Ireland's Fairy Lore

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IRELAND'S FAIRY LORE
THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTOR,
LENOX
TTON"
IRELAND'S
FAIRY LORE
BY
Rev.
MICHAEL
P.
MAHON
THOMAS
J.
FLYNN & COMPANY

1919
BOSTON, MASS.
THE NEW Y( PUBLIC LIBRARY^
$q6Q5 AND
.TIONS
1919
/Sibil 2Dfastat:
Patrick
J.
Waters, Ph.D.,
Censor Librorum,
Imprimatur
William
Cardinal O'C'onnell,
Archbishop of Boston.
February
26, 1919.
copyright, 1919 BY REV. M. P. MAHON
THE-PLIMPTON-PSESS NOEWOOD-MASS-TJ-S-A
MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

TO
one of Ireland's most fearless and powerful advocates

his
flflitlliam
eminence
Cardinal fiD'ComuIl
ARCHBISHOP OF BOSTON
PREFACE
and 1911, as a series of papers on "Ancient Irish Paganism" The works over the pen-name Gadelicus.
Pilot during 1910
THE
following chapters appeared in the
principally
consulted
in
the
preparation
of
them were the "Social History of Ireland" and the "Irish Names of Places" by Dr. P. W. Joyce; the "Irish Mythological Cycle" by De Jubainville; volumes four and five of the long-since
defunct Ossianic Society; the "Literary History
of Ireland"
"History of
Gaelic texts
by Dr. Douglas Hyde; Keating's Ireland"; and a great number of published by the Gaelic League
Texts Society, both of Dublin.
and the
Irish
Excursions have also been
made
into British
and American Literature, as well as into Greek and Roman. The reader will discover that some of the topics are not treated in a very
serious vein.
The temptation
to treat
them
in
a light vein proved irresistible.
While these pa-
pers were going through the Pilot, they were
a source of
much
pleasure to
many
readers,
viii
PREFACE
feel
and we
that they will continue to please,
and, also, to enlighten.
They
give a fair idea
of the general character of the
remnants
of the
ancient Gaelic Literature that survive.
When
quite
the writer
commenced them he did not
foresee that they
would grow into a regular
exposition of the Ancient Irish Mythological
System.
The Author
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION.
I
WERE THERE CHRISTIANS

ST.
IN IRE1
LAND BEFORE
PATRICK'S TIME?
CHAPTER
IDOLATRY.
II
KING TIGERNMAS. CROMM CRUACH. CROMM DUBH. SPRINKLING OF BLOOD ON FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS. EMANIA. NO HUMAN
8
SACRIFICE IN ST. PATRICK'S TIME
CHAPTER
III
IDOLATRY NOT VERY GENERAL. NO NATIONAL RELIGION. THE FAIRIES. OCURRY's NOTE. WHAT WERE THE FAIRIES? NOVEMBER EVE EXCURSIONS. FINN MacCUMAL's " THUMB OF KNOWLEDGE."
.
14
CHAPTER
IV
24
QUARRELS AMONG THE FAIRIES. RELATIONS WITH TOM MOORE. ... MORTALS. THE BANSHEE.
CHAPTER V
PALACE OF CRUACHAN.
tier's
VIRGIL'S HARPIES.
WHIT-
HAUNTED GLEN. MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. OSSIAN AND TIR NA N-OG. THE FAIRIES ST. PATRICK AND HIS IN ANCIENT LITERATURE. BISHOPS TAKEN FOR FAIRIES
ix
28
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
VI
theory. oriental, types. moral cleanliness of irish mythology. shelley's " queen mab." Shakespeare's fairies, puck, milton's " COMUS." IRISH LANGUAGE AND CHRISTIANITY. spenser's "faery queen."
36
CHAPTER
TWO CLASSES OF
VIEWS.
VII
GODS. PESSIMISTIC AND OPTIMISTIC THE BOOK OF THE DUN COW
45
CHAPTER
VIII
THE IRISH CALLED SCOTI AND IRELAND SCOTIA. CALEDONIA CALLED SCOTIA MINOR. LANDING OF THE MILESIANS. AMERGIN'S DECISION. CONACLON VERSIFICATION, AMERGIN's POEMS
51
CHAPTER IX
CONFLICT
OF MILESIAN VALOR AND TUATHA DE ART. DONN. MILESIANS RETIRE NINE WAVES. GREAT STORM. FINALLY THEY LAND. BATTLES FOUGHT
DANAAN MAGICAL
56
CHAPTER X
AMERGIN. THE GODS. AMERGIN AND HESIOD. AMERGIN'S PHILOSOPHY. HIS PRAYER. DE JUBALNVLLLE's COMMENTS. A WELSH POEM. AMERGIN AND ST. PATRICK
61
CONTENTS
xi
CHAPTER XI
THE FAIRIES. BANBA, FOLA AND ERIU. WHY IRISH MANUSCRIPT "BOOKS" NAMED AFTER PLACES, ETC. A MANUSCRIPT REALLY A LIBRARY. IRELAND'S LITERATURE IN ITS PRESERVATION, AN INDICATION OF IRELAND'S DESTINY. OGHAM CHARACTERS. BOOK OF BALLYMOTE. BANBA, FOLA AND ERIU IN SUCCESSION ASK, EACH, THAT THE ISLAND SHOULD BE NAMED AFTER HER. FATE OF DONN
68
CHAPTER
his
XII
character and office, eriu's amergin; prophecy. death of banba, fola and eriu. lug and games of taillten. practice of putting a term to the lives of the gods, pagan stories have christian redactions, "lir's lonely daughter." paganism has left its mark on place names
74
CHAPTER
EUHEMERISM.
XIII
GODS THAT WERE ALWAYS SUCH, AND MEN WHO AFTER DEATH BECAME GODS. MYTH-
OLOGICAL, HEROIC AND HISTORIC CYCLES EASILY GILLA DISTINGUISHABLE IN IRISH HISTORY. KEEVIN AND FLANN OF THE MONASTERY GREATEST IRISH EUHEMERIZERS. SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR
WORK.
TIGERNACH
80
CHAPTER XIV
THE
FAIRIES.
BOINNE.
DIGRESSION
DE DANAAN MEETING AT BRUG NA ON TAIN BO CUAILGNE.
xii
CONTENTS
CUCULLAIN AND FERDIAD. CONQUEST OF THE THE DAGDA. MANANNAN MAC LIR. POEM OF KINAETH o'HARTIGAN. THE BULLS FIGHT. o'curry's TRANSLATION OF THE ACCOUNT OF THAT FIGHT
SID."
86
CHAPTER XV
THE FAIRIES. DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAIRY PALACES. THE DAGDA AND OENGUS. MAC INT OC. GREEK AND IRISH MYTHOLOGICAL LEGENDS. FOOD OF THE GODS. IMMORTALITY OF THE GODS. KNOWTH, NEWGRANGE AND DOWTH. MONUMENTS OF THE CYCLOPS. CRUACHAN
93
CHAPTER XVI
THE BRUG ON THE BOYNE. THE TAIN REGARDED AS ONE OF THE GREAT EPIC STUDIES OF LITERATURE. THE STORY OF POLYPHEMUS. ULYSSES ACTS LIKE AN IRISHMAN
98
CHAPTER XVII
THE BRUG MORE CLOSELY DESCRIBED.
KINGS BURIED THERE. ANCIENT BURIAL CEREMONIES. VENERATION OF THE ANCIENT IRISH FOR THE MEMORY OF THEIR DEAD. BURIAL OF FINOOLA AND HER BROTHERS. FINOOLA, THE IRISH PENELOPE.
.
103
CHAPTER
XVIII
ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

FAIRY PALACES. ORIGIN OF FAIRY BELIEF. ABORIGINAL FAIRIES OR GODS. ACCESSION OF
CONTENTS
THE TUATHA DE
FAIRY
PALACES.
xiii
DANAAN TO THEIR RANKS. "THE AUTOCRAT OF THE BREAKFAST TABLE " ON HOLES IN THE GROUND. MANANNAN. BOW DERG. SOME OF THE SHEES. KNOCK-MA. ROAD FROM HEADFORD TO TUAM. TUAM CATHEDRAL
109
CHAPTER XIX
LUCHELCMAR. MANANNAN. OENGUS. GOIBNIU. TINE AND CREIDNE. DE DANAAN ARTIFICERS. STORY OF EITHNE. IRISH PAGANISM COMPARATIVELY CLEAN
121
CHAPTER XX
INDIVIDUAL GODS.
OF
THE DAGDA. BRIGIT. THE LOVE OENGUS FOR CAER. AILILL AND MEAVE.
MUSIC
128
NUPTIALS.
CHAPTER XXI
DIANCECHT.
AIBELL.
BUANANN. GRIAN
ANA.
AINE.
CLEENA.
134
CHAPTER XXII
WAR
FURIES. THE MORRIGAN. BADB, ETC. DEMONS AT BATTLE OF MAGH RATH. FLED BRICREND. FIGHT OF CHAMPIONS WITH GENITI GLINNI. FINGER AND TOE NAILS AS WEAPONS
140
CHAPTER XXIII
MANANNAN.
FAND.
EMER.
THE
FAIRY
BRANCH.
148
MANANNAN AND CORMAC MAC ART
xiv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXIV
THE LEPRECHAUN.
MODERN CONCEPTIONS OF OLIVER CROMWELL
ANCIENT REFERENCES TO HIM. HIM. HOW HE TREATED

159
CHAPTER XXV
THE POOKA.
GIVES HIS
NAME TO
PLACES.
SOME
167
OF HIS TRICKS
CHAPTER XXVI
the pooka not always to blame.
diplomatic tact. "humanities."
st.
patrick's
irish
greek, latin
and
173
CHAPTER XXVII
THREE-FOLD CLASSIFICATION OF IRISH GODS. THE IRISH D1VI. AED RUAD AND DONN. INSTANCES IN ROMAN AND GREEK MYTHOLOGY. AQUATIC MONSTERS. SNAKE STORY ABOUT ST. PATRICK.
.
180
CHAPTER XXVIII
THE
TERMINUS. IRISH PILLAR STONES. SPEAKING STONES. THE LIA FAIL. VENERATION OF FIRE AND WATER
GOD,
189
CHAPTER XXIX
WORSHIP OF FIRE. THE GOD BAAL. THE BONFIRE. THE ELEMENTS. ELEMENTAL OATH. WEAPONWORSHIP. THE IRISH ELYSIUM. IMMORTALITY. METEMPSYCHOSIS. METAMORPHOSIS
194
CONTENTS
xv
CHAPTER XXX
TURNING DEISIOL. ODD NUMBERS. EVIL EYE. THE ORDEAL
GEASA.
THE
203
CHAPTER XXXI
MULTIPLICITY
OF IRISH GODS. JULIUS CAESAR's GAULISH AND BRITISH DRUIDS. IRISH DRUIDS AND THEIR PRACTICES. MAGICAL ARTS. DIVINAATION. KING DATHI. THE DRUID DUBHTACH.
.
210

CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
Were
there Christians in Ireland before St.
Patrick's time?
THE
glorious St. Patrick," says Cardinal
Newman, "did a work
so great that
it,
he could not have a successor in
the sanctity and learning and zeal and charity
which followed on his death being but the result of the one impulse which he gave." It
seems impossible to pronounce a more comprehensive eulogy on the character and enduring
quality of St. Patrick's
work than that conIt
tained
in
this
one sentence.
facts.
covers
the
whole ground and gives due

literally
credit.
It squares
asser-
with the
very
common
is
tion with St. Patrick's
Day
orators
that St.
Patrick found Ireland universally pagan and

left it
universally Christian.
In this beautiful
antithesis, rigorous truth suffers a little violence
from the desire to secure rhetorical elegance.

1

St.
Patrick could have no successor in his great
life-work;
but he had a predecessor; probably

one.
it
more than
from
Their success, however, was

could not take
Efforts
so slight that
his glory.
away anything had been made before

but they
localities.
his arrival to Christianize the country,
were confined to particular
Palladius,
who had been

hope
sent
by the same Pope who

whole
little
afterwards sent St. Patrick, set out with the

of converting the
island.
He
suc-
ceeded in founding three
churches in the
County Wicklow.
Shearman,
in
Attempts have been made

Father
to identify the sites of these churches.
an
article in the
Kilkenny Archae-
ological Journal for 1872-3, identifies these sites
with Tigroney, Killeen Cormac and Donard in
Wicklow, and Dr. P. W. Joyce says his Here cations are "probably" correct.
the
identifiis
what
says
Most Rev. Archbishop Healy

this matter:
of
Tuam
on
competent local authority, the late Father Shearman, identifies Teach na Roman with Tigroney, an old church in the parish of Castle MacAdam, County Wicklow.
"A
The
building has completely disappeared;

still
but
the ancient cemetery
remains.
Cell-fine
now Shearman an old churchyard three miles southwest of

identifies with Killeen Cormac,
CHAPTER
Dunlavin;
but, as
might
be expected
all
after
the ravages of the Danes,

ics
traces of the rel-
have completely disappeared. The third church, Dominica Arda, as it is called in the
old Latin,
called
Shearman
in
locates in the parish
now
Donard,
the
west
of
the
County
do not assent to Shearman's location of the last two churches, mainly because we think it improbable that Palladius and his
Wicklow.
associates,
We
remaining for so short a time in
the country, penetrated the Wicklow mountains

so far to the west.
We
think
all
these sites
should be sought for in the neighborhood of

the
Wicklow, where Palladius landed; but while the matter is still doubtful, we may
of
town
accept the suggestions of Shearman, as not by
any means certain, but as "probable." Teach na Roman, Irish for house of the Romans, Cell-fine, church of the relics, and
Domnach
arda, or church of the heights, were
the churches which Palladius founded.
Domchurch,
nach, which
is
the Gaelic for Dominica, Sunday,
was and
also used in ancient Irish to
mean a
ard, high,
is
an adjective akin to the Latin

is
arduus,
difficult.
Domnach arda
where
Sylvester
noteworthy as the place

Solinus,
and
the
two holy

companions of Palladius, are buried, and we have it on the authority of Colgan, who flourished
in
still
the
seventeenth century, that they
were
time.
held in great veneration there in his
Palladius, disheartened, gave
it
all
up and
went back to Britain, where he died soon

afterwards.
charitably,
Many
and,
ancient Irish authorities say

all
for
we may
ever know,
justly, that it
was not destined
for
him
to be
the apostle of the Irish people;
and the short
and troubled career
of the zealous missionary
seems to bear out the statement. That there were Christians in Ireland even before the
coming
of Palladius
is
evident from the direct
testimony of the Venerable Bede, and from allusions contained in some very ancient native
traditions, preserved in the Lives of St. Patrick,
notably in the Tripartite Life, which, with the

single
exception,
is
perhaps of
St.
Fiach's
biolife
graphical poem,
of the
Saint.
the most ancient extant

is
There
even a
legend
%66,
that
Cormac MacArt, who

Christian;
died A. d.
was a
lost
and,
curiously
enough,
the
Saltair, or psalter of
Tara, of which he was the
compiler, or which was, at least compiled under

his direction,
has led to a great controversy
CHAPTER
among eminent
was
called
Gaelic scholars as to
of Psalter,
why
is
it
by the name
which
un-
mistakably a Christian word;

ing that the compilation,
some maintaincoming down from
pagan times,
times.
If the
received
its
name
in
Christian
legend about the compiler were

fact,
once proven to be historic
the controversy
would at once be settled. It may be that the moral excellence of this King has caused his memory to come down to us through all those ages with a halo of Christianity around it. Regarding pre-Palladian Christianity we have
also the testimony of St. Prosper, the Chronicler
of Aquitaine,
who
lived at the time of the event
which he records.
431,
Scots,
He
in
tells
us that in the year
Pope Celestine sent Palladius "to the

believing
It will
Christ,
to
be their
first
bishop."
be remembered that the Irish
were called Scots or Scoti even as late as the It may be safe historically fifteenth century.
to surmise that the
number
of Christians
have been
fairly considerable
must and the prospect

of a
of native subjects for ordination to the sacred
ministry fairly good, to
bishop necessary.
make the sending Now how did it happen

time?
that
Christianity, even in isolated little spots, existed

in Ireland at this early
Roman
civiliza-

tion or
Roman arms had
never touched Ireland,
and
so this avenue of an accidental introduction
of Christianity into Ireland

in the
by Christian
soldiers
Roman
legions
was precluded.
It
must
be borne in mind, however, that at this remote age, there were large numbers of Christians in
and that there was much and frequent communication between the two countries. It is even regarded as probable that there was a well established
the neighboring
island
of
Britain,
Church in Britain as early as the third century. That Christianity had been preached in Britain, ages before, no one doubts. Under these circumstances it was simply impossible for the ancient Irish not to have had some knowledge of Christ before Palladius or Patrick, and this process of elimination makes the theory that they received it from Britain the only tenable
one.
Notwithstanding
Ireland pagan and
all
this,
it
does no serious
violence to truth to say that St. Patrick found

left it Christian.
The
story
of Ireland's early Christianity has been often
told
have elucidated the extension of Christianity from Ireland to the Continent of Europe by St.
and
told
well.
Learned
writers
Columbanus
and
his
followers,
as
also
its
CHAPTER
diffusion in Scotland,
even in islands
still
the agency of St.
Northern England, and North through Columbkille and his monks.

farther to the
The following chapters on Ireland's peculiar form of ancient paganism may be found inA few feeble survivals of the ancient teresting. pagan customs are still found in Ireland, harmlessly
and beautifully pervading innocent pas-
times and customs of the present day.

are however beginning to fade
They
the
away
like
twilight over Ireland's western mountains.

traces of
The
them that remain
are powerful in their
human
appeal.
CHAPTER
Idolatry.
II
Cromm
Cruach.
King
Tigernmas.
Cromm Dubh. Sprinkling No human sacrifices in St.
of blood.
Emania.
Patrick's time.
begin with the most repulform of the ancient paganism, sive and ask the question, were idols ever worshipped in Ireland? Some writers of repute say that the Irish never knelt to an
WE
may
But the weight goes to show that this

idol.
of
is
historic
testimony
the
merely a pleasing
if
delusion.
It
would have been strange

alone
ancient Irish had fully escaped this abomination.
They would have been

wide
world
are
in this
in
the
the
whole
regard.
St.
On
contrary
we
told
by
Patrick in his
"Confessions," that up to the time of his coming, the Scots, that

is
the Irish, worshipped only

in the Tripartite
idols
and abominations; and
Life of our Apostle,
we
are told that Tara
was
the chief seat of "idlact ocus druidect," that

is,
of idolatry
and druidism.
It also records
many
instances of the overthrow
and destruc-
tion of idols
by him
as a part of his life-work.
CHAPTER
The most famous
Cruach.
It
II
of these idols
was
was erected on the plain Slecht in the County of Cavan and was surrounded by twelve minor gods. It was covered with silver and gold and the minor gods with Cromm Cruach is mentioned brass or bronze. frequently in the Book of Linster. There is no
fact of ancient history better attested than his
existence.
Cromm of Magh
The
slecht
plain
where
he
stood
may
either
mean
the plain of genuflection or the plain of
slaughter,
being
susceptible
of
meaning, that
is,
indiscriminate
slaughter or
it
profound
adoration,
and
while
certainly
served as a place where divine honors were given

to an idol,
had served as a scene of King Tigernmas and a whole host slaughter. of his people were killed in some mysterious way while adoring this idol on a certain Samain
it
also
or
November Eve.
Cromm
Cruach was the King
idol
of
Erin
and was supposed to exercise a kind of primacy over all other hand-made gods. The Dinnsenchus,
topographical
tract,
preserved
in
the
Book
of Linster, tells us that "until Patrick's
advent
it
was the god
of every people
that
colonized Ireland."
Cromm
Cruach with "his
sub-gods twelve" was miraculously destroyed
10

St.
have been thrown down like any other structure. It might have been overthrown by an earthquake, like the Colossus of Rhodes, or destroyed during the night of the "big wind";* but St. Patrick took his own way of doing all this, to show forth
by
Patrick.
It could
the power of God.
In
the
ancient
reference
Irish
Literature,
idol.
there
It
is
frequent
to
another
was
Cromm Dubh and he seems to have been next The people in importance to Cromm Cruach.
have a
in distinct tradition of him. It
is
most
interesting to hear
them call the first Sunday August domnac Cruim Duib, or Cromm
if
Dubh's Sunday, as
of the Calendar.
he were one of the saints
As a matter of fact they unwittingly celebrate on that day the destruction

of
this
idol.
The Ultonians looked

Munsterites
looked
to
Cerman Kelstach
the
as their local deity, just as
Connacians
and
to
Cromm Dubh.
It
is
a sure thing that idolatry never prevailed
universally in Ireland at
sive
any time.
Less repul-
forms of paganism were widely spread.

however, be admitted on the authority
anachronism, but we believe
It must,
of the Tripartite that the highest in the land

