 0 25 50

o

-3.0 75 100 125 0 0.5 1 VSS (V) 1.5 2

Temperature ( C)

SC4524A
Applications Information
Operation The SC4524A is a constant-frequency, peak currentmode, step-down switching regulator with an integrated 28V, 2.6A power NPN transistor. Programmable switching frequency makes the regulator design more flexible. With the peak current-mode control, the double reactive poles of the output LC filter are reduced to a single real pole by the inner current loop. This simplifies loop compensation and achieves fast transient response with a simple Type-2 compensation network. As shown in Figure 2, the switch collector current is sensed with an integrated 6.mW sense resistor. The sensed current is summed with a slope-compensating ramp before it is compared with the transconductance error amplifier (EA) output. The PWM comparator trip point determines the switch turn-on pulse width. The current-limit comparator ILIM turns off the power switch when the sensed signal exceeds the 20mV current-limit threshold. Driving the base of the power transistor above the input power supply rail minimizes the power transistor saturation voltage and maximizes efficiency. An external bootstrap circuit (formed by the capacitor C and the diode D in Figure ) generates such a voltage at the BST pin for driving the power transistor. Shutdown and Soft-Start The SS/EN pin is a multiple-function pin. An external capacitor (4.7nF to 22nF) connected from the SS pin to ground sets the soft-start and overload shutoff times of the regulator (Figure 3). The effect of VSS/EN on the SC4524A is summarized in Table .
Table 1 Table 1

When the SS/EN pin is released, the soft-start capacitor is charged with an internal .6A current source (not shown in Figure 3). As the SS/EN voltage exceeds 0.4V, the internal bias circuit of the SC4524A turns on and the SC4524A draws 2mA from VIN. The .6A charging current turns off and the 2A current source IC in Figure 3 slowly charges the soft-start capacitor. The error amplifier EA in Figure 2 has two non-inverting inputs. The non-inverting input with the lower voltage predominates. One of the non-inverting inputs is biased to a precision V reference and the other non-inverting input is tied to the output of the amplifier A. Amplifier A produces an output V = 2(VSS/EN -.23V). V is zero and COMP is forced low when VSS/EN is below .23V. During start up, the effective non-inverting input of EA stays at zero until the soft-start capacitor is charged above .23V. Once VSS/EN exceeds .23V, COMP is released. The regulator starts to switch when VCOMP rises above 0.4V. If the soft-start interval is made sufficiently long, then the FB voltage (hence the output voltage) will track V during start up. VSS/EN must be at least .83V for the output to achieve regulation. Proper soft-start prevents output overshoot. Current drawn from the input supply is also well controlled. Overload / Short-Circuit Protection Table 2 lists various fault conditions and their corresponding protection schemes in the SC4524A. Table 2: Fault conditions and protections Cycle-by-cycle limit at
Over current Fault Protective Action frequency programmed Cycle-by-cycle limit at limit with Cycle-by-cycle Condition Fault Protective Action

IL>ILimit, V FB>0.8V Condition

Table 1: SS/EN operation modes

Mode Supply Current Shutdown 18uA @ 5Vin Mode switching Supply Current Not 2mA Shutdown 18uA @ 5Vin Switching & hiccup disabled Load dependent Not switching hiccup armed 2mA Switching & Load dependent

programmed frequency frequency foldback Cycle-by-cycle limit with retry VSS/EN Falling Persistent over current Shutdown, then Over current IL>ILimit, V FB<0.8V SS/EN<1.9V or short circuit frequency foldback (Hiccup) VSS/EN Falling Persistent over current Shutdown, then retry Tj>160C Over temperature Shutdown SS/EN<1.9V or short circuit (Hiccup) Tj>160C Over temperature Shutdown

IL>ILimit, V FB>0.8V FB<0.8V Over current current Over IL>ILimit, V

SS/EN

<0.2V SS/EN to 1.23V 0.4V <0.2V 1.23V to 2.1V 0.4V to 1.23V >2.1V 1.23V to 2.1V >2.1V

Switching & hiccup disabled Switching & hiccup armed

Pulling the SS/EN pin below 0.2V shuts off the regulator and reduces the input supply current to 8A (VIN = 5V).