*
An
it
excusable.
CHAPTER
knelt
before
idols.
II
11
That document tells us that Leary the high King who greeted St. Patrick had offered divine worship to Cromm
Cruach.
have seen the statement made by serious historians that human sacrifices were offered to
these
time.
gods.
We
Certainly
is
not
in
St.
Patrick's
no reference to them in his writings or in the works of his biographers. If this practice or any trace of it had existed in Ireland then, there is little doubt that he or some of the other early Christian writers would have referred to it, as they all showed an
There
anxiety to expose in detail the abominations of
paganism, and show by contrast the beauty and glory of Christianity. There is, however,
at least a show of evidence that at a period
many centuries before St. Patrick's coming, human blood was spilt in sacrifice. The Dinnsenchus,
referring
to
Cromm
Cruach
says,
"To him
they would
kill their
wretched piteous
offspring with much wailing and peril to pour out their blood around Cromm Cruach. Milk and honey they would ask of him speedily in
return
for
one third of their healthy
issue.
Great was the horror and the scare of him.
To him
noble Gaels would prostrate themselves.
12

the worship of
is
From
him with many mancalled
slaughters, the plain
Magh
Slecht."
This testimony
is
not taken seriously by any

taken,
of the great Gaelic scholars, because the docu-
ment, from which
it
is
is
completely
in
and absolutely legendary and mythological

its
accounts of the origin of place names.

in
And
in in
it is is
such a connection the above statement
found.
giving the
The name
tract
is
generally
correct
of the place,
but unreliable
giving the historical reason of the name.

late
The
Whitly Stokes, once the great Celticist of Oxford University, found a tradition in British
India to the effect that in prehistoric times
human
blood was sprinkled on the foundations
on which great buildings were to be raised. The purpose was to bring the boon of long
duration to the
edifice.
This superstition perworld.
vaded
the
whole
Aryan
And even
and King
Cormac MacCullinan, Archbishop of Cashel of Munster, who died about the year
a. d. 903, tells us that the palace of
Emania, the famous royal residence of Ulster, was so called because human blood, which is in Greek "haima," had been sprinkled on its foundations. This explanation, no doubt, is far-fetched, but it shows that the superstition prevailed.
CHAPTER
II
13
is
In this connection also an interesting story

of its classical
found in the Book of Fermoy which, on account
and
scriptural analogies,
here.
Certain Irish druids
we give recommended that
a boy, distinguished by certain peculiar personal
and his blood sprinkled on the door posts of Tara to remove a blight, which the crime of a certain woman had brought on corn and milk all over the country. The boy was saved by a wonderfully beautiful cow that had appeared at the last moment and was slain in his stead. The blight ceased. In Homer you have the story of Iphigenia; in the
characteristics, be killed
Bible, Isaac.
What
food for historical reflection

all
does
it
not give to find that, as in
the disalso,
tant Orient, so in ancient
Ireland
are
found such traces, distorted indeed, but, nevertheless interesting, of the scenes
and incidents
and mysteries
from the intercourse of the Creator with primitive man. The East was our cradle-land, the West evidently our
arising
destination.
CHAPTER
Idolatry not very general.
III
No
National religion.
The Fairies.
ber
Who
were the fairies ?
Novem-
Eve
excursions.
Finn
MacCumaVs
an
"thumb
of Knowledge."
THE
ancient
to
Irish
select
had
an
immense
pantheon
the
from.
None
of
gods
like
enjoyed
unquestioned
supremacy
Zeus among the Greeks, or Jupiter among the Romans. There was no well defined and connected system of religion.
reli-
Nevertheless the ancient Irish were a very

gious people.
Each one worshipped whatever
god or goddess he chose, prayed in whatever way he liked and wherever he liked. There were no temples and not much prayer. Under the slavery of paganism the Irishman was a
free lance, following his
ingly.
own
taste unquestionliberty of the
Under the freedom and

is
Gospel truth, he
religious
the firmest supporter of authority
and the staunchest devotee of a beautiful, harmonious and logical religious system. But let us come
or
ecclesiastical
14
CHAPTER in
to the Fairies;
15
we want to introduce them. And now, gentle reader, we are only bringing back to your recollection a class of beings who
are,
very
likely,
old
acquaintances of yours.
Perhaps you have seen them yourself, or have

seen
somebody who saw them.
You
spent
your younger days in some country place or

little
town in Ireland and you remember distinctly what a source of terror, and of mysterious, indefinable awe these fairies were to you, and what an influence they had on your general behavior. Invisible themselves, they made you careful and circumspect in many ways, particularly if you were of an imaginative and
nervous
temperament.
You
fairies
little
knew
or
thought that these very

of religious belief
were the object
and worship
in Ireland before
the introduction of Christianity.
You
them.
yourself
knew very
fairies.
well there were
no
such things as
after all they
You
did not believe in
Nevertheless a lurking fear that perhaps
were
all
around you haunted you;
and if, in the dusk of evening, when the twilight had almost all faded away, you had to pass over
Cnoc-an-t-sio-dain * or go
by the Sgeac Mor

on the top
of
(large tree) that stood all alone

*
Pronounced "Cnuck a teeyawn."
16

little
the
lonesome-looking
hill,
in spite of all
your
efforts to
brace yourself, a strange fear,

silence prevailing,
enhanced by the awful
and
an impulse to run for your life came upon you. But you would not be a coward. You would
walk at your accustomed pace. You would be brave and manly, but it took an awful effort. Imagination played havoc with your better knowledge and judgment, and beads of perspiration stood out in bold relief on your brow.
You
would have run; but you were afraid to let the fairies know you were afraid; and besides you knew they were a frolicsome, pranky little set, fond of a joke, and might give chase, and your last condition would be worse than your first. At last, in sight of your own door, you breathed more freely, a new accession of courage came to you, you felt you had a safe handicap for the run, you took to your heels, made a dash for home, rushed in the door, put the family in a panic, and brought the immediate conviction that you had "seen something." Whether there were fairies or not you were glad you were in-doors. This incident, which is by no means all
certainly
imagination, illustrates the mental attitude of
many
people
towards
the
fairies,
should
CHAPTER
III
17
of
say even yet, in some remote parts

country.
the
Some
ism.
writers speak of the tenacity of pagan-
No
denizens of the ancient Irish Panfairies in their
theon can compare with the
hold
on the
Irish imagination,
in clinging to their rights
and in their persistency on Irish soil.
Who
were, or rather
who
are,
the fairies?
Let us begin the answer to this question by the note from O'Curry's "Manuscript Materials of
Ancient Irish History," where he explains the
word Banshee: "The word 'beanside' (banshee) literally, 'woman of the fairy mansions' meant a woman from the fairy mansions of the hills,
or the land of immortality.
In other words
ancient
it
meant,
belief,
according
to
the
legendary
Tuatha De Danaan race which preceded the Milesians, and which, on their conquest by the latter, were believed to have retired from this life to enjoy an ina
of that
visible
woman
immortality in the
hills, lakes,
it
fountains
and
islands of Erin
where
was reported they

judgment.
were to remain until the

this state of existence
last
From
they were of old believed
to be able to reappear at pleasure in the ordinary
forms of
men and women.
And
this ancient
belief regarding the
Tuatha De Danaan, whose
18
sudden disappearance from our ancient history seems to have been only accounted for in this manner, still lingers among the people of modern Ireland in the form of the superstitious reverence for what they
people."
now
call
the fairies or good
When
one considers the immensity of the

it
ancient Irish Pantheon, composed, as
was, of
war gods and war goddesses, demons

sprites of the valley,
of the air,
common
ghosts, spectres
and
goblins,
leprecawns,
banshees, fairies of
various kinds, one cannot help thinking that
the mortal inhabitants were in constant danger
crowded or scared into the surrounding was certainly high time for St. Patrick to come and tell these people of the one true God. It was Father Tom Burke who said that the Irish had a wonderful way of realizing or
of being
seas.
It
visualizing
the unseen.
This brings to mind

:
the admonition of St. Paul

tion be in heaven."
" Let your conversa-
Their conversation, the

of
burden and trend
their
thought was
in
heaven, even though a mistaken heaven.
No class
of divinities received
fairies.
such widespread
Some thought that the retired Tuatha De Danaan constituted the entire fairy body. But the weight of authority
worship as the
CHAPTER
goes to show that this
joined
forces
is
III
19
not
in
so.
These merely
lot
and cast
their
with an
They were not absorbed by this pre-existing body. They retained their own distinct peculiarities. They remained a class in themselves. They are often described as gods or elves who had their Some of them were mordwellings on earth. tal, others immortal. These owed their immortality to Mannanan MacLir's ale which they
already organized fairy kingdom.
drank copiously and to

they ate with a
relish.
his swines' flesh
which
This particular diet
was an antidote against disease and decay and death. This ale is not brewed at the presThe recipe must have been lost, ent day.
ages gone by.
Some
of the fairies that
were
mortal lived to an immense age.

find
Those we
mentioned in the
ancient
Irish
manu-
men and women of having their troubles among

scripts are
ordinary stature,
themselves, and
troubles with "mortals" too.

to
They made love mortals and were loved in return. They

against
fought
against
mortals
and
mortals
fought
them and often defeated them in spite of their immense natural and acquired advantages in war as in love. Samain, or November Eve, must have been
20
a night of terror in Ancient Erin.

Nerai,
or
The Ectra
adventures of Nera, published by

in the
Kuno Meyer
Revue Celtique says that

night,"
"demons appear on that
and that the

the fairies
this
"shees of Erin are always open at Samain."
The Fe Fiada was what made invisible. We do not know what

but
it
was;
reminds us of the Tarnkappe, often called
the Nebelkappe, which, in the Niebelungenlied,
made Siegfried invisible when he donned it. The Fe Fiada was taken off on November Eve. The "good people" threw open their doors
this
revel.
night,
kept open house
and held high
doors
also
all
Whole hosts of them rushed out of and roamed whithersoever they

over the country.
chose
Many
of
these
were vicious and malevolent and hence the more prudent among the mortals remained
within doors.
Most
of the really
good
fairies
remained in the duns or shees. These were favorably disposed towards mortals and were
known
to have treated
them
hospitably, accord-
ing as the
humor
seized them.
left
The
shees were
never entirely deserted or

if
unguarded.
treasures.
But
one got near enough he could look into them

see
their
and
grandeur
and
He
could not be quite sure that he was welcome to
CHAPTER
III
21
inspect them very closely, or, in fact, to inspect them at all. There was always more or less For, if there was one thing more than risk. another the fairies insisted on, it was that a man should mind his own business; or, at
least,
fairs
might not pry into their afhowever much he might want to extend
that he
his uninvited solicitude to the affairs of mortals

like himself.
Finn MacCumal had an experience with a fairy which we insert here in the language into which Professor O' Curry translated it from an old Irish text. "The history of Finn MacCumal's thumb of Knowledge," says he, "as
related in the ancient Irish tales,
is
a very wild
shortly this:
one indeed;
I
but
it is it
so often alluded to that

here.
may
as well state
It
is
Upon
a certain occasion this gallant warrior
county of Tipperary;
spring-well
was hunting near Slievenamon in the present he was standing at a
when a
strange
woman came
afterwards
sud-
denly upon him,

spring,
filled
a silver tankard at the
and
immediately
walked
away with it. Finn followed her, unperceived, until she came to the side of the hill, when a
concealed door opened suddenly and she walked
in.
Finn attempted to follow her farther but
22
the door was shut so quickly that he was only
hand on the door post, with the thumb inside. It was with great difficulty that he was able to extricate the thumb, and
able to put his
having
pain.
done
it
so,
he
immediately
thrust
it,
bruised as
was, into his
mouth
to ease the
so
No
sooner
had he done
than he
found himself possessed of the gift of foreseeing future events. This gift was not, we are told, always present, but only when he bruised or
chewed
reason
his
thumb."
This was probably the
why he
it.
never volunteered any informa-
tion about the future.
He had
or
always to be
youthful exgives
asked for
The MacGniomarta Finn,

ploits of Finn, a very ancient
little tract,
a different version of this story.
It says that
Finn went to the school of Finneigeas on the Boyne to study literature. Finn's name was then Demne. Finneigeas had been seven years
trying to catch the salmon of the pool of Feic.
had been foretold that he would eat this salmon and then that there would "be nothing he would not know." The salmon was finally caught and turned over to Demne to be cooked. Demne was strictly ordered not to eat a bite of But in the act of cooking it, he burned his it.
It
CHAPTER
III
23
in his
thumb, which he forthwith put

ease
mouth
to to
the pain.
He
reported the incident
Finneigeas
who
at once changed his

is
name from
and
Demne
that
it
to Finn, that
the Fair, and declared

to eat the fish
was "his
privilege
acquire the gift of prophecy which he himself
had missed."
CHAPTER
Quarrels
of
the fairies.
IV
Irish
Mythology.
Friendly
fairies
and matrimonial and mortals. The
relations between
Banshee.
Manof
gan.
Moore.
illustration
AN
of
the
quarrels
is
the
fairies
among themselves
given in
Rennes Dinnsenchus. A serious quarrel had happened between two parties of fer side, or fairy men. They decided to fight it out. They assumed the shapes of deer and met on the plain of Moenmagh in Connaught. The battle that ensued was so terrific and the numbers slain on either side so vast that hoofs and antlers enough were left to form several large fairy mounds. Our readers will take this, as a matter of course, for what it is, a fairy story. Our
the
ancestors,
when they were pagans,

it
believed
it
to be an historical fact.
Otherwise they would
not have taken
seriously,
and
it
is
their writers
would not have committed

piece of serious history.
24
to writing as a
It
not mere im-
CHAPTER
IV
It
is
25
not, of
agination or Irish exaggeration.

course, history to us.
It
is
mythology, pure
and simple.
All the great nations of antiquity, like Ireland,
have
their mythological
and
heroic, as well as
historical periods.
The admirable,
the terrible,
the horrible, the repulsive, as well as love
and
and
in
war, figure in the Irish mythology as they do

in
the
mythologies
of
ancient
Greece
Rome. But to return

the
to the fairies.
We find
them
constant intercourse with men, sometimes to
advantage,
but more frequently to the

latter.
Fairies and mortals happened frequently that a man or woman had his or her leanan side,* or fairy follower, which was in reality a
detriment of the
even
intermarried.
It
fairy lover.
It
is
said of Fingin
Mac
Luchta,
who was
King
of
that his
South Munster in the second century, leanan side used to visit him every
Samain
or
November Eve, and take him
to see
the fairy palaces and their treasures.
Ancient writers record innumerable instances of such attachments. In the Sylva Gadelica,
published by Standish Hayes O'Grady,
*
it is
Pronounced lanawn shee.
26
recorded that Fachna, a King of Ulster, had a

fer side, a fairy
man
or friend, -who told
him
even of things that were yet to happen.
most frequent and familiar kind of leanan side was the bean side (banshee), whose wail was heard when her mortal protege was about to die, or when some mortal affliction was about to visit the family over whose destinies she exerted a watchful and loving care. What a wonderful kind of pagan guardian angel was she; or, rather, is she; for very many Irish people do not find the courage or the
far the
By
heart to say or to believe that the last banshee
has yet disappeared.
In
in
fact,
until
very recent times, and we
might safely say that even up to the present,
some
places, there are

feel as
loss,
if
many
splendid families
who would
mysterious
if
they had sustained some
or injury to their family pride,
they had to abandon definitely the lurking
belief that this
devoted sprite
sings:
still
loved them.
the
Tom Moore
melody
in
introduces the banshee in
which he
"How oft has the banshee cried! How oft has death untied
Bright links that glory wove,
Sweet bonds entwined by love
CHAPTER
IV
Peace to each manly soul that sleepeth; Rest to each faithful eye that weepeth; Long may the fair and brave Sigh o'er the hero's grave."
But
as Moore's special reference
is
to
Adis
miral Nelson his introduction of the banshee

far-fetched.
Nelson was not an Irishman.
CHAPTER V
Cave or palace of Cruachan.
pearances.
Virgil s harpies.
9
Whittiers "haunted glen." Mysterious disap-
Nora
n-og.
Hopper's
poem.
Ossian
and Tir na
THERE
that,
are
many
people
who
think
outside of the
is
infernal
regions,
there
in the
is
no
hell-gate
anywhere except
City.
East River, near
New York
This
a mistake.
On
of
the banks of the Shannon,
in the
County
Roscommon,
of
Ireland, stood
the ancient palace of Cruachan, the residence

of
the kings
and queens
Connaught
for
many
centuries.
this palace
Near
cave
is
was a cave which
figures in
many an
ancient Togbail or siege story.

there, of course,
The
still
those ancient fights linger
and traditions of round it. It would
have been hard to understand why great hosts of brave soldiers should have fought for this
cavern,
clear
if
mythological history had not

itself,
28
made
it
that this place was,
a residence,
CHAPTER V
29
and that fairies fought against fairies for it; and mortals frequently became mixed up in those fights, sometimes fighting on their own
responsibility to dispossess the fairies or to oust
other mortals.
The cave of Cruachan figures principally in that age when the mythological cycle was fast
disappearing and the
its
dark shadows yielding to

as the
dawn of the heroic period. The cave is, perhaps, best remembered
abode of the most malignant of the fairy elves or demons. It was called the hell-gate of Ireland because it was from it that, on November Eve, the most terrifying and noxious of
the spectral hosts, that burst
forth.
made
that night hideous,
Copper-red
birds,
three-headed
and other demons, terrible to behold, issued from it and, with their poisonous breath, blasted and blighted everything with which they came in contact. This reminds us of Virgil's Harpies, which in
vultures
their flight corrupted the
very atmosphere with

nearer
their
filth.
To
bring
matters
home,
that cave
itself recalls
the "Weird Gathering"
of Whittier, that fearful assemblage of demons,
and hideous spectres which he describes as gathering at the sound of the

witches, sorcerers
30

and coming
blood-curdling, midnight trumpet,

"
together for an unholy purpose in that

wild and haunted glenn, 'Twixt Saugus and Naumkeag." *
is;
We
do not know exactly where that glen
but we surmise that the poet only picked out some definite cavern so as to give the picture in
and a name" and, it, to give some undefined spot a very bad name. As for the Irish fairies, even the "good
his
mind "a
local habitation
incidentally, without intending
people" or benevolent elves made themselves

objects of terror
by
their propensity to steal
people away.
They
did this in various ways.
Mysterious disappearances, whether for a time

or for
all
time, were
as
a general thing ac-
counted for in this way.
Many
many
of our readers will
remember
Ireland,
also that
people
who
all,
died
in
at
least
apparently, and
whom
they had seen dead, did
not really die at
but were carried away to
the nearest fairy mansion, a real fairy having assumed the role of corpse for a blind and to
supply a wake and funeral.
This suspicion was deep and serious when a promising young person pined away.
*
The Indian name
for Salem.
CHAPTER V
31
this
We
relic or
believe,
however,
that
particular
adjunct of the ancient pagan belief has
passed
away.
in
The
tradition
exists,
notwith-
standing, that the
person
thus
carried
away
found
life
fairyland indescribably pleasant
and hence the concluding lines in Nora Hopper's beautiful little poem on the "Girl from Faeryland":
"For
half
my
heart's in Faeryland.
And half is here on earth, And half I'm spoiled for sorrow, And half I'm strange to mirth, And my feet are wild for dancing, And my neighbor's feet are slow
Why did you take me, Why did you let me
go?
Gentle Folk? "
We
find the
delightful
same tradition spun out into a Gaelic poem of 740 lines by Michael
Clare about the year
Comyn
of
poem is called "Tir na n-og," or the Youth" that is, of perpetual youth and tells how Ossian, the famous Irish poet and hero of the third century, w ent away willingly
The "The Land of

1750.
with
"Niaru
of
the
Golden Hair"
to
that
blissful
land and lived there in happy wedlock
with her for over two hundred years;

finally
when
becoming anxious to know what had become of the Feni or heroes he had left, and
32

of
his
particularly
father
Finn, he came to
Ireland on a milk white steed and was told byall
met and questioned that Finn and the Feni had passed away ages before.
the people he
Accidentally touching mother earth, against
which he had been particularly cautioned, the fairy bloom of youth left him, and he became
suddenly
his
afflicted
with
all
the decreptitude of
is
enormous age. A great anachronism solved and he is made a contemporary of Patrick; and a semblance of foundation
fact, or at least in poetic fancy, is
St.
in
given to the
quaint and beautiful and at times humorous

dialogues between the saint and "the helpless,
hopeless, blind, old
man."
if
One
for
of the reasons,
not the only reason,
the
composition of Tir na n-og was to
explain
away
this
anachronism,
as
which
they
St.
the
are,
"Ossianic
poems," magnificent
had
is
created,
by making Ossian and
Patrick
engage in dialogue.
a most
From
this point of
view
it
beautiful literary contrivance.
The
Ossianic poems, to which
we
refer, are
modern date, but founded on the ancient legends and tales. The extent to which religious worship was
of comparatively
given to the
fairies in
ancient times
is
very well
CHAPTER V
attested
33
modern Ireland seventy -two townlands have the word "shee"

fact that in
by the
as a prefix or affix to their names.
The
fairies
were called the "good people," "na daoine maite" to propitiate them. The latter day
hold of this belief on the popular fancy is due more to its poetry than to its philosophy.
however, to pass from a belief in the banshee to a belief in a guardian angel. In St. Fiac's metrical life of
is
It
no violent
transition,
a phrase worthy of consideration. It refers to the people as "tuata adorta side"; a people adoring the "shee" or
St.
is
Patrick there
fairies.
Windisch in
his "Irische Texte," has,
instead of this reading,
"tuata adorta idla,"

"shee."
substituting
"idols" for
This
poem
the
was written during St. Patrick's own Its author was bishop of Sletty.
Tripartite Life of our Apostle there
is
lifetime.
In
a passage
which runs thus:

the fountain,
i.e.,
Patrick went afterwards to

Clibech,
Cruachan at
sunrise.
on the slopes of Leary MacNeill's two
daughters, Eithne the Fair, and Feidelm the red went early to the fountain as they were
wont
to,
when they found the synod
of clerics
at the
with white garments and their books before them. They wondered at the
well,
34

clerics
and imagined they were "fire-side" or phantoms. They questioned Patrick: "Whence are you and whither have you come? Is it from the 'side' (shee)? Are you gods?" The passage goes on to relate
appearance of the
the conversation of the maidens, their questions
having given the Saint an excellent opportunity

to enlighten their enquiring
minds about the

it
one true God.
How
natural
was that the
strange and unexpected habiliments and general
make-up of the Christian bishops caused the pagan maidens to take them for fairies. It
gives us a
new
idea of this belief as
it
existed in
the fifth century.
So
solidly
that
it
has
it
taken fifteen
was it established hundred years to
eradicate
completely.
As to the etymology of the word "side" or

"shee," Dr. Todd, in his "Life of St. Patrick"
says, "It
is
doubtful whether the word
is
cognate
with the Latin 'sedes,' a seat or habitation, or
whether
it
comes from the
Celtic 'side,' a blast
of wind."
is
We
connect
it
with the 'sedes.'
It
not that the Irish borrowed the word from
the Latin.
The Latin may have borrowed

Irish.
it
from the employed

of wind.
in
"Shee" is rarely, if the modern language for a
ever,
blast
it,
Instead, Sinean, a modification of
CHAPTER V
is
35
originally applied
used.
The word "shee"

by the
it
to the fairies themselves.

tastical spirits are
Colgan says, "FanIrish
called 'side,'
because they are seen, as

vulgar
were, to
beautiful hills to infest people,
come out of and hence the

reside
in
(common)
belief
that
they
certain subterraneous habitations within these

hills,
hills
and these habitations and sometimes the themselves are called by the Irish 'side."
beg our readers to observe that the
We
in this
"d"
word is silent. The "d" and the final "e" show that the "i" is long. "S" before a slender vowel has an "sh" sound; hence the
"shee."
pronunciation
Any
simplification
of
the spelling of Irish words
seem to attempt to get at their etymology extremely

difficult.
by eliminating what be unnecessary letters would make an
CHAPTER
Universality
theory.
VI
in fairies.
Plato's
of
the
belief
Oriental types.
Moral
cleanliness of
Irish
Mythology.
Shelley's
Queen
Mab.
Shakespeare's fairies; Puck.