As summarized in Table , overload shutdown is disabled during soft-start (VSS/EN<2.V). In Figure 3, the reset input of the overload latch B2 will remain high if the SS/EN voltage is below 2.V. Once the soft-start capacitor is charged above 2.V, the output of the Schmitt trigger B goes high, the reset input of B2 goes low and hiccup becomes armed.
9

SC4524A
Applications Information (Cont.)
As the load draws more current from the regulator, the current-limit comparator ILIM (Figure 2) will eventually limit the switch current on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The over-current signal OC goes high, setting the latch B3. The soft-start capacitor is discharged with (ID - IC) (Figure 3). If the inductor current falls below the current limit and the PWM comparator instead turns off the switch, then latch B3 will be reset and IC will recharge the soft-start capacitor. If over-current condition persists or OC becomes asserted more often than PWM over a period of time, then the soft-start capacitor will be discharged below .9V. At this juncture, comparator B4 sets the overload latch B2. The soft-start capacitor will be continuously discharged with (ID - IC). The COMP pin is immediately pulled to ground. The switching regulator is shut off until the soft-start capacitor is discharged below .0V. At this moment, the overload latch is reset. The soft-start capacitor is recharged and the converter again undergoes soft-start. The regulator will go through soft-start, overload shutdown and restart until it is no longer overloaded.

AC = V R4 = R6 O  down switching V  . 0 regulator in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) is given by D= VO + VD VIN + VD VCESAT

(2)

AC =

where VCESAT is the switch saturation voltage and VD is voltage drop across the rectifying diode. ( V + VD ) ( D) DIL = O FSW L In peak current-mode control, the PWM modulating ramp is the sensed current ramp of the power switch. This currentVrampD is (absent unless the switch is turned ( + V )  D) L = O on. Theintersection ofSW ramp with the output of the 20 % IO F this voltage feedback error amplifier determines the switch pulse width. The propagation delay time required to immediately turn off D ( D) after it is turned on is the IRMS _ CIN = I O the switch minimum controllable switch on time (TON(MIN)). Closed-loop measurement shows that the SC4524A  minimum onDtimeESR + DVO = IL is about 35ns at room temperature FSW on (Figure 4). If the required8switch C O time is shorter than the minimum on time, the regulator will either skip cycles or it will jitter.

R7 = C5 = C8 =

Vo = Vc

Fig.4

GPWM

If the FB voltage falls below 0.8V because of output overload, then the switching frequency will be reduced. Frequency foldback helps to limit the inductor current when the output is hard shorted to ground. During normal operation, the soft-start capacitor is charged to 2.4V.

SS270 REV 6-7

R7 = C5 = C8 =

C IN >

200 190 180 170

IO 4 DVIN FSW

Minimum On Time vs Temperature

VO =1.5V 1MHz

TON(MIN) (ns)

Setting the Output Voltage The regulator output voltage is set with an external resistive divider (Figure ) with its center tap tied to the FB pin. For a given R6 value, R4 can be found by

160 150 140 130 120

V R4 = R6 O   .0 V

 VFB  110 AC = 20 log G R 2 F C V C O O 100 CA S

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
O Temperature ( C)

()

VO + VD Setting the Switching Frequency D= VIN + VD VCESAT The switching frequency of the SC4524A is set with an external resistor from the ROSC pin to ground. ( V + VD ) ( D) DIL On O Minimum = Time Consideration FSW L 
The operating duty cycle of a non-synchronous step( V + V ) ( D) L = O D 20 % IO FSW

  .0 AC = 20 log = 5 3 3 6 3 .3 2 80 0 22 0 28 6 .  0 Figure 4. Variation of Minimum On Time with Ambient Temperature 5 . 9 0 20 R7 = = 22 . 3 k 0 . 28 0 3 To allow for transient headroom, the minimum operating switch on time should be at least 20% to 30% higher than  C5 = = 0 . 45 nF 3 the worst-case minimum0 3time. 2 6 0 22 .  on C8 =  = 2pF 2 600 0 3 22 .  0 3
0

L =

20 % IO FSW

SC4524A

IRMS _ CIN = I O D ( D)

Vo = Vc

Applications Information (Cont.)