Irish language
Milton's Comus.
Spencer's
and
Christianity.
Faery Queen.
some We find fairies and demons in kind. Hesiod and Plato. We find them in the Peris We find them in the rural of the Orientals. districts of Greece and Rome. The Romans had their Lares to preside over their homes and lands; and their Penates, whose functions were
that
fairy belief of
was THERE had notnoa
nation
of
antiquity
almost identical with those of their Lares. Their Manes were mostly the spirits of their dead and
sometimes also the word was applied to the abode of the dead. Plato thought that the
crimes of
men
lived after
them
in palpable or
tangible shape;
and these, in his opinion, were the Manes, which tormented the shades of those that had committed them.
36
CHAPTER
As
VI
37
to the Oriental types of fairies,
who has
not read with astonishment of some Arabian

genie developing from a huge column of smoke,
released from condensation in a
little
shrine or
casket of some kind, and where
is
the one whose

little
memory
could lose
all
trace of the
men,
a foot and a half in height, appearing before the court in enchanted palaces, carrying bars of
iron, forty feet long, across their shoulders,
and
knocking their enemies far into the hereafter

with a blow from one of those terrible weapons?
The Aryan world had

It
it
its
distinctive pantheon.
was grave and sombre and terrible. When reached Ireland it became invested with a poetical fascination. It was also cleansed, considerably, from the voluptuousness that had defiled it in its eastern home. It became thoroughly Irish and soon comprised within its walls the great Tuatha De Danaan race. We
know
fairies
the primitive fairies only as a class or
kingdom.
We know the Tuatha De Danaan by the names of their chiefs or leaders. One of the most remarkable things about the
comWe sometimes meet expression with which
is
mythological literature of Ireland

parative moral cleanliness.
its
with a primitiveness of
we can hardly
quarrel at this distance of time.
38
There are also, as shown by De Jubainville, a few, very few cases of sexual crime; but instead of being laughed at or condoned, as they would
be by Homer's gods, they are made the cause of
relentless
strife
and sometimes
of
desolating
wars.
This alone would show that Irish mythology

claim,
saints
was clean in itself and that it did not, as some owe its purification to the zeal of the
of
later
its
days,
who were
editions
of
largely
the
transcribers of
records.
The unexpurgated
alone,
Shakespeare
and even of the Catholic Dryden, contain more impure suggestiveness than is to be found in all of Ireland's pagan literature. These productions of modern times are a thousand times more of a menace and a danger to weak human nature; and as for Shelley's teachings of free love and of other doctrines that naturally go with this, and are intrinsically subversive of all social order, you seek in vain for anything like them in the pagan literature
of Ireland.
Of Shakespeare and Dryden we speak with profound respect and with deep reverence for their genius and we feel that if they were
writing in our times they would, in delicate
CHAPTER
matters, have
to
VI
39
accommodated their phraseology our more refined ears and keener moral
of Shelley brings to
sensibilities.
Mention
read
mind the
first
disap-
pointment a
" Queen
man
feels
when he
It
is
goes to
Mab."
grand
poem,
sublime in conception, rich and powerful in

expression.
it.
At
least that
is
our recollection of
less
But
to
one who retains a more or
laudable respect for the clean mythology of

ancient Ireland,
it
seems a
little
less
than a
sacrilege to introduce the fairy
queen of
hazy and venerable antiquity and make her the
prophetess of a socialism of the rankest kind,

inveighing against
"King" and
"Priest,"
and
in
their persons, against all constituted authority,
and against
all
the powers that go to keep
society together.
Queen Mab takes with her in her airy and carries even beyond the orbits
in the ether of inconceivable distance, a
rarily
chariot,
of
the
planets of our solar system, to her fairy palace
tempoa bitter
disembodied
of
this
spirit
which she indoctrinates,
reaching a climax in what
we
shall call
denunciation
the
institution
of
marriage.
We
name, because to adhere too closely to the diction of the original would be
call it
by
40
all

the more offensive to ordinarily refined and
modest ears by the power and majesty and

clearness of its expression.
With Shakespeare's
is
fairies,
is
almost everybody
benevolent
acquainted.
There
Titania,
Ariel, the trusty,
Oberon
and
both
and and
magnificent sprites.
And Puck; what

is
shall
we
say of him?
He
undoubtedly the Pooka
brought into Ireland by the Danes; but, perhaps, the Danes brought a Pooka into England too.
This
is
our opinion, and
we wish they had

is
left
him
sion
wits,
there.
The
in
Irish
pooka
far
more
out
it.
villain-
ous than his English brother.

consists
His chief diverof
scaring
people
their
and
all for
the pure deviltry of
We shall allow an Englishman,
Charles
Lamb,
to describe the tricks of the English pooka.
"Puck," says Lamb "(or, as he was sometimes called, 'Robin Goodfellow') was a shrewd and
knavish
getting
sprite,
that
used
to
play
comical
pranks in the neighboring villages;

into
sometimes
skimming the milk; sometimes plunging his light and airy form into the butter churn, and while he was
the
dairies
and
dancing his fantastic shape in the churn, in

vain the dairy-maid would labor to change her
cream into butter: nor had the
village swains
CHAPTER
any better
success;
VI
41
play his freaks in
whenever Puck chose to the brewing copper, the ale
was sure to be
spoiled.
"When
drink
a few good neighbors were met to

comfortable
ale
some
together,
Puck
would jump into the bowl of ale in the likeness of a roasted crab, and when some old goody was going to drink, he would bob against her lips and spill the ale over her withered chin; and presently after when the same old dame was
gravely seating herself to
tell
her neighbors a
slip
sad and melancholy story, Puck would

toppled the poor old
gossips
her
three-legged stool from under her, and
down
old
her,
woman, and then the

and laugh at
would hold
their sides
and swear they never wasted a merrier hour." We remember to have seen Milton's Comus somewhere referred to as a fay or fairy of the Middle Ages; and if the blind old Puritan bard presented to the world this sprite whose purpose in life seemed to have been to lure to a doom worse than death any maidens who happened to be lost in the woods, he made up for the offensive obtrusion, to some extent, by introducing Sabrina, the real fay or fairy of the
benevolent
kind,
the
nymph who gave
her
services to the rescuing of such hapless mortals.
42
We
find
it
difficult
to determine
when the
word "fairy" was introduced into the English language. But we know that it came through the French. "Feer" means to enchant, and the noun "fee" means fay or fairy, a class of beings which are represented as being, as a
general thing, extraordinarily beautiful.
Like
the muses and graces and
nymphs
of ancient
classic literature, there is a poetical fascination
about them, and they lend a charming character to medieval romance.
One might suppose that the

spirits
fairies
and
of
Shakespeare might have been sug-
gested by the fairies of Ireland; but it is far more probable that they are the traces or relics of the great mythology left all over the face of Europe by the great Celtic migration which started from Scythia, or more remotely from Asia, on the southwest bank of the Indus, and reached its "Ultima Thule" in Ireland and
in the highlands of Scotland, in
both of which
places
its
most
distinctive traditions are found
to-day.
Where the
tions exist
Irish language
is
is
most prevalent
as a spoken language
most
clearly;
where the fairy tradiand this, notwithstand-
ing the fact that that language
became per-
CHAPTER
VI
43
meated and pervaded by the spirit of Christianity to such an extent that in the presence of a calamity that might be thought to be of
fairy origin,
the sign of the cross

of Jesus
is
at once
made, and the sacred names

invoked.
and Mary
To such an extent was the Irish language bound up with Christianity that the interests of the one became the interests of the other; they were both subjected to the same common proscription; and we can say there is no doubt
whatever that that tongue, differentiating the Catholic Irishman from the English-speaking
Protestant, was a powerful
human agency
in
the hands of Providence to help divine grace

in preserving
the faith in Ireland.

forgetting to state that
But we came near

the French
"fees" were the "fata" of
Low
Latin and of the Italian, and are supposed to
have been suggested by the "Parcae" or "Fates" of ancient Rome. The Irish fairies
are largely of the
tively Irish that they
same genus, but are so distincform a class in themselves.
They spoke the

did,
Irish language as the Catholics
and some of the most interesting and amusing stories of the peasantry in Gaelic Ireland, even now, represent the fairies as good
44
IRELAND'S FAIRY LORE and
Why the fairy traditions, we hate profanity. them superstitions among the unto
call
Catholics, particularly averse to swearing
lettered are co-existent

Irish as a
and co-extensive with

is
spoken language
a psychological
to explain here.
it
fact that
we cannot undertake
is
was in Ireland Shelley got his Queen Mab, for it was there she was queen; and if there is anybody who does not know where Spencer got his notions of the "Faery Queen," let him remember
There
hardly a doubt but that
that
Queen Elizabeth,
in
her
plantation
of
Munster, gave that poet something over three
thousand acres in that
fertile
province;
that
he lived there and that after the publication of his poem, or of some considerable portions of it, he was given an annual pension of fifty pounds, an enormous revenue for those times.
The
fact
is,
it
was not an
all,
Irish Fairy
Queen
Spencer portrayed at
but an English one;

herself.
that one was Elizabeth
His brilliant
all all
imagination enriches her character with

virtues,
the
and endows her person with

of
the
charms
stolen
the
ideal
fairy
bellishes the
Court
of St.
queen. He emJames with treasures
from the
fairy
mansions of Ireland.
CHAPTER
Fairy
belief in
VII
ninth and succeeding centuries.

of
gods.
Two
classes
Pessimistic
Evils
and opcould
timistic
inflict.
views
of fairies.
the
they
The Book of
Dun
Cow.
RATHER than on middle age

tions of
dwell any further here
and modern
concepagain
the
of
fairies,
we
to
retire
into
the
mists
antiquity
few
more
references
made
and ransack a them in our
ancient literature.
In the tale of the "Sick Bed
of Cuculain," in the
(Libur na h-Uidre)
"Book of the Dun Cow" we find the following

:
"For the demoniac power was great before the faith; and such was its greatness that the demons used to corporeally tempt the people, and they used to show them delights and secrets such as how they might become immortal. And it was to these phantoms the
ignorant used to apply the
Life
name Sidhe (Shee)." The passage we quoted from the Tripartite

some time ago
gives
an idea
of the fairy
belief that prevailed in the fifth century.

45
This
46

citation
present
shows what
it
was
in
the
ninth, tenth
idea
it
and eleventh centuries; but the gives of the "good people" is entirely
too
gloomy.
The "Sick Bed

in the Atlantis;
of
Cuculain"
was published
editing
it
and O'Curry,
was so influenced by its reference to the "Shee" and their demoniac power as to get the same pessimistic notion of them. In Appendix No. 21, page 504, of his "Manuscript Materials of Ancient
in that magazine,
Irish History,"
he says:
"Of the
fir-shee, fairy
and the ben-shee, or man-shee, fairy women, there were, however, two classes. One of these was supposed to consist of demons, who took on themselves human bodies of men or women, and by making love to the sons and daughters of men, and revealing to them
men,
delusive
views of a glorious prospective immortality, seduced them into a fatal union by

lost
which they were forever
from God.
"The second
class
consisted of the
Tuatha
De Danaan,
Black
Art.
a people said to have been devoted
altogether to the practices of Druidism and the
This
people
in
fact
were
the
possessors of Erin at the coming of the Milesian Colony; and having been conquered by the
Milesians,
and disdaining to
live in subjection
CHAPTER
to
VII
47
a more material and less spiritual power
than their own, their chiefs were imagined to have put on the garb of a heathen immortality,
and
selecting for themselves the
most beautiful
situations of hills, lakes, islands, etc., throughout
the land, to have built for themselves, or caused

to spring up,
splendid halls in the midst of
those chosen situations, into which they entered,
drawing a veil of magic around them to hide them from mortal eyes, but through which they had power to see all that was passing on earth. "These immortal mortals were then believed not only to take husbands and wives from amongst the sons and daughters of men, but also to give and receive mutual assistance in their battles and wars respectively."
thought the aboriginal have been demons in the darkest sense of the word, and that the passage in "Book of
It
is
clear that O' Curry
fairies to
the
the Tuatha
Dun Cow " represented them as such; De Danaan accession to the

human
goodness with
it.
while
fairy
kingdom might be considered

considerable
to have brought
The pessimistic idea was probably induced by the Christian clergy in their zealous desire
to detach the people from a superstition that
was evidently clinging to them.
48
The
of
idea of the "shee" given

Tripartite
is is
by the
for
writer
the
thoroughly
bright
and
optimistic;
there
no reason
if,
supposing
that he ever thought of distinguishing between

the two classes of
fairies,
indeed, he
knew
anything about these divisions.
The idea, however, we have found handed down to us from antiquity is that whether these
beings are benevolent or otherwise, intercourse
with them was

mortals.
regarded
as
boding
evil
to
Very little good has been known to They were dreaded rather result from it. than loved. And the deference shown them was
intended to propitiate them, or avert the evil
they might do.
They could make themselves

while remaining
visible to
some,
invisible to all others standing
around,
Achilles
just
as
Pallas
Athene
talked
with
and was seen by him, while none of the other Greeks in his company saw her at all;
or just as Prospero in the
"Tempest"
takes
precautions not to have his daughter Miranda

see
him
talking with Ariel, because he

see the sprite,
she cannot
therefore,
think
her
knows and that she would, father was talking to
himself.
It
is
this sense of the presence of the fairies
CHAPTER
VII
49
and the thought that they might be eavesdropping that made people speak of them with
deference.
The manifold
in
evil
they could do
of the
is
mentioned
of Bran.
such ancient documents as the "Seanchus
Mor," and the story
Voyage
They could cause a

cattle with disease.
blight of the crops or strike
cattle or
Even to this day, when human beings, by depredation or in
any other way, desecrate a haunted liss or fairy fort, and get sick afterwards, their misfortune is attributed to fairy vengeance, no
matter how clear the natural cause of the
malady may
be.
And
stition
there has been a race of impostors
who
to
profited financially
by encouraging
this super-
among
the people.
They pretended
have learned from the "good people," themselves,
ways and means
of counteracting the
and these ways and means were as weird and uncanny as anything ever concocted by Shakespeare's witches. "The Book of the Dun Cow," so called because written on the hide of a brown cow, was
effects of fairy malignity,
compiled about the year 1100.
Its contents are
Pagan and
Christian, historical
It
but principally romantic.
and romantic, has also some
50

pieces, such as the history of the
gloomy
pagan
and the elegy on Saint Columbkille, supposed to have been written by Dalian Forgail, his contemporary and friend.
cemeteries,
The eleventh century compiler

obsolete.
Its
interlined this
elegy with a gloss, explaining the words then
The
gloss
itself
is
presence, however,
gives
now obsolete. the poem great
philological importance.
The whole compilation has been published in by the Royal Irish Academy with preface and description of contents. The Libur
facsimile
na h-Uidre has the distinction of being one of those books for which a battle was fought. It was "forcibly" taken from the men of Connaught, into whose hands it had fallen "in ransom for O'Doherty."
This
set
Irish.
is
another evidence of the high value
on learning and on books by the ancient
CHAPTER
The
Irish
called called
VIII
Scoti
and
Ireland
Scotia.
Caledonia
Scotia
Minor.
the
Irish
and
Erse languages.
in
Ireland.
Landing of
Milesians
Amergins
decision.
fifth
ON
phyrus,
a.d. 466;
page 175 of the

of
volume
long
of the
publications
the
since
find
de-
funct Ossianic Society, the

platonic
we
Por-
philosopher;
Claudian,
Ethicus,
the Latin poet of the fourth century;
the Cosmographer;
Saint Prosper,
who
died
Orosius, the Spanish historian,
who
and
died
Irish
flourished in the beginning of the fifth century;
Gildas
Britanicus
in
the
sixth
century,
Saint Isodore and Venerable
Bede
in the seventh
and Saint Donatus, Bishop

a.d.
of Fiesoli
calling
who
the
840, all referred to as
and Ireland Scotia, or saying, as Ethicus did, that Ireland was inhabited by the Scoti. And we know from Roden's "Insel der
Scoti
Heiligen" that the Irish were called Scots even

as late as the fifteenth century, in several cities
of
Germany, Belgium, France and Switzerland

51
52
where " Schottenkloester " or Irish monasteries had been founded, and were still largely supplied with religious from Ireland. And of course we know very well that the great John Duns Scotus, and the lesser lights Scotus Erigena
and Marianus Scotus were so called in the Middle Ages to distinguish their nationality. It was about the eleventh century, according to many eminent authorities, that the name became fixed on Scotland, or Caledonia, which then, and for a long time after, was known as Scotia Minor, on account of the predominant
influence
obtained by Ireland there through

of Scotland
her colonies.
At that time the Gaelic language

and the Gaelic
of Ireland
is
were
identical.
Now
the Erse, or Scotch,
a dialect of the Irish.
And, anterior to that time, the Scotch Gaelic has no literature of its own as distinct from the
ancient Irish literature.
The
Milesians, or original Scots,
had much
trouble in effecting a landing in Ireland.
Com-
ing from Spain where they had been for ages,
they approached the Irish coast, to find the

magical arts of the Tuatha
De Danaan
it
is
in full
operation to prevent their landing.

island
is
Now
seen,
the
made
invisible;
now
but
CHAPTER
VIII
53
only as a thin long ridge of land almost sub-
merged; and, somehow, impossible to approach.

Finally, however, they
their ships at the
B.C. 3505.
were able to anchor

of the river Slaney in
mouth
Ireland at the time was governed by three
Tuatha De Danaan kings, MacCoill, MacCecht and MacGreine; and their queens were respectively Eire, Fodla and Banba, each of whom gave her name to Ireland; but the name, Eire,
is
that which sticks, to the present day.
The
but
other
two names are
beautiful,
indeed,
have almost ever been relegated to the romance and poetry.
fields of
The
Milesians accomplished
little
or nothing
from their location at the mouth of the Slaney. They were driven out to sea by a magical storm, and we next hear of them landing at Inver Skene or Kenmare Bay. They marched north to Drumcain, which was afterwards called
Tara, met the three kings there and demanded
that they surrender the sovereignty of Ireland
or fight for
it.
The De Danaan kings pretended to have been taken by surprise, and complained that that was not a fair and square way of waging war or demanding surrender. They wanted at
54
least three
days to consider whether they would give up the island and leave it, or submit to the Milesian yoke, or raise an army and give
battle;
and
in
the interval they wanted the
invaders to leave the island altogether.
Amergin, one of the sons of Miled, and chief brehon and bard of the colony, was appealed to
as to the justice of the claims of the
and the appeal came from the themselves. As we are getting this information from the introduction to Amergin's poems in
the Books of Lecan and Ballymote,
to give
De Danaan, De Danaan
we
prefer
some
of the dialogue.
"We,"
said MacCoill, son of
abide by the decision of
Cearmad, "will Amergin, your own
brehon, and should he pronounce a false judg-
ment
it is
certain that he will be killed

injustice
So sure were they that

pass unpunished.
by us." would not
"Pronounce the judgment, Amergin," said Eber Donn, the Milesian. "I will," said Amergin, "let them have the
island."
"What
Donn.
direction shall
we take?"
said
Eber
"We
are to set out nine waves to sea," said
Amergin.
CHAPTER
"That,"
says
VIII
55
the
scribe,
"was the
Milesians
first
judgment
Ireland."
pronounced
by
the
in
eight verses.
Amergin delivered this judgment in a poem of By means of a gloss interlined

later scribe,
by a
Owen
Connellan of the Queen's
College,
Cork, about the middle of the last
century,
himself
was able to
expresses
it,
translate or rather, as he
to
interpret,
this
interesting
is
and curious
relic of antiquity.
most Here
in the It
is,
his translation:
"The men whom we found dwelling land, to them is possession due by right.
therefore,
your duty to set out to sea over nine
green waves;
and
I
if
you
shall
be able to land
again in spite of them, you are to engage them

in battle,
and
adjudge to you the land wherein
you found them living. I adjudge to you the land in which you found them dwelling, by the right of battle. But although you may desire the land which these people possess, yet yours is the duty to show them justice. I forbid you from injustice to those you have found in the land, however you may desire to obtain it."
CHAPTER IX
Contest of Milesian valor with
art.
Danaan magical
Digression
Bonn.
Aranan.
Milesians nine waves

raised.
out to sea.
to
Great storm
Amergins poems and
ancient Irish metre.

Battles
Milesians, after several losses, land.*

of Slieve
Mish and
Taillte.
THE
for
if
Milesians were
much
disappointed
at Amergin's decision.
"If
my
advice
of
were taken," said Donn, the son
Miled, "the matter would be decided by battle;

it
be in the power of the Druids of the
Tuathe
Da
Danaan, we never
shall
be able to
regain Erin."
The
Milesians had no fear in open battle, but
against Druidical enchantment they

givings about being able to land.
It
had miswas a
contest of valor against the resources of magical

illusion
and power.
"The Book of Ballymote" and the "Great Book of Lecan" give Amergin's poems, with an introduction. From the introduction we learn that "The Milesians then departed from Tara
56
CHAPTER IX
57
southward and arrived at Inver Fele (the mouth of the River Feal, or Cashin on the Shannon
County of Kerry) and Inver Skena of Kenmare) where their ships were at anchor, and they set out over nine waves
in
the
(the
Bay
to sea.
"The Druids and

incantations,
Files of Erin then
chanted
such
a
by which they
raised
storm as caused everything that was at the
bottom of the sea to be raised to its surface, and by the violence of the storm the fleet was driven from the coast far westward to sea and was separated." "This is a Druidic wind" said Donn, the
son of Miled.
"It
is,"
responded Amergin, "if
it
does not
blow above the masthead." Whereupon Aranan, the youngest of the sons of Miled, went up the mast to ascertain the fact, but was thrown therefrom, and while in
the act of falling he said that the wind did not
prevail
beyond the masthead. He (Aranan) was the pilot of Donn's ship and was the pupil of Amergin. "It was deceitful in our soothsayers," said Donn, "not to have prevented this magic
wind."
58
"There was no deception," replied Amergin, and standing up he said as follows

:
"Ailim
iat
nereann,
etc.
Ermac muir motac, Motac sliab sreatac,"
The poem
in
is
in the
Conaclon Versification,
of each line
is
which
the last
word
the
first
word
of the next.
This metre seems to have
been peculiar to ancient Ireland, and might easily seem to us to be a kind of verbal jugglery; although it may have been justly regarded as highly artistic for the remote age to which it is
ascribed.
As a matter of fact the ancient Irish bard was supposed to deliver his verses at very short notice, if not spontaneously, as we see Amergin
doing here.
This
poem
of
Amergin's
is
a prayer that the
"whose mountains are great and extensive; whose streams are clear and numerous; whose woods abound with various fruits; whose rivers and waterfalls are large and beautiful; whose lakes are broad and widely spread; which abounds in "May we fountains on elevated grounds."
Milesians
regain the land of Erin
may
gain power and dominion over
its
tribes," he
CHAPTER IX
continues.
59
of our
"May we
have kings
own
ruling at Tara," etc.

It
is
remarkable that the Milesians concluded
that the storm that dispersed

one, because
it
them was a magical

there
did not blow above the mastas
head,
because,
they
thought,
was
the
nothing to destroy above that point;

if
whereas
fill
it
were a natural tempest,
it
would
It
is
surrounding air without any regard to what

it
might, or might not, destroy.
remarkis
able also that this piece of shrewdness
trans-
mitted to us with such circumstantial detail
through a period of perhaps 3000 years or more.
The Milesian fleet was wrecked along the rocky coast. Remnants of it landed in such
widely separated places as the coast of Kerry
and the mouth

Taillte in
of the
Boyne.
Terrific battles
were fought at Sleive Mish in Kerry and at
Meath.
In both of them the Mile-
sians
were victorious.
of their people
Although only three
of
the sons of Miled and a correspondingly reduced
number
had landed they were able to overthrow the Tuatha De Danaan and
take possession of the island.
The
annalists give the year a.m. 3500 as the

first
date of the
attempt
of the Milesians to
capture the island, and the year 3501 as the
60

its
date of
subjugation;
so that there
must
have been about one year's warfare.
MacCoill,
MacCeacht and MacGreine, the De Danaan kings who had governed Ireland in rotation,
the period of the sovereignty of each being one
year in his turn, were killed in the battles;
and what disposition more worthy of themselves could the chivalrous Milesians have made of the three queens Eire, Banba and Fola than to send them into the fairy mansions of the island they would not leave?
CHAPTER X
Amergin.
The Gods. Amergin and Hesiod. The philosophy of Amergin s poems. Amergin s poetical prayer on landing in Ireland.
9
De
Jubainville's
comments.
An
analogous
Conaclon.
Welsh poem. Scotus Erigena. O'Molloy on Amergin and St. Patrick.

looking into the councils of the
BEFORE
Tuatha De Danaan, after they were conquered by the Milesians, and noticing
the plans they
made
for their future, it will
be well to give a
little
more attention to the
poems
of
Amergin, associated as these are with
the very beginnings of the Milesian history of

Ireland.
It was on the first of May the Milesians began their conquest. This day was sacred to Beltene. Reltene was one of the names of the god of death, the god who gave life and also took it away.
Amergin felt profoundly that his people's fight was against gods in the persons of the Tuatha De Danaan; and his four extant poems derive all their force and character and tone
61
62
from that conviction. He believes with Hesiod that matter precedes the gods, that they are not independent of it, that science or general knowledge which may have come from the gods may be used to overthrow them, that the great
phenomena of visible nature are above them, and may also be turned against them.
He
it
identifies science
itself,
with
its object,
regards
as Being
of
which the forces

file,
of nature
and
all sensible
being are but visible manifesta-
tions.
visible
is
"Thus it is that the embodiment of science
in
who is the human form,

tree, plant,
not only
man
but eagle, vulture,
sword or spear." Amergin glorifies this science by which he hopes to overthrow the gods; and he identifies himself with it and with everything to which When he speaks, he speaks for it is extended.
some undefined power back

His philosophy
is
of all
the gods.
regarded as pantheistic and
he speaks for In the
God in all his poems. poem or prayer he recited on
first
landing in Ireland, he says:

"I
am the wind which blows over the am the wave of the ocean; I am the murmur of the billows; I am the ox of the seven combats;
I
sea;
CHAPTER X
I
63
I
I I
I
am the vulture upon the rock; am a tear of the sun; am the fairest of plants; am a wild boar in valor; am a salmon in the water; am a lake in the plain; am a word of science; am the spear-point that gives battle; am the God who creates in the head
thought).
is it
I I
the
fire (of
Who
that enlightens the assembly on the mountain,
if
not I?
rest,
Who Who Who
telle th
the ages of the moon, if not I? showeth the place where the sun goes to
if
not I?
can direct you to where the waters run clearest, not I? Who can bring the fish from its recesses in the sea, as I can? Who can cause the fish to approach to the shore, as I can? Who can change the hills, mountains or promontories, " as I can?
if
The phrases
reasoning
is
"if not I"
and "as
I can," are
supplied from explanatory glosses.
The
poet's
all
something
like this:
"God
does
these things;
God
is all
these things;
they are
inseparable, I might say, indistinguishable from
him; they are but the manifestations of him in action, they are identical with him, as I am;
64
if

they are ascribable to him they are ascribable
to me, because I
am
but one more external
evidence of him."
And
then comes the higher, the special claim,
when Amergin says: "I am a word of science." "The file," says De Jubainville, "is the word of science, he is the God who gives to man the
fire of
thought;
object,
from
its
and as science is not distinct as God and nature are but one,
file is
the being of the

warrior's arms."
mingled with the winds
and the waves, with wild animals and with the
An
analogous
poem
is
found
in a
Welsh manuIt
is
script of the fourteenth century.
ascribed
"I am a tear of the sun." Taliesin says, "I have been a tear in the air." Amergin says, "I am the vulture upon the rock." The Welsh bard says, "I have been an eagle;" and so on, wherever Amergin says "I am" the Welsh man says "I
to the poet Taliesin.
Amergin
says,
have
ville
been,"
thus
the
substituting
for
the
idea
of
successive
metamorphoses
vigorous
what De Jubain-
styles
pantheism of Irish
said Celtic,
philosophy.
If
De
Jubainville
had
and not
Irish, in this
connection
to find no fault.
we would be inclined But we have good reason to
CHAPTER X
65
think that he regards the ancient Celtic pan-
theism as tainting Irish philosophy to a very undesirable extent even in early Christian times.
The
particular
poem
of
Amergin that we have

O'Molloy,
been analyzing
is
not in Conaclon.
who wrote
in
his
Grammatica Latino-Hibernica
it
Rome, and published

is
there in 1677,
tells
us that Conaclon
the most difficult species of
composition under the canopy of heaven.
what depths of philosophy Amergin was able to cram into that sententious and monotonous metrical style! Mere translation was not enough to develop the meaning of such verse; it had to be interpreted in the
Nevertheless,
light
of
every
circumstance
it.
that
threw,
or
could throw, any light on
Two
other
poems
in
of
Amergin are
extant.
In
one of them,
the
Conaclon,
already
noticed,
and beginning "ailim iat n-Erend," he invokes earth and the sea, mountains, woods, rivers and lakes. It is an invocation addressed
to Ireland deified.
In the other poem, not in Conaclon, the sea

is
mentioned
first,
but the earth

it
is
next referred
to as a divinity that
slight.
would not be well to
He
appeals to the "fish-abounding sea,"

earth," "to the irruption of
"to the
fruitful
GG
fish,"

"to the
fish
under the waves," and the
object of the appeal, as
we
are left to gather
from the circumstances and from the tenor of the poems, is to get all these forces to aid his
people in their fight against the Tuatha
De
Danaan
gods.
His prayer
is
heard and the
gods are overthrown.
Who
gin,
can contemplate those appeals of Amerat the very
made
dawn
of
our history,
without being reminded of the "Lorica" of

Saint Patrick, sung on his
way
to Tara; perhaps,
over a thousand years later on?
Amergin appeals to the elements
for
aid.
Saint Patrick appeals to Christ to protect
him
from the elements, and to turn all their powers and properties to his advantage. How pathetic is the figure of Amergin, standing
away back
in the "cloudland," appealing
to the forces that are anterior to all the gods,
appealing over their shoulders to a higher power,
and
in
the
helplessness
of
heathenism concould
all
founding this power with visible nature and

her forces and laws!
What
it
have
been but the feeling away down in the depths of his soul that back of all these gods there was One in whose hands they were all but common
clay!
CHAPTER X
67
From the old Celtic philosophy of Amergin, how easy is the transition to the true philosophy! The one is suggested in the other. This old
was the kind that would yield at once to the "Kindly Light" of Christianity. It was made in the designs of ProviCeltic
philosophy
dence, a preparation for
it.
CHAPTER XI
The
Fairies.
Banba,
Fola
and
a
Eriu.
after
Why
places,
Irish manuscript
etc.
books
named
manuscript
in
its
really
library.
Ire-
land's literature,
preservation,
an indicacharacters.
tion of Ireland's destiny.
Ogham
Book of Bally mote.

be
Banba, Fola and Eriu

Fate of Donn.
in succession ask each that the island should
named
after her.
OUR
citing,
readers
to
may
be curious by this
time
know
why
the
old
Irish
books or manuscripts, we have been were called by such peculiar names.

of the old Irish writers or
It
was the habit
scribes to state four circumstances in particular
about the books they were writing or copying.
The
copyist
made no
if
alteration in these cir-
cumstances,
he found them already stated in
the work he was copying, but merely added his
own name
as scribe or compiler, with
any new
circumstances
that had
arisen
in
connection
with the compilation and which he considered
worthy
of notice.
CHAPTER XI
69
These circumstances were the place in which the book was written or compiled, the date of
its
compilation, the
name
of the author
and the
being
occasion or circumstances that led to
its
undertaken.
of those
who wrote
This continued to be the custom the Gaelic language, even
down
to the time of the
Four Masters.
after the
Sometimes compilations are named

compilers as well as after the place.
The "Anof Ulster"
nals"
now known
as the
"Annals
were formerly better known as the "Annals of Senait MacManus," and the "Annals of the Four Masters "are sometimes called the "Annals
of
Donegal."
These huge tomes or 'Books' are not confined to any one subject, but include a vast variety of subjects, having no connection with each other
at
in
all,
beyond the
fact that they are
one great manuscript.
bound up They are thrown

find a love story
together promiscuously.
You
or a courtship, or a voyage or a vision in the
same parchment with a pitched battle or a treati se on medicine or astronomy The " B ook "
.
is
really a library.
one considers the patience and care with which these books were copied and re-copied
When
and the high appreciation
in
which they were
70
held,

the
thought
that
becomes
Ireland
irresistible
that
Almighty God Himself had, by a

dence,
special provi-
decreed
should
not
be
entirely divested of the internal evidence she
bore of the mighty influence she was destined

to wield in the civilization of the world.
The "Book
to the
of
Ballymote"
is
peculiarly valu-
able as containing a grammatical tract and a key
Ogham
cypher-writing.
It has also
many
and adaptations from the Greek classics, genealogies of saints and other hagiological and much biblical matter. A book-collector named O'Donnell bought it from one of its last private owners, a man named McDonough. The price paid was 140 milch cows. McDonough parted with the book willingly. Nevertheless he seems to have retranslations
and Roman
gretted having to part with
it.
Either that, or
for
the scribe thought the price too high:

says that "although the book
is
he
good, buying
a book from
churl."
McDonough
is
a purchase from a
The
belongs
Gaelic text of this great book which
now
to the Royal Irish

of such a
Academy would
make 2500 pages

of the
work as the "Annals
Four Masters,"
large quarto.
"The Book
of Lecan," compiled
by a member
CHAPTER XI
of the
71
famous literary family of the MacFirbises County Sligo in a.d. 1417, is very much like the "Book of Ballymote" in its contents. Nearly every one of these great collections includes a copy of the "Libur-Gabala," or "Book
in the
of Invasions."
In this
of
latter,
we
find a
more
detailed account
Banba, Fola and Eriu, or Eire, as the word These were the Tuatha De is now spelled. Danaan goddess-queens. The Libur tells us
that the Milesians had to fight against demons;
and says that these demons were the Tuatha De Danaan. Some copies of this book represent the contending forces as having fought the battle of
Sleive Mish, in Kerry,
first
on the occasion
of the
landing of the Milesians, before the apat
Tara and consequently before their temporary retirement from the island. While marching northward to Tara after this battle, we are told, they met first Queen Banba and she told them that if it was to conquer Ireland they had come, their expedition was
pearance
not
just.
is
"It
for that indeed
we came,"
said Amergin.
"Then,"
said
Banba, "grant
me
by
at least one
favor, that the island be called
my
name."
72
"It shall be so," said Amergin.

did not bear her
little
farther,
But the island name very long; for proceeding they met Fola and she asked
it.
the same favor and Amergin granted

Ireland
either;
did
not
long
enjoy
Fola's
name
for,
at Usnech, the Central point of
Ireland, they
of the three
met
Eire.
She was the only one
who gave them a cordial greeting. "Welcome, warriors," said she, "you are come from afar. This island will belong to you for all time, and from here to the farthest East there is none better; no race will be so perfect "It is not to you," cried Eber as yours." Dorm, the eldest of the sons of Miled, "that we owe any thanks, but to our gods and our own prowess." "What I announce has no concern for you," said Eire, "you shall not enjoy this island; it will not belong to any
She then begged that the island be called after her and Amergin
descendants of yours."
granted the request.
After the grudging reception given the warriors
by Banba and Fola it might appear surprising and even startling to find Eire giving them a cordial welcome. But, then, her name was to last forever, associated with them and with their destinies. In song and story it was to
CHAPTER XI
become one
of the
73
most beautiful names in the welcomed the Milesians as her world. own, as the race over whom she was to be the
She
presiding divinity.
given
As the Greeks gloried in the name of Hellenes, them after their god, Hellen, so the
gloried
Milesians
taken from that
name of Eireanaig, De Danaan goddess away back

in
the
in the mythological ages.
CHAPTER
XII
Amergin; his character and office; Eire's prophDeath of Banba, Fola and Eire. Lug ecy.
and
have
the
games of
Taillten.
Practice of putting
a term
to the lives of the gods.
Pagan
"Lir's
its
stories
Christian
redactions.
left
lonely
daughter."
place names.
Paganism has
mark on
AMERGIN was the

He was
the
learning,
eldest son of Miled.
ollam,
or
man
of
all
as well as brehon,
to
or judge
It
is
and
counsellor,
the
whole colony.
their
very likely that he was also their

priest.
druid
or
or
He was
certainly
file
poet;
a kind of primeval poet-laureate, and in this

capacity he incited
them
to battle
by
his songs,
encouraged them by his appeals for the favor

of the unseen powers, celebrated their prowess
when they were victorious, and recited elegies for them when they were dead. As their
ollam, he
was the depositary of their highest wisdom and knowledge, the one who preserved
74
CHAPTER
their genealogies,
XII
75
tree
and to the old family
added each new ramification.
At first all these offices were centred in one man; but in the course of time, rigorous lines were drawn to distinguish them; and we find
that the three great, general offices of Druid,
brehon and
file
came each
to have its
own
representative.
Strict precautions
to prevent the interference of
were taken anyone of these
personages in the functions of the others.
Donn was
it is
next to Amergin in age, and, from
the prominence given him in the ancient tales,

clear that he
was the commander-in-chief

Eire's
of the
expedition.
prophecy regarding
him came
true. In the course of the magic storm he and his whole crew were lost. The sand hills on which his ship was wrecked on
the western coast of Munster
still
bear his
name, and the tradition of the catastrophe is vivid in the minds of the people of that place. The most ancient copies of the Libur Gabala, that we still have, go back to the twelfth cenThese tell us that Banba, Fola and Eire tury. were killed with their husbands at the battle of
Tailltinn.
This ancient place in the County of
Meath is Anglicized Telltown. Its ancient name came from the goddess Taillti who was
76
the foster-mother of Lug, one of the greatest

of the
tion for her,
Tuatha De Danaan gods. In Lug had games and great
his affecfestivities
celebrated here, beginning on the

of each year.
first of
August
day called of the Lugnas; lugnas meaning Lug's gathering. The aonach Tailltinn, or Fair of Taillti, always brought an enormous concourse of people together in ancient
this
On this account, August is to Mi Na Lugnasa, or the month
Erin.
It
is
impossible to read
literature
much
of
the
ancient
Irish
without noticing the
great frequency of the occurrence of the
name
Lug (Loo) or Lugaid (Looey). With regard to the death of the

queens,
it is
three goddess
to be observed that the practice of
putting a term to the lives of the gods was
introduced
into
Ireland
in
Christian
in
times.
zeal,
The
early Christian
converts,
their
wanted to put every thought of the ancient paganism out of the minds of the people, and they thought that one of the best ways to do this would be to destroy the ancient pantheon and reduce the gods to the level of ordinary men and women.
gods.
The Fomorians, or African pirates, were The Tuatha De Danaan were gods;
is
and there
no doubt but that
all
the Milesian
CHAPTER
chiefs
XII
77
it
would have reached us as gods, were
not for this process.