Minimum Off Time Limitation The PWM latch in Figure 2 is reset every cycle by the clock. The clock also turns off the power transistor to refresh the bootstrap capacitor. This minimum off time limits the attainable duty cycle of the regulator at a given switching frequency. The measured minimum off time is 00ns typically. If the required duty cycle is higher than the attainable maximum, then the output voltage will not V be able toRreachOitsset value in continuous-conduction R4 = 6   .0 V mode. Inductor Selection D VO + V D= VIN + VD VCESAT The inductor ripple current for a non-synchronous stepdown converter in continuous-conduction mode is

 DV = DIL ESR + The inputOcapacitance must also be high enough to keep 8 FSW C O within specification. This is important input ripple voltage in reducing the conductive EMI from the regulator. The input capacitance can be estimated from

GPWM

R7 = AC =

( V V V ) ( D) + D R R 4IL== 6 O O D  FV  . 0SW L 

(3)

where FSW is the switching frequency and L is the ( + +V inductance. VO VOVD ) D( D) L == D VIN 20VD OVCESAT + % I FSW An inductor ripple current between 20% to 50% of the maximum load current gives a good compromise among IRMS CINV= + V size. D) ( D) O efficiency,_ cost Iand )D (Re-arranging Equation (3) and ( D DIL = O inductor ripple current, the inductor is assuming 35% F L SW  given by

( V + V ) ( D)  L  O = DIL ESR + DV = O D (4) 35V IO FSW FSW C O % 8 O  R4 = R6 If the input voltage varies over a wide range, then choose  .0 V L based on the nominal input voltage. Always verify IRMS = I D ( D) converter _ CIN V O+ Vat the input voltage extremes. operation OI D D= C IN > + V O V VIN DV F CESAT 4 D The peak current IN SW SC4524A power transistor is at limit of least 2.6A. The maximum deliverable load current for the  DV = DIL ESR + SC4524AOis 2.6A minus one half of the inductor ripple ( V +VD ) ( 8 D)SW C O F current.IL = O D FSW L 
Input Decoupling Capacitor ( V + VD ) ( D) L  = O IO C IN > 20 % I should be chosen to handle the RMS The input capacitorO FFSW 4 DVIN SW ripple current of a buck converter. This value is given by
IRMS _ CIN = I O D ( D)

(5)

I C R VO (6) C5 = R 4IN=> 6 O  4 .VIN FSW D0 V AC = V  where DV logthe  AC = 20 IN is allowable input ripple voltage. FB G R 2 F C C8 = VO CA S C O VO + VD D= Multi-layerVceramic capacitors, which have very low ESR IN + VD VCESAT    (a few mW) and can easily handle high RMS ripple current,. 0 AC = 20 log = = R 5 3 3 6 are the ideal choicefor input 80 0 A single 4.7F. 3 7 3 28 6 . 0 2 filtering. 22 0 X5R ceramic( V + V ) ( D) capacitor is adequate for 500kHz or higher O D DIL frequency applications, and 0F is adequate C 5 = switching = 5 . 9 FSW L  for 200kHz to 500kHz switching frequency. For high 0 20 VFB R7 = =22 . 3 k  AC = 0 . 28 0 3 20 log voltage applications, a small ceramic (F or 2.2F) can be G R 2 F C V ( VO +CAwith a low ESR electrolytic capacitor to C 8 = C O VD )S ( D) O placedLin = parallel   20 % I and bulk capacitance Csatisfy both the3ESRO FSW 3 = 0 . 45 nF requirements. 5 = 2 6 0 22 . 0    .0 AC = 20 log = 5 28 6 .  0 3 2 80 0 3 22 0 6 3 . 3 Vo  Output Capacitor = C8 = I = 2pF Vc 2 RMS _ CIN 0I O 22 . (0D) 600 = 3 D  3 The output .9ripple voltage DVO of a buck converter can be 5 0 20 expressed as = 22 . 3 k R7 = G 3 Vo 0 . 28 0PWM ( + s R ESR C O ) GPWM =  2 Vc ( DVO/ = D)I(L +ESR + Q + s 2 / n ) + s p  s / n (7) 8 3FSW0.C O nF C5 = = 45 3 2 6 0 22 .  0 where CO is the output capacitance. R7 = R     VFB GPWM 20 log, 3 Z = , C8 = = , AC = G R p 3R C 2pF R as 2 the S G R ripple current 600 0  0 Since CA inductor22 .2 FC C O OVO DIL increasesESR C OD CAO S I C IN decreases >(Equation (3)), the output ripple voltage is C 5 = AC 4 DV F therefore the IN SW VIN is at its maximum. highest when 0 20   .0 R 7C = 20 log ( + s R ESR C O ) GPWM Vo A = 5 3 3 6 = gm 3 .3 28 6 .  0 2 280 0 22 0 Vc 0F+to / p)( + s ceramic scapacitor is found adequate C 8 = ( s 47F X5R / n Q + 2 / n ) A  Cfor=output filtering in most applications. Ripple current 5 2 FZ 5 .9 R in the0 20 7 capacitor is not a concern because the output  Rinductor R ,3 22 . buck  , = GPWM  current= of a3 kp converter directly=feeds C ,, Z 7 0 . 28 0S GCA R CO R ESR C OO Cresulting in very low rippleRcurrent. Avoid using Z5U 8 = 2 FP R 7  Cand Y5VC ceramic capacitors for output filtering because = 0 . 45 nF A 5 = 3 2 0 3 22 .  have 0 206 of capacitors0 high temperature and high Rthese types 7 = gm voltage coefficients.  C8 = = 2pF 2 600 0 3 22 .  0 3  CFreewheeling Diode 5 = 2 FZ R 7 G  + s R diodes Vo of Schottky (barrierESR C O ) as freewheeling rectifiers Use  PWM = Creduces sdiode(reverse Q + s 2 / 2input current spikes, = ( + / ) + s / recovery ) 8 Vc 2 F R p n n P 7 easing high-side current sensing in the SC4524A. These GPWM R , GCA R S p  , RCO Z =   , R ESR C O

DV = DI ESR +

Fig.5
Applications Information (Cont.)
diodes should have an average forward current rating at least 2A and a reverse blocking voltage of at least a few volts higher than the input voltage. For switching regulators operating at low duty cycles (i.e. low output voltage to input voltage conversion ratios), it is beneficial to use freewheeling diodes with somewhat higher average current ratings (thus lower forward voltages). This is because the diode conduction interval is much longer than that of the transistor. Converter efficiency will be improved if the voltage drop across the diode is lower. The freewheeling diode should be placed close to the SW pin of the SC4524A to minimize ringing due to trace inductance. 20BQ030 (International Rectifier), B230A (Diodes Inc.), SS3, SS23 (Vishay), CMSH-40M, CMSH40ML and CMSH2-40M (Central-Semi.) are all suitable. The freewheeling diode should be placed close to the SW pin of the SC4524A on the PCB to minimize ringing due to trace inductance. Bootstrapping the Power Transistor The typical minimum BST-SW voltage required to fully saturate the power transistor is shown in Figure 5, which is about .96V at room temperature. The BST-SW voltage is supplied by a bootstrap D1 circuit powered from either the input or the output of the BST C1 converter (Figure 6). To maximize efficiency, tie the bootstrap diode toVIN the converter output if VO>2.5V. VOUT SW IN Since the bootstrap supply current is proportional to the SC4524A D converter load current, using a lower voltage2 to power GND the bootstrap circuit reduces driving loss and improves efficiency.
(a) D3

SC4524A

SS270 REV 6-7

2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 -50

Minimum Bootstrap Voltage vs Temperature

Voltage (V)

ISW = -2.6A

Fig.6

-25

25

50

75

100 125

Temperature (o C)

Figure 5. Typical Minimum Bootstrap Voltage required to Saturate Transistor (ISW= -2.6A).
D1

D3

BST VIN

C1 SW VOUT VIN

Fig.6

IN

SC4524A
GND

D2

(a) D1

BST VIN

C1 SW VOUT

IN

SC4524A
GND

(b)

For the bootstrap circuit, a fast switching PN diode (such as N448 or N94) and a small (0.F 0.47F) ceramic capacitor is sufficient for most applications. When bootstrapping from 2.5V to 3.0V output voltages, use a low forward drop Schottky diode (BAT-54 or similar) for D. When bootstrapping from high input voltages (>20V), reduce the maximum BST voltage by connecting a Zener diode (D3) in series with D.

Figure 6. Methods of Bootstrapping the SC4524A

Loop Compensation The goal of compensation is to shape the frequency response of the converter so as to achieve high DC accuracy and fast transient response while maintaining loop stability.