ancient Christians,
With
all
it
respect for the

regrettable that
we think
the ancient pagan tales were tampered with.
They could do no harm.
Perhaps we ought to
all.
be thankful that they were spared to us at
To convert them from pagan to Christian Their Christian redacclassics was impossible. tors appreciated them as literature, and as
reflecting the peculiar character of the ancient
Irish
mind, when
the
it
rested on religion;
if
and
therefore they would not,
they could, expur-
gate
paganism out of them altogether. Besides, these pagan tales were comparatively clean as far as the moral conduct of their heroes
was concerned.
very great number of these stories have

redactions.
Christian
The
story
is
generally
pagan way, but new developments are added, by which the hero or heroine,
told in the old
or a whole group of these,
is
brought down to
Saint
Patrick's
time,
die.
and made to receive
baptism, and then

It
is
in this
way
that Finoola, "Lir's Lonely
Daughter,'' and her equally ill-fated brothers,
Aod, Conn and Fiacra, are made to live at least nine hundred years, and that "Eithne
78

after
living
fifteen
is
the Fair"
hundred years
at last
with her fairy companions,

stray
made
to
away from them,
so that she, like the
Children of Lir, received baptism and Christian

burial
from Saint Patrick or some one
of his
disciples.
As already indicated these Christian redactions of the old tales were intended to eradicate
paganism, and to make the tales themselves
conform to Christian ideas. Paganism has disappeared,

remain;
in the
but
its
traces
and as Christianity
of places, so
is
is
written in the
Irish language all over the face of the old land,
names
the
the ancient paganism
written there, also, indelibly.
When
place
archaeologist
will find
goes
to
explain
name he
very frequently that
take on pagan fable. or The Tuatha De Danaan, whether they were gods or men, left their footprints, not on the shifting sands, but on the hard bed-rock of the
his explanation, to
be
intelligible, will
the very form of an old
myth
Irish topographical nomenclature.
The
died.
Christian redactors of the pagan tales,

of the annalists, tell us that the gods
and many
Nevertheless these gods lived on in the
popular imagination and acted as the tutelary
CHAPTER
deities
XII
79
of
the
districts
in
which they were

it
buried.
This superstition,
if
indeed
ought to be
taken seriously enough to be called a superstition,
suggests a beautiful Christian reflection.

things
Wonderful
always
have
happened,
and
are
where the bodies of the typical Irish mind, whether pagan or Christian, had always an exquisite
happening,
saints are laid.
The
sense of the fitness of things.
CHAPTER
Euhemerism.
Gods
after
XIII
always such, and
that were
men who
death became gods.
Mythoand
logical, heroic
and
historic cycles easily distin-
guishable in Irish history.
Gilla Keevin
greatest
Flann
of
the
Monastery
Irish
Euhemerists.
Tigernach.
Some account
of their
work.
AT
the
court
of
Cassander
Christ,
in
Mace-
donia, in the early part of the third
century
before
there lived a
Greek writer named Euhemerus. He wrote a book to prove that the ancient myths were all genuine historical facts, and to show that the gods were all, originally, men who had distinguished themselves in war, or in beneficence to
their fellowmen,
and who,
in consequence,
were
gratefully regarded as gods after their death,
and considered worthy

level of
of divine honors.
This writer's success in reducing gods to the
men was only partial. Every classical knows that the Greek mythology still stands apparently intact, and that there is very
scholar
80
CHAPTER
little
XIII
81
confusion there between gods and men.
One never has to ask which is which. But among those who received divine honors after their death he probably wrought some havoc. There is a certain grim humor in the reported
conduct of the
in
Roman
tax collectors operating
Greece after this country had become subject
to
Rome.
They exempted from
taxation
all
lands belonging to the immortal gods or in any
way
sacred to them;
but refused to regard as
immortal gods those who became gods only after

their death.
The
process of
making the gods out to be

called
of
ordinary
men
is
euhemerising,
ancient
after
Euhemerus.
Many
the
Christian
writers of Ireland did very
work, and in this
much of this kind of way threw much obscurity

They can
on the
logic
lines of
demarcation between the mytho-
and the heroic or human.
hardly be considered a help to the historian.
him.
One would imagine they would rather confuse The Irish euhemerists never tried to explain away the entire system of mythology.
would have been impossible, and the attempt unworthy of thinking men. But they injured that system a little, by puncturing it It here and there, thus causing confusion.
This

seems to be a new thing in the world to have
the
mythological,
all
heroic
and
historic
cycles
distinguished at
in Irish history;
fact that these cycles are

is
now
distinctly
and the marked
due to the work of the great Celtic scholars

It
is
of the last seventy years.
quite natural
that this should be so.
Formerly when the Irish historian told us
some impossible story as a piece

or
silly
of Irish history,
we laughed at him, or we thought

history.
how
puerile,
our fathers were to accept such stuff as
But now when the profound and discriminating Celtist tells us the same story, and shows us where it fits like a mosaic in one
magnificent
whole,
lore,
in
one
grand
system
of
mythological
it
we no
longer laugh;
we take
seriously.
We
stand in amazement in the presence of a
fact that has at last

distinct race,
dawned on us that
as a
history in very
we much
appeared on the horizon of

the same fashion as
all
the other great races that have accomplished

great things and fulfilled evident destinies in
this world.
Among
the great races,
it
was only
in the
case of the Jews that God, for His
own
wise
purposes, kept the remotest antiquity as clear,
CHAPTER
historically,
XIII
83
as the present day.
No
"cloud-
land"
in the divinely inspired history of the
ancient world.
According to
De
Jubainville, the writers
who
wrought the most destruction in the Irish Pantheon were Giolla Caomghein, pronounced
approximately Gilla Keevin, and Flann Mainistreach, both of the eleventh century. In any
age or country the erudition and work of these
men would have commanded
respect.
The
syn-
chronisms of Flann of the Monastery go back to the remotest ages, and are referred to in
highly commendatory language by such writers
as Usher, Ware, Lynch, better
brensis
known
and
as
"CamCharles
eversus,"
OTlaherty
O'Connor. There can be no doubt about the value of a commendation from Archbishop Usher, or Father Lynch, or, in fact, from any one of these men.
Charles
O'Connor
(of
Ballyinagar)
has
not
been always a great success in his translations from old Irish. Flann was connected in some way with the Monastery of Monasterboice,
and the weight of evidence is to the effect that he was not in Sacred Orders. His synchronisms form an excellent abridgment of universal
history
down
to his
own
time.
84
He
synchronizes the Kings of the Medes,
Persians, Assyrians, Greeks
and the emperors,
and previous
Irish Kings;
rulers,
of the
Romans with
the
and, in places, relieves this dry

scraps
of
record
with
valuable
information
regarding the countries or the kings.
Flann
of
the Monastery died, a.d. 1050; so says O'Curry.
Douglas Hyde
chronologist,
tells
us that "the greatest scholar,

of this period (Clontarf
is
and poet
Invasion)
to
Norman
unquestionably Flann
Mainistreach
who
died in 1056."
Giolla Caomghein's
work
is
very
much
like
that of Flann Mainistreach.

chronological
He
wrote a great
all
poem
"giving the annals of
time from the beginning of the world

his
down
to
own
period."
rulers.
with Irish
He also synchronizes Eastern He died in 1072. He is also
the translator into Gaelic of Nennius' history of
the Britons, a work of the eighth century.
The works
of Giolla
Caomghein are extant;
but the synchronisms of Flann have suffered
from the friction of time, and are only found in a scattered and imperfect way, bound up with other ancient manuscripts. Tigernach, the most
brilliant
and learned annalist
of the eleventh
century, has
made much
of
use of them.
By way
comparison of these two
men
CHAPTER
XIII
85
O'Curry says: * "It is to be observed that Flann was the predecessor of Tigernach; and without in the least, derogating from the well earned reputation of that annalist, enough of the works of Flann remain to show that he was a scholar of fully equal learning, and a
historic investigator of the highest merit."
Again we are forgetting the

feel
fairies;
but we
perfectly justified in turning aside occa-
sionally to give a short account of the great
mortals
who
either built
up or
tore
down
their
mansions.
to give
In our next chapter we shall begin

of the
Tuatha De Danaan gathering at the famous Brugh on the

an account
great
Boyne.
*
In
his
"Manuscript Materials
of
Ancient Irish
History."
CHAPTER XIV
The Fairies,
Boinne.
Cucullain
Sid."
De Danaan
Digression on
meeting at Brug na
Tain Bo Cuailgne.
The
of
and Ferdiad. "Conquest of the Dagda. Manannan MacLir.

O'Hartigan.
Poem
fight.
Kinaeth
The
Bulls
O'Currys
translation of the account of
that fight.
AFTER Tuatha
their
defeat
at
set
Taillti,
the
De Danaan
about reconTheir
chiefs
structing
themselves.
held a great meeting to determine precisely
what they should do. The place where the meeting was held was the Brugh on the Boyne. Brugh means a fairy palace; at the present day the form "bruighin," * which is a grammatical inflection of it and is pronounced "breen," is more generally used. In those parts of the country still most haunted by fairies, the word
"side,"
for
their
palaces,
is
very
generally
supplanted by
" breen."
We may
Bo
take occasion here to notice the Tain
Cuailgne or Cattle Spoil of Cooley.
Not-
withstanding the serio-comic

*
name
of this story
Often written bruighean.

86
CHAPTER XIV
it is
87
the greatest of the Irish Epic tales.
As a
result of the raid
steer of
on Donn, the famous brown Cualgne in Ulster, with the object of
bringing
him
to
possessions of
Connaught to add him to the Queen Meave, and thus establish

the proud owner of the no less
her supremacy in wealth over her husband,

Ailill,
who was
famous Finnbheannach, or white horned bull, the King of Ulster, Conor MacNessa, becomes involved in a protracted war with Meave and her Munster allies. This war develops the heroes Cucullain and Ferdiad and a host of others, and astonishes the reader with the keen
manly honor and soldierly chivalry in the heart of anyone in ancient Erin who had the courage to call himself a man. Even in their paganism death had no terrors for these heroes,
sense of
but a breach of chivalrous honor or a
failure to
stand by their plighted word was the one thing,
under heaven, they dreaded. Anyone reading Mrs. Hutton's English version
of this wonderful story or Windisch's
German
all
version
is
forced to the conclusion that
the
middle ages did for chivalry was to Christianize it and exalt its motive to the supernatural
But, of course,
could do
this.
it
is
Christianity alone
that
88

Attached to
this serni-historic tale
is
a short
the
tract called the conquest, or the seizure, of the
"sid"; "Gabail Int Sida," meaning

capturing of the fairy palaces.
tant and a copy of
it
literally
in the
The tract is ex"Book of Leinster"

There
is
has escaped euhemerization.

tian redaction of
it,
a Chris-
but we
shall first consult the
thoroughly pagan version.
In this version the principal part in the

capturing and subsequent distribution of the
fairy palaces
in the
is
ascribed to the
Dagda who
was,
Tuatha De Danaan world, what Zeus was to the Greeks and Jupiter to the Romans. His name is interpreted by De Jubainville as the "good god," and if that interpretation be correct, it would be written "Deag-dia" in modern Irish; deag being one of the four or five adjectives that come before the noun to
which they refer. His name does not imply that there was a "bad god" as such, but was given him as a reward for great services done for his people. There is no certain proof of a positive pagan
Manichaeism having prevailed among the ancient Irish.
The Dagda retained great influence even among the victorious Milesians, who were not
CHAPTER XIV
entirely able to free themselves
disabilities
89
from certain
inflicted
they succeeded in with him.
by the De Danaan, until making a treaty of peace

they were enabled
By
this treaty
and to get and drink the milk of their cows. Both these foodstuffs had been blighted by the incantations of the Tuatha Da Danaan. The pagan version of the "Gabail Int Sida" also makes the Dagda the leading figure in the deliberations at Brug Na Boinne, the palace of
to gather the corn of their fields
the Boyne, but the Christian redactions of the

tale give the greater
prominence to Manannan
the pagan story to
to
MacLir.
The Dagda
reserve
this
is
made by
famous
palace
himself
and
sids
distribute the various other
underground
numerous Danaan, after they and

or sidi to the
of invisible immortality.
chiefs of the
their
Tuatha De people had decided
not to leave Ireland but to retire into this kind
A poem
the
attributed to Kinaeth O'Hartigan of
tenth
century
represents
the
Dagda
as
occupying this same palace even before the Milesian occupation of the country. He had
dwelt
after
there
with
his
goddess-queen
is
Boana,
whom
the famous river
named, and who
90
is

really nothing
more or
less
than the Boyne
deified.
Here we again digress. We may as well tell our readers something about the bulls we
mentioned in our references to the Tain. We may not have so graceful an opportunity soon The reader knows very well, in advance, again. that the bulls fought. We cannot improve on
O'Curry's description of
it.
In his analysis of the great story as found by
him
in manuscript form,
and
after dilating
on
sion of the
Meave's satisfaction at having obtained possesDonn and punished her old foe,
"This Conor MacNessa, O'Curry continues: wild tale, however, does not end here; for it
gravely informs us that
found himself in
as
of
when Donn Cuailgne a strange country, and among
strange herds, he raised such a loud bellowing
had never before been heard in the province Connaught; that on hearing those unusual
Ailill's
sounds,
bull,
the
that
Finnbheannach,
or
White-horned,
formidable foe had entered his territory;
some strange and and that he immediately advanced at full speed to the point from which they issued, where he soon arrived in the presence of his noble enemy. "The sight of each other was the signal of
knew
CHAPTER XIV
battle.
91
tale,
In the poetic language of the
the
province rang with the echoes of their roaring,

the sky was darkened by the sods of earth they
threw up with their

that flew from their
and from the foam mouths; fainthearted men,

feet,
women and
children hid themselves in caves,

whilst even
caverns and clefts of the rocks;

the
the most veteran warriors but dared to view
combat from the neighboring
hills
and
eminences.
"The Finnbheannach
at length gave
way and
and
retreated towards a certain pass which opened

into the plain in which the battle raged,
where sixteen warriors bolder than the rest had planted themselves; but so rapid was the retreat and the pursuit that not only were all
these trampled to the ground, but they were
buried several feet in

at last, coming
it.
The Donn
Cuailgne,
up with
his opponent, raised
him on
him
his horns, ran off
with him, passed the
gates of Meave's palace, tossing and shaking

as he went, until at last he shattered
to pieces, dropping his disjointed
him members as
he went along.
the
it
"And wherever a part name of that joint

was (we are
told) that
fell
that place retained
ever after.
Ath Luain,
And thus now Ath-
92
lone,

which was before called Ath
its
Mor
or the
Great Ford, received
present
or
loin,
name from
the
Finnbheannach's luan,
having been
dropped there.
his
"The Donn enemy in
Cuailgne, after having shaken

this
manner from
his
horns,
returned into his
own
country, but in such a

all fled
frenzied state of excitement that
every-
his old
where at his approach. He faced directly to home; but the people of the baile or
fled
and hid themselves behind a huge mass of rock, which his madness transformed into the shape of another bull; so that coming
hamlet
with
all his
force against
it
he dashed out his
brains and was killed."

if
We
doubt very much

in
there
is
in the
whole range of the world's
literature
anything to compare with this
strenuosity.
CHAPTER XV
The Fairies.
Distribution of the fairy palaces.
The Dagda and Oengus.
Mac
Int Oc.
Greek
and Irish mythological

gods.
legends.
Immortality of the gods.
Food of the Knowth,

of the
Newgrange and
Cyclops.
Dowth.
Monuments
Cruachan.
THE
after
Conquest of the Sid
tells
us that
although the
Dagda kept
it
the palace of
for ages
the Boyne known as the
for himself,
Sid
was Maic Int Oc,
or fairy
mansion of the Son of the Young. This Mac Int Oc was Oengus, the son Dagda himself and of Boand, and was so
self,
of the
called
because his parents as well, of course, as him-
were supposed to enjoy perpetual youth or

the Brug
immortality.
How
came
to bear his
legend.
name
is
explained
by an ancient
When
the
was going on, he was absent. He was at the home of the god Midir to receive an education. His father, in the confusion and hurry of work and business, had forgotten all about him.
distribution of the "sides"
93
94
When Oengus
father
returned and found that his
had no
sid left for
him, he was surprised
and indignant.
As a
last resort
he asked to be
allowed to remain over night in the Brug.
The Dagda
graciously assented, saying that
add the day, meaning The next day towards of course the next day. evening Oengus discovered that he was expected to leave after the expiration of the day and the
to the night he could also
night.
it
Although the legend does not say so directly, is clear that he was finally ordered to decamp.
This he stoutly refused to do, claiming that as

the palace was given
him a day and a night it was thereby ceded to him in perpetuity, as all time is made up of days and nights.
His father was evidently unprepared for this
logic.
He had no argument
to overcome
it,
and so he admitted the justice of his son's claim, and allowed him to hold Brug na Boinne in his own name, which the delighted youth did
indefinitely.
most wonderful place indeed was this palace. Three trees grew there and were always
laden with
fruit,
reminding one of the gardens
of the Hesperides,
beyond the sunset where the golden apples grew for the gods of ancient
CHAPTER XV
Greece;
95
reminding one also of the garden of
Phoebus, at the ends of the earth \vhere Night

has her
begins.
It
is
home and where
the vault of the heavens
remarkable indeed how the Irish mytholegend,
by placing fruit trees at the couch of the Dagda, at the Brug on the Boyne, reminds one of the Greek legend that also
logical
places trees at the couch of Zeus in the gardens

of the gods.
What can we
is
see in
it all
but a vestige, as
it
a distortion, of the Biblical description of the

of
Garden
swine,
Eden?
other
this
killed
In the palace of the Boyne are also three one living and the
and
ready to eat;
cellent ale.
and alongside
a jar of ex-
The swine were
the ambrosia and
the ale the nectar of the gods of ancient Erin.
No
die
one who tasted of these viands could ever

so
and they were no sooner eaten than they

that the
store
of
reproduced themselves,
provisions, apparently small, lasted indefinitely
and fed an
It
is
indefinite
number
of gods.
clearly seen that the
pagan version of
the Conquest of the Sid teaches the immortality of the

tion.
gods without restriction or reservain later
It
was
days in manuscripts of

the eleventh century and in Christian redactions
of other tales as well as of the Sid itself that
Tuatha De Danaan are represented as dying and receiving burial at the Brug on the
the
Boyne. There are three remarkable mounds on the banks of the Boyne and all three bear evidence of having been artificially constructed. They are
the heights of Knowth, Newgrange and Dowth.
Newgrange is identified as the ancient Brug na Boinne where the Euhemerists, or Christian
exterminators of
the
gods, have
buried
the
Dagda and Lug and Ogma and

chiefs of the
all
the great
Tuatha De Danaan.
is
This eminence
largest
It
is
unquestionably
artificial.
It covers two acres and contains one of the
chambers in western Europe. near the place where the battle of the
funeral
Boyne was fought. This veritable Irish Catacomb was, with Knowth and Dowth, used as a
burial ground even in the remotest times.
De
Jubainville thinks that
all
three
mounds
were raised for this purpose by some colony

that antedated far the coming of the Milesians.
This would bring the date of their construction
back to Tuatha farther back still.
De Danaan
times and even
CHAPTER XV
97
He
their
finds a parallel instance in

tells
ogy and
Greek mytholus that "the Greeks attributed
prehistoric monuments to the Cyclops who were originally mythological beings." The monuments raised by the Cyclops, how-
were not of earth or loam, but enormous masses of unhewn stone, of which specimens are still to be seen at Mycenae in Greece and
ever,
also in several places in Italy.
The theory
at present about these
is
that they
were built by the Pelasgians, but that on account of their grandeur they were anciently attributed
to the fabulous or mythological race of Cyclops.
of Ireland
In historic pre-Christian times the high Kings were buried at Cruachan in Confor
first
naught on the banks of the Shannon; but

the
four centuries of the Christian era they
were buried at the Brug on the Boyne.
The
first
high King of the Milesian race to
be buried there was Crimthan MacNair, and he very probably owed this distinction to the
fact that his wife
was
of the
Tuatha De Danaan
race
and a
fairy.
CHAPTER XVI
The Brug on
one
of
the
Boyne.
epic
The Tain regarded as

studies
the
great
of
literature.
The an Irishman.
story of
Polyphemus.
Ulysses acts like
our
examination
light
of
the
records
that
on the pagan religion of the ancient Irish, we have had occasion to refer frequently to the "Tain Bo Cualigne."
IN throw
We
is
wish to state our belief here that that story
destined to receive universal recognition as
one of the great epics of the world. That it is worthy to be so regarded, the treatment it has received at the hands of
competent French and German scholars leaves no doubt. The whole English-speaking world
is
now
fast falling into line with the nations of

it
continental Europe in according

place.
its rightful
Henry Adams Bellows

at Harvard, June
29,
an oration, delivered 1910, during the comin
mencement
exercises,
dilated
on the reason
of
why
some
so
many
the
of the
names
98
of the authors of
of
great
masterpieces
medieval
CHAPTER XVI
99
literature are lost to us, and, in the course of

his remarks, said:
"Chretienne de Troyes we know, and Wolfram Von Essenbach, Caedmon,
Bernart de Ventadorn and Snorri Sturluzon;
but of the
men who gave
us the Niebelungenlied,
the Chanson de Roland, the ballads of the Cid, the Beowulf, the Tain, or the Eddie poems,
we
know
practically nothing."
We
quote this passage because
it is
the
first
we have
be,
seen in which an American scholar of

it
high standing places the Tain where
ought to
among
the great epic studies of literature,

it is
and because
an indication
of the hold that

is
the cultivation of Celtic studies

in this country.
sure to take
As we had occasion to mention the Cyclops, we may as well tell a story that lingers in our memory about Polyphemus, who was one of
the most remarkable of them.
He
lived alone
on an
island.
coming home from the Siege of Troy, landed on that island, fell into the hands of the one-eyed giant, and was
Ulysses,
King
of Ithaca,
shut up by him in his cave, with his sheep.
There was no means of escape, as the door was too heavy to be thrown open by ordinary human
power.
8860.50
100
Ulysses discovered that Polyphemus himself

slept in that cave,
had
short
only one eye, which
and remembering that he was located in the
centre of his forehead, thought he could
make
work of that eye and crowd out his light. While Polyphemus was snoring after an enormous meal, the wandering Greek heated a great spit he had found in the cave, and, plunging it into the upturned eye of the giant, completely destroyed his sight.
He
darted away, and during the night in the

all
great cave, eluded
the efforts of the groping
Polyphemus to get his hands on him. Next morning the giant resorted to his last strategic move, which he thought would baffle the ingenuity of his wily captive.
He threw back
felt
the enormous rock from the
door, and, as he let the sheep out, one

of
by one,
each carefully, knowing that Ulysses would hit upon some astute plan to escape
while the door was open.
But he only
felt of
the backs and necks of