2

SC4524A
Applications Information (Cont.)
CONTROLLER AND SCHOTTKY DIODE Io

CA

Rs

REF

Including the voltage divider (R4 and R6), the control to feedback transfer function is found and plotted in Figure 8 as the converter gain.
SW L1 Vo

+ EA Vc
Vramp

FB

PWM MODULATOR

COMP C5 R7 C8 Co

R4

Resr

R6

Figure 7. Block diagram of controlFig.8 loops

 VFB   AC diagram in  VFB The block= 20 logFigure 7shows the control loops of a AC = 20 log G R 2 F C V CA S C O O G CAR S 2 FC C O innerloop (current VO buck converter with the SC4524A. The loop) consists of a current sensing resistor (Rs=6.mW)     AC = amplifier VFB and a current 20 log (CA) with gain (GCA=28). The outer 6 AC = 20 log 3 3 2 80 0 3 22 0 28 6 an 2 80 0 3 22 a 6 loop (voltage loop) consistsof0 error amplifier (EA), 0 28 6 ..  0 VO PWM modulator, and a LC filter.
5 . 9 5 . 9 20 20

Since the converter gain has only one dominant pole at low frequency, a simple Type-2 compensation network is sufficient for voltage loop compensation. As shown in Figure 8, the voltage compensator has a low frequency integrator pole, a zero at FZ, and a high frequency pole at FP. The integrator is used to boost the gain at low frequency. The zero is introduced to compensate the excessive phase lag at the loop gain crossover due to the integrator pole (-90deg) and the dominant pole (-90deg). The high frequency pole nulls the ESR zero and attenuates high frequency noise.
60  .0  . 0 = 5 9 dB 3 . 3 = 5 ..9 dB 3 .3 30 GAIN (dB) Fz1 Fp1
CO MP

 0 Since the = 0 loopis internally closed, the remaining current  . 0  R 7 = 6 FB 3 = 5 ..9 dB 22 3 k V 3 R 7 3. 2 0 the0loop 0 = 22 3 k is to design the voltage 0 .. 28 compensation log 80task for22 028 033 G CAR S 2 FC C O (CV,OR, and C ).  compensator 5 7  8 C5 = = 0 45 nF C5 = = 0 ..45 nF 3 2 6 0 22  0 3 2 6 0 3  22 .. 0 3  . 0  = F output log For a converter with switching frequency 5 .,9 dB SW 3  6 .  0 = , output capacitance C 3 3 pF 28 inductance L 2 80 03 22 0 6 = .2loading R, the and pF C8 =  C8 3 3O = 2 3 2 600 0 3 transfer function in Figure 7 is control (VC) 2 output (VO) 22 .. 0 to 600 0 22  0 = 0 . 45 nF given by: 5 . 9
20

EN SA TO

Fp
CO NV ER T ER

RG

AIN

Fc
GA IN

LO

OP G

AIN

-30

Fz -60 1K

Fsw/2

10K

100K FREQUENCY (Hz)

1M

10M

= 22 . 3 k V G ( + s R ESR C O ) GPWM ( + s R ESR C O ) o Vo = 0 3 pF = 2 = ( + s / PWM + s / Q + s 2 / 2 ) 2 2 Vc p )( n n Vc ( + s / p )( + s / n Q + s / n )  = 0 . 45 nF 6 0 3 This 0 3 function has a finite DC gain 22 . transfer R   GPWM R p  GPWM 3= 2pF ,, p R C ,, 2 G R RCO / 2) 00 0 3 22 .  0 GCA R S
n CA S O

(8)

Figure 8. Bode plots for voltage loop design Therefore, the procedure of the voltage loop design for  the SC4524A can be summarized as: Z =  Z = R C ,, ESR O R ESR C O () Plot the converter gain, i.e. control to feedback transfer function. (2) Select the open loop crossover frequency, FC, between 0% and 20% of the switching frequency. At FC, find the required compensator gain, AC. In typical applications with ceramic output capacitors, the ESR zero is neglected and the required compensator gain at FC can be estimated by

AC an ESR zero FZ at AC 20 0 20 0  R =  PWM ( + s R ESR7C= ) R7 = g G , Z O m , 2 mC 2 R/C Op )( + s / n Q + sRg/ nO) ESR   C5 = C 5 = low-frequency pole FP at a dominant 2 F R Z 7 2 FZ R 7 R   , p , Z = ,  C 8 = R C O = RS R ESR C O C 8 2 F R A P 7 2 FP R 7 and double poles at half the switching frequency. V R4 = R6 O   .0 V

 VFB  AC = 20 log G R 2 F C V C O O CA S

(9)

   .0 3 AC = 20 log 3 3 6 3. 2 80 0 22 0 28 6 .  0

C5 = C8 =

 2 6 0 22 .  0 3
3

= 0 . 45 nF

SC4524A

 = 2pF 2 600 0 3 22 .  0 3

Applications Information (Cont.)

GPWM ( + s R ESR C O ) Vo (3) Place = compensator zero, FZ,2 between 0% and the Thermal Considerations 2 Vc ( + s / p )( + s / n Q + s / n ) 20% of the crossover frequency, FC. (4) Use the compensator pole, FP, to cancel the ESR zero, For the power transistor inside the SC4524A, the FZ. R   conduction loss PC, the switching loss PSW, and bootstrap GPWM , , Z = , (5) Then, the parameters of the p R C compensation network C loss P = can be + PBST + PQ GCA R S R ESR circuit PTOTAL BST,PC + PSWestimated as follows: O O can be calculated by 0 20 R7 = gm
AC

PC = D VCESAT IO PSW =  t S VIN I O FSW 2 IO 40

PQ = VIN 2mA

 C5 = 2 FZ R 7  C8 = 2 FP R 7
where gm=0.28mA/V is the EA gain of the SC4524A. Example: Determine the voltage compensator for an 800kHz, 2V to 3.3V/2A converter with 22uF ceramic output capacitor. Choose a loop gain crossover frequency of 80kHz, and place voltage compensator zero  and pole FZ=6kHz  VFB at AC F ), 20 log = and F =600kHz. From Equation (9), the (20% of C  V AC = 20 log P G CAR SFB 2 FC C O VO F C V G R 2 required compensatorCgain atFC is O O CA S

(0)

PBST = D VBST

where P BST is D) V I voltage and tS is the equivalent V = ( the BST supply D D O switching time of the NPN transistor (see Table 3). Table  Typical I2 R DC PIND = (3.. ~  .3 )switching time O
Input Voltage 12V 24V 28V Load Current 1A 2A 12.5ns 15.3ns 22ns 25ns 25.3ns 28ns

  .0    .0  + AC = AC = 20 log 3 20 log = P = 5 . 9 dB PBST + PQ = 5 the quiescent current loss is P +P In addition, . 9 dB 80 0 3 TOTAL 3 3C 0 28 6 .  0 28 2 .  03 22 2 680 . 0 3 SW 0 6 3 . 3 6 22
Then the compensator parameters are = D V PC CESAT IO 0
R7 =
5 . 9 20

PQ = VIN 2mA

()

0 20 The total power loss of the SC4524A is therefore = 22 . 3 k  PSW = t S VIN I O FSW 0 . 28 0 3 3 = 0 . 45 nF C5 = 3 2 6 0 22 .  0 2  PTOTAL = PC + PSW + PBST + PQ (2) C5 =  = 0 . 45 nF C8 = 20 3 6 . 0 3 = 2.pF 0 3 P = D V IO 22 0 3 22  2 600 BST BST 40 The temperature rise of the SC4524A PQtheVproduct of the is = IN 2mA PC = D VCESAT IO  C 8 = ( + s R C )3 = 2pF total power dissipation (Equation (2)) and qJA (36oC/W), GPWM Vo 2 600ESR0 2 22 .  0 3 O = 2 which is the thermal impedance from junction to ambient Vc ( + s / p )( + s / n Q + s / n ) PD = ( D) VD IO  Select R7=22.k, C5=0.47nF, and C8=0pF for the design. for thePSW = 2 EDPpackage. SW SOIC-8 t S VIN I O F R GPWM (+ ,s R ESR C O )Z =  , GPWM Vo , p 2 I P R ESR= ( applications GCA=R S parameters for various 2typical . ~  .3 ) IO R DC is not recommended to operate the SC4524A above RC C Compensator It PBST = D VBST O Vc ( + s / p )( + O / n Q + s IND n )O s / 2 o 40 are listed in Table 4. A MathCAD program is also available 25 C junction temperature. In the applications with high 0 upon request for detailed calculation of the compensator input voltage and high output current, the switching R7 = gm parameters. R   frequency may D) VD toObe reduced to meet the thermal PD = ( need I GPWM , p , Z = ,  requirement. C5 = G R RC R C
0 . 28 0 3

= 22539k ..