This,
the sheep, not having the least idea that his

prisoner would escape under their feet.
however, was what happened.
Burying
his
of
underbody
hands deep in the wool of the an enormous animal and prac-
CHAPTER XVI
tically
101
dragging himself along on his back, as
the animal moved, Ulysses
made
his escape.
and when, as he thought, at a safe distance, yelled back at his former captor and told him in unexpurgated language what he thought of him. The latter, in rage and disappointment, tore a piece off the mountain and threw it in the It struck undirection the voice came from. comfortably near Ulysses, raising mountainous
Once
outside, he took to his boat,
waves that nearly swamped him. But he would not be daunted. He yelled again and another piece of the mountain came his way and raised dangerous waves again. He kept up the good work, nevertheless, and kept the giant busy for some time; but the danger for Ulysses was growing less and the giant's aim was growing poorer, and at last he had to put his hand to his ear in an effort to locate the voice that was growing feebler as his tormentor was getting more and more out
of range.
This story
It
is
is
to be found in Homer's Odyssey.
suggested to us by
De
Jubainville's par-
allelisms
system of
between the mythology.
Irish
and
it
the
Greek
is
And
our only excuse for giving
here
the
102

since
impression that has remained with us
we
first
read
strain
it;
that there must have been a

Ulysses.
Celtic
in
One would think

would have been taking no more risks
that, like a cunning Greek, he
glad to get
away
quietly,
and courting no further danger.
But the fact that he yelled back and yelled again and kept it up as long as there was a
possible chance of being heard
fuel to the
monster
wrath
of
and adding fresh the enormous Cyclopean

believe, our contention.
sustains,
we
CHAPTER XVII
The Brug more closely described. Kings buried Ancient burial ceremonies. Venerathere.
tion of the ancient Irish for the
their
memory
and
of her
dead.
Burial
of
Finoola
brothers.
Finoola, the Irish Penelope.
THE
mounds
ancient cemetery of the Brugh
lies
on the northern bank of the Boyne, and extends about three miles along
It consists of about
its course.
twenty burial
artificial
of various sizes.
These cover
caves or chambers, containing shallow saucer-
shaped stone
coffins
or sarcophagi,
in
which
the bodies of the dead were deposited.
This continuous ridge or height includes the

three distinct
mounds
of
Newgrange, Knowth
and Dowth;
cated,
is
but Newgrange, as already indi-
Brugh proper, the famous fairy palace. Many modern writers rob the whole place of much of its poetry by calling it the burial place of the De Danaans; and some say that to this system of cemeteries
identified as the
belonged the ancient
mound now
103
called Mill-
104

in the
town of Drogheda, situated on the southern bank of the river. The caves or chambers these mounds cover are supported by pillars, and the great stones that form their sides and roofs are ornamented
with carvings of various designs such as
lozenges,
circles
spirals,
mount
and so
forth.
There
absence
of
Christian
ornamentation,
an which
is
shows they were not used as cemeteries

tian times.
in Chris-
where Newgrange stands is now called Broo, or Bro Park, thus perpetuating
field
The
the ancient
name
of the fairy palace of
Oengus
all
Mac-in-t-Og.
But
it
is
not to be supposed that
the
burials of kings either before the time of Christ
or after, took place within these caves.
Many
were interred outside on the slopes and in the surrounding country. This, however, cannot be
proved to a certainty.
many who have made a deep study of the place. No human bones are found to support the theory. The human bone does not last so long. It soon
It
is
merely the opinion of
crumbles to dust.
It has not the
power
of the
skeleton of the Irish elk or of the geological
mastodon to
resist the friction of time.
CHAPTER XVII
These
that
reflections
105
bring to
we must not pass
by the tenderness
mind a thought
of
the regard in which the ancient pagan Irish
and the sacred solemnity of the ceremonies with which they placed the dead body in the grave.
held the
of their dead,
memory
In this particular, as in
many
others, their
for
pagan
the
ritual
was a beautiful preparation

not,
Christian,
however, because
it
it
was
pagan, but because
was human;
heart
it
is
and the
naturally
statement that the
human
Christian has been a truism since
was uttered
seventeen hundred years ago.
No
matter
how pagan
the ancient Irish story
is, if it tells
of a burial, the funeral ceremonies
are sure to be described.
The
reader will find:
"togad a
his grave
lie
os a leacht, ocus fearad a cluitce
caointe," "his flagstone or
tomb was
raised over
and
his ceremonies (literally,
games)
of lamentation
were celebrated."
One cannot
custom
soldier.
help seeing in this ancient custom
something analogous to the beautiful modern

of
sounding taps at the grave of a

"cluitce caointe,"
or tribute of
The
lamentation, was the noblest effort of the poor
human
heart, striving to give expression to its
purest feelings on the solemn occasion of death.
106
It
was the best that human nature could do, till the Requiem Mass and the Pie Jesu, the Christian Cluitce Caointe, came and satisfied
its holiest
aspirations.
Another of the ancient ceremonies was the

writing of the
name
of the deceased in
Ogham
This
letters on a pillar stone at the grave.
Ogham
writing or cipher would probably have
remained forever a sealed book were it not that a key to it was found in the ancient Book of
Ballymote.
Very often warriors falling in battle asked that a "cairn" or heap of stones be placed over their graves, and, if dying far away from
honored parents, requested that these should be told they died with a name untarnished
by the
slightest blemish, or
even suspicion of
cowardice.
The veneration of the memory of their dead is

manuscripts there
of the
is
ancient Irish for the

further illustrated
by
the fact that from the wreckage of ancient Irish

preserved, in the
"Book
Dun Cow,"
a tract called "Senchas
Na
Relec," or the "History of the Cemeteries."

It
is
concerned with the history of the pagan

of a
cemeteries only.
As an example
pagan
burial, christianized
CHAPTER XVII
by the redactor
translate
of the ancient
107
story,
pagan
we
the
the
following
paragraph
from
story of the Children of Lir.
After the misfortunes and
many metamorthe
Christian
phoses and miseries they had undergone for a

period of nine hundred years,
redactor,
who
brings
them down
to St. Patrick's
time, tells us that "they were baptized,
and
they died and were buried and Fiachra and
Conn were placed at either side of Finoola, and Aod before her face, as Finoola had ordered,
and
their
tombstone
their
was raised
rites
over
their
grave,
and
Ogham names
were written,
and their lamentation and heaven was gained

Finoola,
ter,"
is
were performed,
for their souls."
Tom
Moore's "Lir's lonely daugh-
in Irish, Fionnghuala,
meaning the
of
fair-
shouldered.
She was the eldest
the four,
and we doubt if there is in literature a more charming character, as seen in her self-sacrifice and solicitude truly motherly for her three younger brothers and her care of them in their
common
misfortune.
If
Chateaubriand took
fidelity
Penelope for the highest type of marital
that pagan literature could advance, he certainly
would have taken Finoola,
if
he had known the
beautiful story, for the highest type that
pagan
108
literature

actually
did
portray,
of
the
best
qualities associated with single
womanhood.
distributing the
To show Mannanan
ing at
sids;
presiding over the gather-
Brug na Boinne and
to prove our assertion that there were
previously existing fairies, and that the Tuatha
De Danaan became
task that
still
associated with them,
is
confronts us.
CHAPTER
palaces.
fairies
XVIII
Another account of the distribution of the fairy

Origin of fairy
or
gods.
belief.
Aboriginal
Accession
of
Tuatha
Danaan
to their
ranks.
Fairy palaces.
De "The
Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" on holes in

the ground.
of the Shees.
Manannan. Bow Derg. Some Knock-Ma. Road from Head-
ford
to
Tuam.
Tuam
Cathedral.
the Christian redactions of the Conquest
IN of
the Sid, the
Dagda
The
is
left
out of sight
that
altogether in the account of the distribution

of the fairy palaces.
implication
is
he was dead before this happened.

stantially,
Hence we
have two versions of the story, agreeing subbut differing

in matters of detail.
There
ject,
is
another tract bearing on the same subin the
and preserved
"Book
of "
of Leinster."
It bears the strange
name
Mesca Ulad
or
Intoxication of Ulster."
It gives the credit of
the distribution to Amergin.
He
divided Ireland between the conquerors
and the conquered.
"And
109
he,"
the
Mesca
110
says,

of
"gave the part ground to the Tuatha

part to his
Erin that was underthe other
De Danaan and
own
'corporeal' people, the sons of
Miled, after which the

hills
De Danaans went
into
and fairy palaces." There is another version of the same tract that agrees with the "Conquest." This version says, "the Tuatha De Danaan went into fairy
palaces
(sidbrugaib)
so that they
spoke with
'Side' under ground."
There are other ancient stories such as the "Sick Bed of Cuculain" that represent the Tuatha
De Danaan
as visiting the palaces of previously
existing gods.
These were evidently the
local
gods of the aboriginal inhabitants, the tutelary

deities of races that
Danaan
say,
preceded the Tuatha De and which, we venture to antedated even what we now know as the
in Ireland,
mythological period or cycle.
We
can never know

It
how
far
back into the
existence of peopled Ireland this fairy belief
extends.
belief
an astounding thing that a going so far back into the past should
is
have existed as a harmless superstition until so recently in some places, and should seem destined to exist as an interesting tradition for ages to come. It is one of the evidences of the
CHAPTER
tenacity of paganism
XVIII
111
and
of the conservative
character of the Irish as a race.
As for the association of the De Danaan with the "Shee" and the distinct existence of the
"Shee,"
or
aboriginal
fairies,
before
the
De
Danaan
retirement, the passages
we have quoted
give ample evidence.
In the story of the Children of Lir we are made acquainted with Bow Derg, the Tuatha De Danaan King, and we see his two sons riding
along at the head of the Marcra Side, or fairy
cavalcade, which,
people.
we
are told, are their
own
And
it
in the
"Senchas
Na
Relec" we are
was the Siabra that killed Cormac Mac Art, and that "it was the Tuatha De Danaan that were called Siabra." The Siabra were the most undesirable class of the fairies. But we are not to understand that the Tuatha
told that
De Danaan
alone.
classes,
were associated with

distributed themselves
this
class
all
They
among
and imparted to the

interest,
original deities a
human
which, otherwise, they never
would have acquired.

Otherwise,
in
fact,
we never would have

at least brought
heard of them.
nearer
They were
human kind by
the accession to their
ranks of beings, which, although regarded as
112
gods,

were nevertheless
invested
in
popular
passions.
fancy with
human
shapes and
human
fairy,
The Siabra was a contemptible

the conduct of a boy or the one or the other as
girl,
and one
could hardly show greater disappointment at
than by addressing
little
"you
sheevra."
is
In the
"Book
of
Fermoy"
there
a tract
which
tells
battles, the
us that after losing two disastrous Tuatha De Danaan met at the Brug
on the Boyne, that Manannan presided at the

meeting, that
Bodb (pronounced Bough) was
made King to preside over their future destinies, and that they retired into the palaces so often mentioned, which were really holes in the ground, or caverns within mounds, distributed among them by Manannan.
"The Book
be nothing
of
Fermoy"
does not
call
them
holes in the ground, but of course they could

else to
mortal eyes.
To
the Shee
and Tuatha
De Danaan
occupants they were
palaces ablaze with light, and glittering with
gems and gold. Some of them were under lakes and wells and even under the sea. The fairies had ways of their own by which they were able to endow any kind of place with
preternatural beauty.
We
do not associate anything very desirable
CHAPTER
XVIII
113
with holes in the ground;
general thing, liable to shrink
and we are, as a from the thought
of beings that appear only in the dark.
We
are considering holes in the ground as residences
or places of refuge, and are reminded

of the
by them
following passage from the
"Autocrat
of the Breakfast
Table":*
"Did you never, in walking in the fields, come across a large flat stone, which had lain, nobody knows how long, just where you found
it,
with the grass forming a
little
were, all around it, close to its have you not, in obedience to a kind of feeling that told you it had been lying there long enough, insinuated your stick or your foot or your fingers under its edge and turned it over,
as a housewife turns a to herself,
'it's
edges, and
hedge, as
it
cake,
when
she says
this
done brown enough by

revelation
time'?
"What an odd
and what an unfore-
seen and unpleasant surprise to a small com-
munity, the very existence of which you had not suspected, until the sudden dismay and
its members produced by your turning the old stone over! "Blades of grass flattened down, colorless,
scattering
among
By
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
114
matted together, as if they had been bleached and ironed; hideous, crawling creatures, some
of
them coleopterous
or horneyshelled,
call
turtle-
bugs one wants to

softer,
like
them;
some
of
them
but cunningly spread out and compressed Lepine watches (Nature never loses a
crack or a crevice, mind you, or a joint in a
tavern bedstead, but she always has one of her

flat-pattern, live timekeepers to slide into it);
black, glossy crickets, with their long filaments

sticking out like the whips of four-horse stage-
coaches;
larvae,
stillness
motionless, slug-like creatures,
young
perhaps more horrible in their pulpy
than even
in
the infernal wriggle of
maturity
"But no sooner
is
the stone turned and the
wholesome light of day let upon this compressed and blinded community of creeping things, than all of them which enjoy the luxury and some of them have a good many of legs
rush
We
it
around wildly, butting each other and everything in their way, and end in a general
stampede
for
underground retreats from the
region poisoned
by sunshine."
this scene, for that
is
do not quote
is,
what
to
really
to disparage the fairies or their

of
chosen
places
residence;
but
merely
CHAPTER
illustrate
XVIII
115
one of the reasons
why we do
not
quite like them.

flat
Who,
after lifting that large

of lighting a cigar or
stone,
his
his
would think
dinner
eating
without having previously-
hands carefully? And who would not feel like keeping away from any mound or hill, if he had any reason to think, that at any time of the night, strange beings might issue from it to conciliate his favor or play tricks on him?
washed
The "Mesca Ulad," from which we have

quoted,
is
a tract, the very existence of which

It
seems to be a slander on a whole province of

sober and respectable people.
is
a story of
the meeting of the Ulster

the palace of Emania.
men
at a feast at
When
they
became heated with
feasting,
they arose from the table and set out in a body to settle an old dispute with Curoi MacDaire, King of West Munster, whose palace, Teamhair
Luachra, in Kerry, they burned to the ground.
The Mesca
Although
their
chief
is
classed
among
the historical tales.

of the
Bow Derg was made King

still
Tuatha De Danaan, Manannan

chief
counsellor.
remained
to
He
assigned
each
the mansion he and his tribe were to
occupy.
Many
of these places are
still
pointed
116
out as fairy haunts.
make
it
impossible to
The names they bear disassociate them from the

after
"Shee."
Some
himself,
of
them
are
named
Bow
or
Bodb
the
but
his
principal
residence
or
great Sid-Buidbe seems to have been situated
on the shore of Lough Derg, near Portumna, Rafwee in the same in the County Galway. county is nothing more or less than the rath or fort of Bow; as Bodb, under grammatical Knockavo, inflection gets the sound of "wee." near Strabane in County Tyrone, is explained in a similar way as the Hill of Bodb. Other places are named after Bugh (Boo)
the daughter of this
King, as for instance,
Canbo, in Roscommon, which is written Ceann Buga, or Bugh's head, by MacFirbis. So thoroughly have the "Shee" impressed themselves on the language and topography of Ireland that almost any hill one meets is liable to be called a shee-awn, and sometimes Zion or
Sion,
and the
traveller
is
liable to
think that
Mount Sion, pointed out to him, may be a name borrowed from the Hebrew.
the
A
the
little
to the east of the village of Slane on

is
Boyne
Sid Truim, which was placed by
Manannan under
the guardianship of the
God
CHAPTER
XVIII
it
117
are
Midir, but the legends connected with
now forgotten. in Roscommon
Sid Neannta near Lanesborough

is
now known
as Mullaghshee,
anglicized Fairy mount.*
of
But there is a mountain five miles southwest Tuam, called Knock-Ma, which some trans-
late as Hill of the Plain.
We
are of the opinion

or
that
Hill.
its
right
name
is
Knock-Meave
Meave's
There is no legend known to us which says that Meave, who flourished as queen of Connaught at the time of Christ, retired into the Fairy Kingdom; but there are legends which
show that such powerful
fairies as
the
Dagda
sought her assistance in matters of great importance, although, to do so, he had to remain
alive for ages after the euhemerists
his funeral.
had attended
She and the
fairies
were very much and very
often interested hi each other
and consequently
after her
it is is
our opinion that this
hill is
named
very probably well founded.
Besides
the
tradition held by the people of the vicinity, and they ought to know. The hill had been assigned to the famous Fin vara by Manannan.
The
fairies
*
are
veiy
powerful
there
still.
Dr. Joyce's Irish
Names
of Places.
118

the northeastern slope of this
hill,
On
or rather
mountain, there are thick woods, and after a

drizzling
rain,
when the sun comes

mountain
is
out, the
summit
mist.
of the
enveloped in a heavy
is
The people say
this
when the
is
fairies
it
are distilling their "potheen," although
does
not quite appear whether the mist
smoke
from the concealed distilleries or whether the belief is not founded on the fact that its presence
obscures or hides the smoke, thus giving the
fairies
an opportunity to pursue
the road from Headford to
their labors
undetected.
On
Tuam, when
passing by this steep elevation to the right,
one would never know what blast of wind would bring a host of fairies, bearing right down upon him. This, of course, is particularly so at night; and in the pale moonlight one would be especially uneasy, and could not help casting furtive glances up the mountain side, to see if they were coming. On a dark night one would not be so apt to think he would see them, but he would not be surprised at any time to hear them. You would pray, good reader, and pray fervently
too,
until
you got past that mountain that

in solitary
for ages has stood there
grandeur
CHAPTER
and concealed within
its
XVIII
119
unexplored recesses
the hosts of the gods of ancient Erin.
You would
not pray to thern; but you would
pray to be kept safe from them; and on a moonlight night when the very moonlight itself
and calm, but awful, dignity to such a scene, and the silence itself has an element of terror in it, you would thank your stars when you got where you could see the plain all around you again on both sides of the road; but still every fresh breeze would make your heart beat faster, and renew the
gives an appearance of weirdness
uncanny
fears.
We
were told by a young

it
man who
used to
take long walks to the top of that

that, ascending
mountain
from the southwestern side, where there are little or no woods, but here and there large stone cairns, and pits choked up with
thickets, he, at one time, started a hare.
Can't one imagine the despair, the haste, the

panic with which he darted around, looking
for a
small stone, found

it
it,
and, in a fraction
of a second, sent
whizzing through the air
after the fleeing leveret
satisfaction of
and had the breathless But oh, seeing him dodge it.
all,
the after-thought.
Perhaps that hare was not a hare at
but a
120
fairy in disguise.
The thought
brings out the
cold perspiration on the face of the
young savage.
feels entirely
He says
and
a devout prayer; but never
when he wakes up have not stolen him. From this Olympus of the West one looks to the northeast and gets a grand view of the magnificent Cathedral of Tuam. Its noble
secure until the next morning
finds that the fairies
tower surmounted by eight pinnacles, the vast

profusion of these and of other architectural
ornamentation
it
all
over
its
cruciform roof,
is it
make
a beautiful structure.
of beauty,
but
its
Not only whole make-up

It
in
a thing
gives one a
sense of dignity and majesty.
is
a veritable
well
it
Te Deum Laudamus
stone.
it
And
might be; commenced, as
was, in 1828 and
finished in 1836, just as Ireland
had emerged from the Penal Laws. There they stand, five miles apart, each alone in its grandeur, and that grandeur enhanced
by the comparative
else
insignificance of everything
around; there they stand in very significant
juxtaposition
of
and contrast, the pagan Olympus the remote past and the grand Cathedral of
the Ancient See of Saint Jar lath, the disciple of