R7 =

AC 20

2 FZ R 7

CA

ESR

C8 =

 AC 2 FP R 7 20 0

PIND = ( . ~  .3 ) I2 R DC O
4

R7 =

gm  2 F R

C5 =

SC4524A

PCB Layout Considerations In a step-down switching regulator, the input bypass capacitor, the main power switch and the freewheeling diode carry pulse current (Figure 9). For jitter-free operation, the size of the loop formed by these components should be minimized. Since the power switch is already integrated within the SC4524A, connecting the anode of the freewheeling diode close to the negative terminal of the input bypass capacitor minimizes size of the switched current loop. The input bypass capacitor should be placed close to the IN pin. Shortening the traces of the SW and BST nodes reduces the parasitic trace inductance at these nodes. This not only reduces EMI but also decreases switching voltage spikes at these nodes. The exposed pad should be soldered to a large ground plane as the ground copper acts as a heat sink for the device. To ensure proper adhesion to the ground plane, avoid using vias directly under the device.

12

V IN

VOUT

ZL

Figure 9. Heavy lines indicate the critical pulse current loop. The inductance of this loop should be minimized.

Vin

Curre nts in Power Section

5

SC4524A
Recommended Component Parameters in Typical Applications
Table 4 lists the recommended inductance (L) and compensation network (R7, C5, C8) for common input and output voltages. The inductance is determined by assuming that the ripple current is 35% of load current IO. The compensator parameters are calculated by assuming a 22mF low ESR ceramic output capacitor and a loop gain crossover frequency of FSW/0. Table 4. Recommended inductance (L1) and compensator (R7, C5, C8)
Vin(V) Typical Applications Vo(V) Io(A) Fsw(kHz) 1 500 1.5 2 500 500 1 1000 2.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 3.3 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 7.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 10 500 2 1000 1 1.5 300 2 1 2.5 2 500 1 3.3 2 500 1 1000 5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 7.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 10 500 2 1000 C2(uF) L1(uH) 8.2 4.7 15 6.8 6.8 3.3 15 8.2 8.2 4.7 15 10 8.2 4.7 15 8.2 8.2 4.7 10 4.7 4.7 2.2 15 8.2 15 8.2 22 10 22 15 15 6.8 33 15 15 8.2 33 22 15 10 Recommended Parameters R7(k) C5(nF) C8(pF) 7.15 2.2 7.15 2.2 11.3 1 20 0.68 11.3 1 20 0.47 15 0.82 30.9 0.47 15 0.82 30.9 0.47 23.7 0.68 41.2 0.47 23.7 0.68 45.3 0.47 35.7 0.68 63.4 0.47 35.7 0.68 63.4 0.47 42.2 0.68 84.5 0.47 10 42.2 0.68 84.5 0.47 4.32 12.4 15 20 43.2 20 43.2 35.7 63.4 35.7 63.4 43.2 84.5 43.2 84.5 2.2 1.0 0.82 0.68 0.47 0.68 0.47 0.68 0.47 0.68 0.47 0.68 0.47 0.68 0.47