Saint Benignus,
who was
himself the beloved
disciple of Saint Patrick.
CHAPTER XIX
Elcmar.
tine
Manannan.
and
Creidne.
Oengus.
Goibniu.
Luch-
De Danaan
Irish
artificers.
Story of Eithne.
tively clean.
Paganism compara-
THE
is
Christian redactions of
the "Sid"
say that the Brug on the Boyne, inof
stead
being
appropriated
by the
Dagda, was given to Elcmar, the foster-father of Oengus, but that Oengus, assisted by Manannan, soon ousted Elcmar, took possession and
living there ever since.
He
is
is,
of course, invisible, having
on the Fe
insist,
Fiada, which, the Christian redactions
the gift of Manannan.
The swine
the gods
ate were also particularly his property,
and are
always associated with his name, while the ale

they drank was called the ale of Goibniu, the
smith.
Just
exactly
how
these
two things came
about we cannot clearly understand.

trusted to Goibniu.
The prep-
aration of the beverage was undoubtedly en-
He was
121
a kind of kitchen
122
Hephaestus, who is menbook of the Iliad, and who tioned in the was a smith also and served the gods with drink. There is an old story called the "Fled Goibniu"
god,
somewhat
like
first
or " Feast of Goibniu.'
'
It describes a jollification
all
at which the gods were
"ic ol" or drinking.
no evidence that anything more substantial than drink was consumed at this
There
is
feast.
The beverage used

which
is
is,
in
other
texts
called "lind,"
the ancient form of the
modern "leann"
or "lionn," which
flesh,
means
ale.
This drink, with the swine's

immortality on the consumers.
conferred
We may observe that although there are many

"fleds" or "feasts" in ancient Irish literature,
the ancient Irish, whether gods or people, had
no Bacchus and no Bacchanalian
orgies.
It
cannot be denied that they were always ready for a fight; and if the hero was not recognized
by the "hero's portion" in quantity and quality there would be trouble, right there and then, and nothing but blood would atone for the insult. It was not that the hero wanted better things than any of the others. But he was so jealous of his prestige and of the position he had gained by his prowess that he was unwilling to forfeit
at the festive board
CHAPTER XIX
any part
honor
123
of the recognition that the code of
had accorded him. The pagan Irish served the god of war and combat, but there was no Venus in their panof those times
theon.
They were
sports to the heart's core,
but their sport was clean. The modern word corresponding with Goibniu
Goba, pronounced "gow," a smith. Goibniu was smith to the Tuatha De Danaan; Luchtine was their carpenter and Creidne, their brazier. The way these three would manufacture a
is
battle spear
and
finish it
out would astonish

strokes of his
modern
artificers.
With three
it
hammer Goibniu
fashioned out the spear head
and at the third stroke
was
perfect.
With
three chippings Luchtine fitted out the spear
handle and at the third chipping
it
was
perfect,
and Creidne, the
brazier, turned out the rivets

finish.
with equal rapidity and

pinchers and cast
Then Goibniu picked up the head with

it
his
at the lintel of the door,
and
it
stuck there fast, with the socket pro-
and Luchtine at once threw the handle at the head and it stuck in the socket, a perfect fit; and Creidne, holding the rivets in his hands, cast them as fast as he could throw them, one by one, and they stuck in the holes
truding;
124

for
them in the spear head and went fast into the wood of the handle. They did this work with astonishing celerity; and it was largely owing to their quickness and dexterity that the Tuatha De Danaan were
made
triumph over the Fomorians at the second battle of Moytura.

able to
Before
we
leave
Brug na Boinne we
its
shall
its
take a last look into

fairy splendors are
chambers, and, as
hidden from our view and
we
see nothing but darkness,

of
we
shall
have the
ray
of
its
satisfaction
seeing
the
first
faint
Christianity that the Christian redactor of
ancient story lets in upon
its
gloom.
Curcog
was the daughter of Manannan. She lived at the Brug. Eithne was the daughter of the steward of Elcmar. She also continued to live at the Brug after her father's master had been obliged to cede the palace to Oengus. She acted as lady-in-waiting to Curcog.
was discovered that she took no all, and as the loss of appetite continued, her health became impaired and finally she began to pine away. Manannan
it
One day
nourishment at
soon discovered the cause of her melancholy.
A slight had been cast upon her by a neighboring
CHAPTER XIX
Tuatha De Danaan
chief,
125
and she resented it so bitterly that her guardian demon fled and was replaced by an angel sent by the true God.
From
life
that moment she ceased to partake of the enchanted ale and the magic swine; but her
was miraculously sustained by the true God. Soon, however, this miracle was rendered unnecessary. Oengus and Manannan made a voyage to India and brought back two cows that gave an inexhaustible supply of milk. India, being a land of righteousness, had nothing in it of the demoniac character, that tainted the food of the De Danaans. The cows were placed at the disposal of Eithne. She milked them, herself, and lived for ages on their milk. Those events are calculated to have happened in the eleventh century before Christ. About fifteen hundred years afterwards, Curcog, and her maidens, Eithne among them, went to bathe in the Boyne. When they returned it was discovered that Eithne was not with them. While disrobing for the bath, she had taken off the Fe Fiada or Her companions had beveil of invisibility. come invisible to her, and she sought in vain
for the
enchanted road that led to the palace. She wandered along the river banks for some
126 time, not
knowing where she was, and bewildered at the wonderful change that had come over
her.
She was no longer a

ordinary
fairy,
but had become an

a
walled
woman.
She came upon
garden in which there was a house, and at the

door of the house sat a man, clothed in a robe, such as she had never before seen. The house
was a church and the man a
priest.
He
heard
such account as she could give of herself, received her kindly and brought her to Saint
Patrick.
He
instructed and baptized her.
this
Sometime afterwards she was kneeling in same little church near the banks of the
Boyne, when suddenly she heard a great clamor
and great lamentation outside. She could see no one, but she could distinguish the voices. It was Oengus and Curcog and the maidens from the Brug, seeking her, and lamenting her as lost forever to them. As they were invisible to her, she was invisible to them on account of
the
influence
of
Christianity.
Nevertheless,
they brought back old memories, some pleasant
and some unpleasant. She swooned away; and on recovering consciousness it was discovered that an incurable disease had fallen upon her. We cannot help
CHAPTER XIX
surmising that
it
127
It
is
was consumption.
is
singular fact that "eitinne"

for phthisis or "decline."
the Irish word
etymology.
called
do not know its The disease may have been so

Irish after her.
We
by the
last
At
Saint Patrick himself administered
the last sacraments to her, and she died in his
She was buried in the little church who had first received her, and that church was afterwards called "Cill Eithne's church" easily anglicized Killine or Killiney. Such is a synposis of the concluding part of one of the Christian redactions of the famous pagan story of the "Conquest of the Sid."
presence.
of the priest
CHAPTER XX
Individual Gods.
The Dagda.
Ailill
of Oengus for Caer. Music. tials.
Brigit. The love and Meave. Nup-
SO
far
we have been
discussing the gods
or fairies collectively.
We now
proceed
to give individual attention to those of
them we know by name.

the Dagda,
great deal of this
has been anticipated, especially in the case of
Manannan and Bodb Berg. The Dagda and other gods may be identified
But
this
is
with the deities of Greek, Iranian and Indian
mythology.
within
not surprising, as the

It
is
Irish people are of oriental origin.
not
this
our scope to develop
or
verify
identification.
Enough
to say that the depar-
tures
and
differentiations that
have occurred
in
the case of particular gods are what had to be
expected from the well-known fact that stories

that have nothing more than
to protect
human
vigilance
them
are pretty sure to gain or lose

128
as they travel.
CHAPTER XX
129
A study of mythology clearly points to One God, just as a study of philology points to one
original language.
have already indicated the position of the Dagda in the Irish pantheon. He was the supreme ruler. He was still more distinguished in his posterity.
of the gods,"
We
was
his
Dana, the "mother daughter. She was also

This
known by
the
name
of Brigit or Brigid.
word is connected with the old Irish word "bargh" and the Sanscrit "brih," and conveys
the idea of power, increase, vigor.
equivalent
energy.
is
The modern
"brig," which means strength or
This goddess was known under slightly different names throughout the entire Celtic
world.
There was a Gaulish or Gaelic general named Brennos, who burned Rome four hundred years before Christ; and there was another general, of the same name, who captured
Delphi,
the
innermost
sanctuary
of
Greece,
about a hundred years later. Their names are supposed by many scholars to be variants of the name Brigit; and it is
quite probable that Brigantia (Braganza), the
city founded in Spain
by the Milesians on
their
way
to Ireland,
was named primarily
after her.
130
It

is
was from its towers that Breogan have seen the "Island of Destiny" or
Cormac's Glossary says of
this
said to
Inisfail.
:
goddess
"This is Brigit, the female sage, or woman of wisdom, that is Brigit, the goddess whom poets adored, because her protecting care was very great and very famous." Cormac interprets
her
name
as "fiery arrow," but this
is
regarded
as fanciful.
Strangely enough her two sisters
bore the same name.
them was the goddess of doctors and medicine, and the other the goddess of smiths and smith-work. According to the same authority, their father, the Dagda, "had the perfection He was "Mac-na of the human science."
One
of
n-uile n-dan,"
sciences.
the son or disciple of
all
the
According to the pagan
stories
that have
not been tampered with, his wife was Boan, with whom he lived at the famous Brug. According to other stories he was married to a
woman who was known by the three names of Breg, Meng and Meabal, meaning respectively "a
he, guile
and disgrace."
Whether these names
were given to Boan or to some previous or succeeding wife, we do not know; but they seem
to indicate that his married
life
was not happy.
CHAPTER XX
131
He
himself was a benevolent god, but per-
haps he married some Irish Xanthippe to try

his patience.
The euhemerists say he
reigned
over Ireland eighty years, as King of the
De
Danaan. There
is
a story that keeps him alive down

It runs thus
:
to the time of Christ.
His son Oengus had become enamored of a beautiful woman he had seen in a vision. She
had played music the

never
heard.
It
like
of
surpassed
which he had even the "Ceol
shee"* to which he was accustomed. Not being able to discover where she dwelt, he fell sick.
search of the kingdom was made, but to no
avail,
although the search lasted a whole year.
At last by the advice of a cunning physician, the Dagda "who was King of the 'Shee' of Ireland," was consulted. "Why have you sent for me?" said he. Thereupon Boan explained to him the cause
of their son's malady.
"What can I do for the lad?" said he. "I know no more about that than you do,"
said she.
Then the
physician
spoke up and as the

of the
result of his advice,

*
Bodb, King
Munster
Ceol shee-fairy music.
132
Shee, and vassal of the Dagda, was given a
year in which to find the missing lady.

brated throughout
this king or
all
Cele-
Ireland for his science,

in his search.
god was successful
But new difficulties developed. It was by no means certain that the father of the lady would give her up. She lived in Connaught; and the Dagda had to secure the aid of Ailill and Meave, joint rulers of that Kingdom, to
induce Ethal Anubal, her father, to give her in
marriage to Oengus.
At
first
the Connaught sovereigns refused to
interfere, saying
they had no jurisdiction over

fairies.
the king of the local

tilities
finally
broke out,
they mortals
But when
hos-
as
in
they
were - joined
forces with the
Dagda
besieging the enchanted palace of Ethal Anubal.
He and
sixty others were taken prisoners
and
carried to
Cruachan
in
Connaught.
Even then
he would not consent to give up his daughter;
but he explained that she had as much power

as he had,
and that on the
first of
November
she would be on a certain lake in the form of a
swan, with a hundred and

similarly
fifty
other maidens,
metamorphosed. The Dagda and Anubal became reconciled. Oengus went to the lake indicated, called out
CHAPTER XX
Caer,
133
and received a response, suit and was accepted. He, too, was changed into a swan and in that form they flew to the palace on the Boyne, where they sang such sweet music that all who heard it fell asleep and did not wake up for
the
girl,
name of the made known his
three days.
We may
to
remark here that ancient

it
Irish
music
was divided into three great

the
effects
classes according
produced.
There was the

grief,
"suantraige" that caused sleep, the "goltraige"

that caused lamentation or
the "geantraige" that caused merriment and laughter.
This story, which
is
an example
stories,
is
of the thor-
oughly pagan class of
called
the
"Aislinge Oengusso" or Vision of Oengus, and
has been published in the Revue Celtique.
The name
is
of Brigit, daughter of the
Dagda,
splendidly perpetuated in Christian Ireland
in the great
Abbess
of Kildare.
CHAPTER XXI
Diancecht.
Buanann. Ana. Aine.

Aibell.
Cleena.
Grian.
ONLY
rescue
their
a cursory account can be given
of the gods that are
now
less
known.
It will help, in some measure, to them from total oblivion. The fact that names are mentioned and some account of
in
them given
inaccessible
manuscripts,
or
equally inaccessible printed volumes, does not
mean that the average reader would ever hear of them or attain to anything like a complete
knowledge of the ancient Irish mind.
religious
character
of
the
To understand
should
the rapid and thorough conthat was from which they
version of the Irish people to Christianity one
know what
were
converted.
To
understand
their
uninit is
terrupted loyalty to the Vicar of Christ,
necessary to study the conservatism and con-
stancy with which they clung to such religious

ideas as they could have gleaned from nature
before the light of Christianity illumined their

134
CHAPTER XXI
way.
solid
135
This constancy and conservatism was a

foundation for the superstructure of divine
grace.
Our chapters on the ancient paganism would

be incomplete without a mention of the gods
we know by name; but we must pass by

present, the
for the
many
legends connected with them.
was Diancecht, the mighty physician and god of medicine. We have seen that there was also a
of the best of these gods
One
known
goddess of medicine, Brigit.
And
in this connection
it
will
not be out of
known about the cultivation of medical knowledge by the ancient Irish. "Laege" is the Scandinavian
place to touch on a fact not widely
word for physician at the present day, and "Liag" is the Irish word corresponding. It is well known that the early Germanic races or Teutons borrowed words from the older Celtic. The grammar of their language was already formed when they met the Celts, but, although the structure was pretty well filled in they had room here and there for a brick from Celtic yards. These loan words were taken principally from the technical language as well as from the current language of polite life, civil government and war, and from the phraseology
136

It
was thus that the Danish and Norwegian word for physician came to be really Celtic.
of the learned professions.
Taylor, in his "Origin of the Aryans,"
tells
us
that these loan words, referring to "laege" and

others,
"can hardly be
later
than the time of
the Gaulish empire founded by Ambicatus in
the sixth century before Christ."
The family name Lee is derived from Liag, a physician. The Irish word for " doctor," most
" generally in use at the present day, is " doctur or " doctuir," a corruption of the English word.
The same inexorable law was in operation. The ancient Germans borrowed from the more
cultured Gaels; and during the days of enforced
illiteracy,
the
Irish
language was obliged to
borrow some words from the English. Laege still goes current in Denmark and Norway.
Diancecht, the Irish Aesculapius, was brother
to Goibniu, Creidne
and Luchtine. Then there was Buanaan, "the good mother," and Ajia, identified with Dana or Danu, otherwise known as Brigit, the mother of the gods Brian, Iucharba and Iuchar. As Danu and Dana, she was worshipped in Munster as the goddess of plenty. She is commemorated in "Da Chich Danaine," "the two paps of
CHAPTER XXI
Danaan,"
a
137
mountain near Killarney.
The
name
is
suggestive of the maternal nutritive
function.
Then
there was Aine,

hill
who gave
in
her the
name
to
Knockainy
Limerick.
district
and
ruled,
village
county
She
as fairy
and still rules, that queen and banshee. In the

off
second century of our era, she cut
the ear of
It was on this Ailill Oluim, King of Munster. account he was called Oluim, from "o," an ear, and "lorn," bare; bare of one ear. Two others who were at the same time fairy queens and banshees were Cleena and Aibell, or Aibinn. Cleena was the powerful ruler of the
South Munster. The Dinnsenchus tells us that she was a foreigner from fairyland, and that she was drowned in Glandore harbor in South Cock. At the spot where the accident happened there
fairies of
are
cliffs
rising
up from the
is
sea;
and from the
caverns in these, a loud melancholy roar issues

at times,
and
supposed to be the ocean's

Cleena's tragic death.
also,
expression of
It
its grief for
was often
noticed,
that this roar
presaged the death of a Munster King.

surge that lashes these
cliffs
The
has been called
from time immemorial, tonna Cleena, or Cleena's
138

Cleena lived on as a fairy and has
waves.
still
a magnificent palace at the center of a

the fairy goddess that presides over
great pile of rocks five miles from Mallow.

Aibell
is
Her name is sometimes written Aoibinn, which means "Happy," and is considered by some to mean also "Beautiful." Her chief occupation among mortals seems to have been to take care of the O'Briens. Her efforts to dissuade certain members of Brian Boru's
North Munster.
family from going to certain death at Clontarf
were a credit to her devotedness as a banshee.
Her
but
palace,
two miles north

Craglea,
or
of
Killaloe,
is
generally
is
called
the
gray
rock,
also
known
it
as Crageevil or Aibell's rock.
was a peculiarly suitable home It for her, she is probably no longer there. was situated in a deep and silent valley, but when the woods that covered it were cut down, she is said to have left it in a huff. Tobereevil, or Aibell's well, still springs from the side of the mountain that faces her erstwhile palace. Another famous queen, "Grian of the bright
Although
cheeks," holds her court at the top of Pallas
Green
the sun
Hill in Tipperary.
Grian
is
the Irish
for sun.
is
So,
if
she
is
not
named
after the sun,
named
after her.
CHAPTER XXI
Slieve-na-m-ban,* as
its
139
implies,
is
name
feminine Olympus, too.
When we
beautiful
wave" and the legend connected with it; when we

think of "Cleena's
all
think of any one or
of
these
beautiful,
though
our
pagan,
associations,
hill
connected
help
with
of
every mountain and
and beauty-spot
otherwise
motherland,
we cannot
Little,"
wondering
why "Tommy
known
his
as
Tom
look
Moore, should have gone to India f to

for
poetical
inspiration,
when
own
country, from
a thousand fountains and a thousand heights, richer than Parnassus, was

giving
out
that
as
if
inspiration
in
inexhaustible
draughts,
craving
to
be noticed,
and
looking for consolation to the genius that
God
had given to
so
many
of
of her children.
The
little.
* t
Melodies,
course,
redeemed him a
The mountain of the women. Tom Moore himself in " Lalla Rookh
" calls the
topography of that poem, in a general way, India.
CHAPTER XXII
War
Furies.
The Morrigan.
Badb,
etc.
De-
mons
and
at Battle of
Magh
Rath.
Fled Brier end.
Fight of champions with geniti Glinni.

toe nails as
Finger
weapons.
furies
THERE
of
were war
in
the ancient
of
Irish pantheon.
The names
a few
have reached us. There was Ana or Anan, but she must not be confounded with the benevolent goddess of that name; and there was Macha who must not be confounded with the foundress of Emania. There was the Morrigan or great queen, a name very much in evidence, and there was the Badb, pronounced "Bweeve," which seems
these
goddesses
to have been a generic
name
for
They were
all
"bweeves."
them all. The bweeve used

slaughter
to appear in the form of a carrion crow or
vulture over the place where
was
going on, as in a terrible battle.

all
And
hence in
Ireland and in parts of Scotland and Wales,

is
that bird
horror.
still
regarded with superstitious

sight of
140
The very
it
brings to
mind
CHAPTER XXII
the
141
dim
tradition of the gruesome part played
in the battles of ancient
Erin by the bloodis
thirsty
still
war
goblins.
used in Ireland
The word "bweeve" for a scolding woman.

of Ireland
The badb
hag, joyful
sad.
also took the
form of a loathsome
were
to
when the women
Her
delight consisted in the battle carnage
that
made them widows.
One shudders
think of her, as he would at the thought of the witches in Macbeth or Meg Merriles in " Guy
Manner ing." At the battle
of Clontarf she appeared in
the form of a lean, nimble hag, hovering in the

clouds over the contending armies, hopping on
the ground or perched on the swords and spearpoints of the warriors.

in anticipation of battle,
Her shriek was heard and her foul form seen
sating herself with the blood of the slain.
Whitley Stokes describes her in the Revue

as "a big-mouthed, swarthy, swift, woman, lame, and squinting with her left eye." Aed, King of Oriell, in the second century, had a shield called the Dubgilla, or
Celtique
sooty
was the "feeder of ravens," and was so called because it was hardly ever without a war fury, perched on its rim. The accounts of these deities that have come
black servant.
It
142

to us are very confused.
down
But the
follow-
ing passage from the "Battle of
Magh Rath"*
Describing
gives a good idea of their activities.
Suibne,
who was about
to engage in battle, this
seventh-century narrative
giddiness
says
that "fits of
came over him at the

.
.
horrors, grimness
.
Huge, horrible, and rapidity of the Gaels. aerial phantoms rose up, so that they were in
cursed, commingling crowds, tormenting him;
and
in dense, rustling, clamorous, left-turning
hordes, without ceasing; and in dismal, regular,

aerial, storm-shrieking,
hovering fiendlike hosts,
constantly in motion, shrieking and howling as
they
hovered
above
both
armies,
in
every
cow and dismay cowards and soft youths, but to invigorate and mightily rouse champions and warriors; so that from the
direction, to
uproar of the battle, the frantic pranks of the
demons, and the clashing of arms, the sound of the heavy blows reverberating on the points of
heroic spears,
and keen edges

filled
of swords,
and
the war-like borders of broad shields, the noble
hero Suibne was
and intoxicated with

giddiness,
terror
tremor, horror, panic, dismay, fickleness, unsteadiness,

*
fear,
flightiness,
Published
with a translation
by Dr. O'Donovan,
for the Irish Archaeological Society in 1842.
CHAPTER XXII
and
imbecility;
143
was not a joint of a member of him from foot to head which was not turned into a confused, trembling mass from the effect of fear and the panic of dismay." "His legs trembled as if shaken by the force His arms and various edged of a storm. weapons fell from him, the power of his hands having been weakened and relaxed around them and made incapable of holding them. The doors of his hearing were quickened and opened by the horrors of lunacy; the vigor of his brain, in the cavities of his head, was destroyed by the din of conflict; his speech became faltering from the giddiness of imbecility; his very soul fluttered with hallucination, and with many and various phantasms; for the soul was the root and true basis of fear itself. "He might be compared then to a salmon in weir, or to a bird caught in the close prison a
so that there
But the person to whom these horrid phantasms and spectres of flight and fleeing presented themselves had never before
of
a cage.
been a coward or a lunatic without valor;
but he was thus confounded because he had been cursed by St. Ronan and denounced by
the great saints of Erin, because he had violated
their
guarantee
(or
sanctuary)
and
slain
an
144
ecclesiastical student of their people over the
consecrated
trench,
that
is,
pure,
clear-
bottomed
spring,
of
over which the shrine and
Communion
the Lord was placed for the

all
nobles and arch-chieftains of Erin, and for
the people in general, before the

of the battle."
commencement
took place in
The
above
shows.
battle
of
Magh Rath
of
it
is
a.d. 637,
is
and the account

translated
tales
from which the one of the most ancient

as
its
historical
we
possess,
language
was fought between Donmal, King and Congal Claon, King of Ulster, who had many foreigners on his side. The curse, referred to in this tale, was probably an excommunication. This is, of course,
It of Tara,
the only reasonable explanation of

interesting to note
it.
It
is
how
the writer regards the

of ancient Erin as
change
in
Suibne as a divine visitation, and
how he
brings in the
demons
instruments in the hands of Providence.