SC4524A Compensator Parameters

12

22

24

6

SC4524A
Typical Application Schematics
D3 D1

V IN

24V C4 4.7mF

18V Zener 1N4148 IN BST SW SS/EN

C1 0.33mF L1 8.2mH R4 33.2k

OUT 1.5V/2A

SC4524A
FB

COMP C7 10nF R7 4.32k

ROSC

GND D2 20BQ030 R6 66.5k C2 22mF

C8 22pF

R5 90.9k

C5 2.2nF

L1: Coiltronics DR73-8R2

C2: Murata GRM31CR60J226K C4: Murata GRM32ER71H475K

Figure 10. 300kHz 24V to 1.5V/2A Step-down Converter

EVB#d: 300kHz 24V to 1.5V/2A Step-Down Converter

V IN 10V 26V D1 1N4148 C1 0.1mF L1 8.2mH R4 3.65k

Fig.10
C4 4.7mF IN SS/EN

BST SW

OUT 3.3V/2A

SC4524A
FB

COMP C7 10nF R7 13.0k

ROSC

GND D2 SS23 R6 1.58k C2 22mF

C8 22pF

R5 23.7k

C5 2.2nF

L1: Coiltronics DR73-8R2

C2: Murata GRM31CR60J226M C4: Murata GRM32ER71H475K

Figure 11. 800kHz 10V-26V to 3.3V/2A Step-down Converter

800kHz 10V-26V to 3.3V/2A Step-Down Converter

7

Fig.12(b) SS
Typical Performance Characteristics
SS270 REV 6-7

SC4524A

(For A 24V to 5V/2A Step-down Converter with 1MHz Switching Frequency)

Load Characteristic

6 5

Output Voltage (V)

4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

24V Input (10V/DIV)

5V Output (2V/DIV)

SS Voltage (1V/DIV)

TR

Load Current (A)

Figure 12(a). Load Characteristic

Fig.12(d) OCP

10ms/DIV

Figure 12(b). VIN Start up Transient (IO=2A)

5V Output Short (5V/DIV)

5V Output Response (500mV/DIV, AC Coupling)

Inductor Current (1A/DIV)

Retry Inductor Current (2A/DIV)

SS Voltage (2V/DIV)

40us/DIV

20ms/DIV

Figure 12(c). Load Transient Response (IO= 0.3A to 2A)

Figure 12(d). Output Short Circuit (Hiccup)

8

SC4524A
SO-8 EDP2 Outline
Outline Drawing - SOIC-8 EDP
A N 2X E/2 E1 E 1 ccc C 2X N/2 TIPS 2 e/2 B D aaa C SEATING PLANE A2 A A1 C A-B D e

DIM
A A1 A2 b c D E1 E e F H h L L1 N 01 aaa bbb ccc

DIMENSIONS INCHES MILLIMETERS MIN NOM MAX MIN NOM MAX

.053 .069 .000 .005 .049 .065 .012 .020 .007 .010 .189 .193 .197 .150 .154 .157 .236 BSC .050 BSC .116 .120 .130 .085 .095 .099 .010 .020 .016 .028 .041 (.041) 8 0 8 .004 .010 .008 1.35 1.75 0.00 0.13 1.25 1.65 0.31 0.51 0.17 0.25 4.80 4.90 5.00 3.80 3.90 4.00 6.00 BSC 1.27 BSC 2.95 3.05 3.30 2.15 2.41 2.51 0.25 0.50 0.40 0.72 1.04 (1.05) 8 0 8 0.10 0.25 0.20

bxN bbb F

EXPOSED PAD H

H GAGE PLANE 0.25

L (L1)

01

SEE DETAIL SIDE VIEW

NOTES: 1.

DETAIL

CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (ANGLES IN DEGREES).

2. DATUMS -A- AND -B- TO BE DETERMINED AT DATUM PLANE -H3. DIMENSIONS "E1" AND "D" DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. 4. REFERENCE JEDEC STD MS-012, VARIATION BA.

Land Pattern - SOIC-8 EDP

SO-8 EDP2 Landing Pattern

E D

SOLDER MASK

DIM
(C) F G Z C D E F G P X Y Z

DIMENSIONS INCHES MILLIMETERS

(.205) .134 .201 .101 .118 .050 .024 .087 .291 (5.20) 3.40 5.10 2.56 3.00 1.27 0.60 2.20 7.40

Y THERMAL VIA 0.36mm

NOTES:

P X

1. THIS LAND PATTERN IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY. CONSULT YOUR MANUFACTURING GROUP TO ENSURE YOUR COMPANY'S MANUFACTURING GUIDELINES ARE MET. 2. REFERENCE IPC-SM-782A, RLP NO. 300A. 3. THERMAL VIAS IN THE LAND PATTERN OF THE EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE CONNECTED TO A SYSTEM GROUND PLANE. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY COMPROMISE THE THERMAL AND/OR FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE DEVICE.

Contact Information
Semtech Corporation Power Mangement Products Division 200 Flynn Road, Camarillo, CA 9302 Phone: (805) 498-2 Fax: (805) 498-3804

9