Besides the Bweeves, there were
classes or species of
many
the
other
war demons.
sprites
There were
valley;
"geniti
glinni"
or
of
Bocanachs, or male, and Bananachs, or female,

goblins;
and
Demna
Aeir, or
demons
of the air.
all
When
a battle was raging, they shrieked
CHAPTER XXII
145
around the scene of slaughter or howled with

delight in their distant haunts.
At the "Fled Dun na n-ged"*or "Feast of the Ford of Geese" two of these demons, described as a man and woman from hell, appeared and were received hospitably as strangers, ate up all that was on the tables or within reach, and caused the quarrel that led to the great battle of Moyrath or Magh Rath. Some of these demons sided with Cuculain in one of his attacks on Meave's army, and her men
were so
terrified
"that they dashed against the
points of one another's spears and weapons and
one hundred warriors dropped dead with terror."
In the "Fled Bricrend," "Feast of Bricriu"

published in his Irische Texte by Windisch,
are told that
we
when a dispute
arose as to which
Cearnach or Cuculain should get the "champion's bit" as his right, they were sent, one by one, by decision of Samera, to attack a colony of geniti
glinni that infested a neighboring valley.
of the three heroes Laegaire, Conall
Laeit,
gaire
started the fight,
got the worst of
escaped without his armor or arms, and with

his clothes torn in tatters.
* Published with
a translation by Dr. O'Donovan.

in 1842.
Under same cover with Magh Rath
146

Cearnach
tried
Conall
flight,
next,
was
put
to
saved his sword, but

with the victors.
left his
spear and
shield
Cuculain was next,
and the redoubtable champion came near going down, but, incited by his charioteer, he continued the conflict, as
to
if
determined to fight
off
the
death.
He came
victorious,
but
all torn, and his body bruised and scratched in many places. It was the most terrible fight he was ever in;
with his clothes
but the valley ran red with the blood goblins before he got through with
of the
them.
The reason
of the peculiar injuries inflicted in
these fights was that these furies fought with

their toe nails, finger nails
nails
and
teeth.
The
toe
and
finger nails
were allowed to grow for
purposes of offence and defence.
We remember to have read in an Irish wondertale, of
a champion, fighting a "hag" or shefinding his spear too short for her
demon and
finger nails.
Seeing that by fighting at long
range he could accomplish nothing, and that

close
quarters
meant
tree,
certain
death,
he took
refuge
behind a
hoping to jab at his
from either side of that oak trunk, three hundred years old. But to his surprise and dismay, she drove her finger nails through
assailant
CHAPTER XXII
his
147
that tree with perfect ease, driving him from vantage ground. We remember with satis-
faction that he finally
ignoble contest,
won out in this apparently but how he did it, we do not
remember.
CHAPTER XXIII
Manannan.
Fand.
Emer.
The Fairy Branch.
Manannan and Cormac MacArt.

compare with Manannan in popular remembrance and esteem. Many old Irishmen remember him better than they remember their great-grandfathers. He is surnamed "MacLir," which means "Son of the Sea"; and although it was well known that his dwelling place was in the ocean, either at the surface or at the bottom, no one ever
discovered
its
NONE
of the
ancient
Irish
gods can
precise location.
Bran, the son of Febal, was one of the famous

voyagers of ancient Erin.
voyages,
the sea,
On
one of these
nights out on
when two days and two
he saw a chariot coming over the
and bearing right down on him. He hailed it and enquired who was its occupant, and Manannan answered that he was its occupant; and in the course of the conversation declared that the sea was to him
surface of the waters
"a happy
plain with profusion of flowers, seen

of
from the chariot
two wheels."
148
CHAPTER XXIII
This
legend
is
149
beautifully
and somewhat
St.
amusingly preserved
in Christian Ireland.
Scutin used to go to
Rome
every day and
come back the next day. The way he did it was by walking over the ocean or skimming over it like the wind. One day while thus on his way to the Eternal City, he met St. Finbar
of Cork,
St.
coming back to Ireland in a ship. Scutin is somewhat better known by
his
Latin
name
Scotinus.
The good St. Finbar accosted Scotinus and asked him why he travelled in that peculiar
way,
why
didn't he go in a ship?
it
Scotinus
answered and said that to him
was not the
sea at all but a "vast shamrock-bearing plain,"
and in proof of his assertion, he stooped down and picked up a bunch of flowers and threw them to Finbar. The latter, still maintaining that it was the sea, stooped down and picked up a salmon and threw it to Scotinus.* How the controversy was settled, or whether it was ever settled at all, we do not know. Insignificant and fabulous as the little story
is,
it
does
its
own
little
service in illustrating,
in the
midst of the enormous mass of other
* See Dr. Joyce's Social History of Ireland, Chap., Paganism.
150
evidence,
how completely wrapped up

mind was
in
the
Christian Irish
the thought of
faithfully
Rome, and how perseveringly and

at
all
the face of early Christian Ireland, as of Ireland

times,
was turned toward the Centre
of
Unity.
As
for
Manannan, any one
travelling along
the Irish coasts
may
even yet see his "white-
maned
steeds."
Of course, they are apt to be

"white-caps" that appear on
taken for the

a mistake.
the crests of the waves in a storm.

is all
But
this
When
all
the night
is
dark and
a storm raging,
the voyager, or the

is
man
not
standing on the shore, has to do
to look out
over the tossing sea, and although he

see
may
Manannan
is
himself, he will see that that
god
see
in his glory
on such a night, and he
will
his
steeds
careering
with a certain wild
regularity over the face of the deep.
One
of the islands of the
pagan heaven
is
described as
glisten."
"an
isle
around which sea-horses
Manannan
three legs;
differed a little
from the
rest of
the fairies in physical construction.

and, with these,
He had
land, he
when on
rolled along like a wheel,
that he
easily
and with such speed "caught up with the wind that
CHAPTER XXIII
151
was ahead of him, while the wind that was back of him never caught up with him." His singular anatomy is still commemorated in the three-legged figure that is stamped on the
Manx half -penny. He was the Irish
Neptune.
Neptune
carried
a trident, which, we suppose, was a kind of sceptre, not shaped exactly like a fork, but with
the prongs forming the apices of an equilateral
triangle.
Manannan
as he
dispensed
with the use
of a trident, himself.
was built in that shape Cormac MacCullinan was a Euhefirst class.
merist of the
In his Glossary he makes Manannan a mere man. He describes him as a celebrated merchant who abode in the
west of Europe.
Isle of
Mann, and had
the distinction of being the best pilot in the
"He
used to know by studying
the sky," continues the Glossary, "the period
which would be the

weather, and
fine
weather and the bad
would change.
called
when each of these two times Hence the Irish and the Britons him the "God of the Sea," and also
i.e.,
MacLir,
'Son of the Sea,' and from the

the 'Isle of
name
of
Manannan
Mann'
is
so
called."
The "Coir Anman," however, which
is
152

later
much
was the Isle of Mann that gave its name to Manannan. He was king of this island and hence the figure
authority,
says
that
it
on the
coin.
names was Oirbsen, and Lough Corrib in Galway was anciently called Loc Oirbsen, because he was drowned there. Still,
One
of his
like
all
the gods
who
suffered
death at the
quill-points of
the Euhemerists, he lived on.

in the Heroic Cycle involved in
We
the
find
him
entanglements
of
cannot say that his

of a god.
and we conduct was quite worthy

love,
human
He
repudiates his faithful wife, Fand, and
makes love to Cuculain, who is already married to the beautiful and chaste Emer. There is trouble for a while, but at last Manannan becomes reconciled to Fand, and the cloud that hung over the happiness of Cuculain and Emer was also dissipated. It is not unlike many a modern romance, except that, when the unmitigated paganism of its background is considered, it must be admitted
she, in revenge,
to be
much cleaner. Manannan gets mixed up

in
in
human
affairs
again
Art,
the Ossianic
Cycle.
Cormac Mac-
who was
high king of Ireland in a.d. 266,
CHAPTER XXIII
is
153
put down in the Annals of Tigernach as having been absent or missing on one occasion
happened is recorded an old story entitled "Toruigeacht Craoibe Chormaic Mhic Airt," or "Seeking of the Branch of Cormac MacAirt." It was one of
it
for seven
months.
How
in
Manannan's tricks. One day that Cormac was looking out from a window of his palace at Tara, then called Liathdruim, he saw a handsome young man in
the
"faitce"
or
plain
adjoining
the
palace.
The youth
ing.
held in his hand a most beautiful
branch on which nine golden apples were hangWhen the branch was shaken, these apples
beat against each other and produced music so strange and sweet that all who heard it forgot
all
pain and sorrow at once and were lulled to

great
liking
for
sleep.
Cormac took a
the fairy
man
branch and went out and asked the young if it belonged to him.
"It does indeed," said the young man.
"Wilt thou sell it?" said Cormac. "I will," said the young man. "I never have anything that I would not sell."
"What
is
thy price?" said Cormac.
"I
will
give thee anything thou thinkest right."
154

the young
And
"I
man
replied:
"Thy
wife,
thy son and thy daughter."

will give
them
to thee," said the king.
The youth went over to the palace with Cormac, who told his family about the bargain. They had admired the branch and its musical qualities very much, but when they heard the price that was paid for it, their expostulations and lamentations were very great indeed. But at the sound of the chimes from the golden apples they forgot it all and went to sleep. The news of their contemplated departure for Fairyland, or some strange country, passed over Ireland and caused universal grief, as they were very popular. But the fairy music from the golden
apples drowned
all
sorrow in peaceful slumber.
Soon Eithne, Cairbre and Ailbhe went away with the stranger. The branch and the apples remained with Cormac. After one year had passed he longed to see his wife and children. He set out in the direction in which he had seen them going. Soon a "ceo draoideacta" or fog of enchantment and invisibility enveloped him, although he was totally unaware of its He was under fairy influence and presence.
saw many things
in his journey ings that
were
utterly incomprehensible to him.
CHAPTER XXIII
At
last
155
he came to a house, which, on invitation of the "woman of the house," he entered. She took him for a distinguished stranger "of
and called for her lord and master who was a tall and handsome man. In fact they were both tall and handsome and
of the world,"
the
men
dressed
in
garments
it
of
many
colors.
The
their
couple said
was an unseemly hour
for travel
on
foot,
and so invited Cormac to enjoy
hospitality until the morning.
The man went out and
carried in on his back

log.
a huge pig, and in his hand a
He
threw
the pig and the log on the floor and divided each into four equal portions.
Cormac, "you take a quarter of the log and make a fire with it, and take a quarter of the pig and put it on the fire and then tell us a story and if the story be a true one the meat will be cooked when it is all told." But Cormac maintained that it was
not his place, in that presence, to
tell
"Now,"
said he to
the
first
story, that his host should begin, that the lady
should come next, and that the third story would be his turn.
Manannan admitted
to tell that he
his claim
had seven
of these pigs,
and proceeded and
that with
them he could
feed the whole world;
156
for all

he had to do after one of them was
its
eaten was to gather

in the sty
bones and put them back
and the next morning he would find the pig entire. His story was a true one and the first quarter of the pig was cooked. Then the second quarter was put on and his wife related that she had seven white cows and that with the milk of these cows she could fill all the men of the world "if they were on the plain drinking it." The story was true and the second quarter of the pig was cooked. "If your stories be true," said Cormac, "thou, indeed, art Manannan and she is your wife, for no one upon the face of the earth possesses those treasure but only Manannan, for it was to Tir Tairngire (The Land of Promise) he went to seek that woman and he got those seven cows with her." Manannan admitted his identity and asked for Cormac's story. The third quarter of the pig was put on the fire, and Cormac went on to relate how he had bartered away his wife, his son and his daughter
for the fairy branch.
"If what thou sayst be true," said Manannan, "thou art Cormac, son of Art, son of Conn of the hundred battles." "Truly I am," said Cormac and it is in search of these three I am now."
CHAPTER XXIII
157
That story was true and the quarter of the Cormac, however, refused pig was cooked. to eat in a company of only three, and when asked if he would eat if three others were added, he said he would if he liked them. Thereupon his wife, son and daughter were brought in, and Manannan admitted that it was he who had carried them away and that his object was to bring Cormac himself to that Great was the joy of Cormac. house. After the host had explained to him the meaning of the different wonders he had seen in his travels, Cormac and his wife, Eithne, and his son Cairbre, and his daughter Ailbhe sat down to the table and ate heartily. Before them was a tablecloth on which appeared instantly any kind of food they thought of or desired. And Manannan, putting his hand in his pocket, pulled out a goblet, and explained to them that if a lie were told in the presence of that goblet it would break into four pieces, but if the truth were told it would come together
again, perfectly whole.
"Let that be proved,"

"This
said
Cormac.
"It shall be done," said Manannan.
woman
that I took from thee has had
another husband since I brought her with me."
158

to pieces.
lied," said
The cup went

"Verily
my
husband hath
Man-
annan's wife.
This was true and the cup was restored to

its
original self
and looked as
it.
if
nothing had
ever happened to
After affectionate greetings with Manannan,
and pledges
of eternal friendship,
Cormac and
his family retired to their respective couches,
and when they woke up they found themselves

Liathdruim with the musical branch, the bountiful tablecloth, and the sensitive cup in
in
their possession.
The language
Jubainville,
sneers, says:
in
which we find
a
tenth-century
this tale is
text.
modernized from
De
who
is
not a cynic and hardly ever
"I can hardly recognize as ancient
the passage referring to the fidelity of Cormac's
paganism is not so chaste." We would respectfully remark on this that the very fact that it cannot be proven unchaste is in itself quite an argument that Celtic mythology, or at least Irish mythology, was very comwife.
Celtic
paratively clean.
CHAPTER XXIV
The Leprechaun.
Ancient references
conceptions of him.
to
him.
Modern
THERE luchrupan
but he
is
are very few references to the

in
our
ancient
literature;
there
are
some,
and
they
are
enough to show that he has a prescriptive right to exist and thrive on Irish soil, and that
not a creation of medieval or modern
imagination.
Modern
fiction has, indeed,
taken
liberties with his person and habits, which he would certainly resent if his dignity as a god and a proper sense of personal security had not
made him
decide to keep himself in retirement.
He
differs
from the other gods in
his absolute
physical helplessness
mortal,
when
Irish
in the grasp of a
for
little
"hi"
is
is
the
"least" and
chrupan
his
for
"corpan," a
body;
hence
name "a wee little body." We find his name generally spelled
leprecawn,
sometimes clooricawn, lurrigadane, luppercadane, and loughryman, which are

all
lurrigawn, and
corruptions of luchorpan.
159
160

find a reference to
It gives
We
him
in
"Libur na H-
him a human pedigree. It tells us that "luchrupans, and Fomorians and goat-heads and every sort of ill-shaped men
Uidre."
were descended from Ham."
colony of leprecawns lived in a beautiful
country,
in
under Lough Rury, now
Dundrum
County Down. Fergus MacLeide, Bay, as we are told in an ancient tale, captured their The little monarch ransomed himself by king.
presenting Fergus with a pair of shoes that gave
him the power to dive into the water as often as he pleased and remain under the surface as
long as he wished.
on this incident, probably, the tradition is founded that the luchorpan is shoemaker to the fairies; and that if he is caught he will buy his freedom by showing his captor where to find a "crock of gold." This seems to
It
is
have been,
in the
minds
of the story tellers, the
acme of good luck. The leprecawn is not

fairies;
he'll
malicious.
But
fire
if
ill-
treated, he'll take his revenge, like the other
wither the corn, set

off
to the
house or snip the hair

mentor.
the head of his tor-
This
is
the punishment he generally

is
metes out to women, whenever one
found
CHAPTER XXIV
courageous enough to bother him.
small;
calling
is
161
He
is
very
This
but Miss Hull, in her "Cuculain Saga,"
him a "brat,"
of his
is
entirely wrong.
name. He comes by his name legitimately, and would not be a true
no translation
of
scion
the
if
ancient
and honorable race
of
leprecawns
he wasn't small.
The
inches
ancient accounts
tall.
make him about
six
and very strong for his size. A knock on the head from his hammer is something one would never
is
He
well proportioned,
forget.
He
has been
known
to cut a thistle in
two, with one blow from his sword, but he rarely

carries this.
Notwithstanding what the "Libur na h-Uidre

says about his stature,
"
we are strongly of the opinion that it makes him more diminutive than he really is. From our general reading we feel that we can add at least three inches
more to
his height.
is
We
of
believe there
not an Irishman living
that has not at some time or another, thought
and we believe, furthermore, that there is not an Irishman living who would not like to catch him. But that is where all the trouble comes in. And even if you did catch him, good reader, you would have to keep your
him;
162
him till you had the money; for, you blinked, he was gone and your sudden hopes of sudden wealth would have vanished with him. He has disappointed many men. "Oh, how many times," says Henry Giles, the famous lecturer of sixty or seventy years
eyes fixed on
if
ago,
"oh,
how many
times,
in
those golden
days of youth which are given once to the most wretched, and are never given twice to the
most blessed, have Son of the Last,
watched
I looked for that miniature

for
his
red cap
amidst the green grass of the
hill-side
spied
around to catch the thumb -sized treasureknower, that I might have guineas to buy books to my heart's content, or wealth enough to go,
like
Aladdin, and ask for the Caliph's daughter.

I
But
must honestly one ever looked more
confess that, though no

diligently than I did for
a leprechaun, I never found one." been the experience of
Such has
many
others.
We
never
met any one who saw him, but we have met people who knew for certain about others who had either seen him or heard him, tapping away at a shoe-heel. We often thought of him
ourselves in our strollings about the hills and
valleys
really
of
old
Ireland,
and wondered
if
we
if
would have the courage to grab him
CHAPTER XXIV
we saw
being
hirn.
163
There
in
is
something so uncanny
this
and unearthly
that
chasing
elusive
little
delightful
in view.
would hardly consider it a pastime, even with enormous wealth

one
There is hardly a doubt but that some people have been a little more fortunate than Mr. Giles. They have seen him, captured him, made an effort to secure the treasure, but, as far as we know, they all lost. In fact, he has often been caught, but in every instance he has proved more than a match for the mortal who caught him. Except in the case of Fergus Mac-Leide, in ancient times, he has never yet been in any predicament that he has not been able to get
away from, by the

nature.
resources of his
own cunning
He could not, of course, have thrived so long on Irish soil without some of his tricks becoming known, and it is well to caution mortals against these. Sometimes when in the grasp of a courageous person he has been known to make
the best of the situation by looking cheerful
and pretending that he
is
the one really favored.
He
directs
his
delighted captor to the place

is
where the
"crock of gold"
hidden,
and
164
in the course of a
most pleasant series of questions and answers, and in a most off-handed and matter-of-fact way, offers the unsuspecting
mortal a pinch of snuff.
thoughts are
all
This poor fellow's
on the money.
Completely
off his
little
guard, he takes the snuff, to keep the
fellow in
good humor, but does not take

it.
his eyes off his captive while taking
But
If
when he has drawn

sneezes and the
it
up
into his nostrils, he
little
fellow vanishes.
the
thick-witted mortal could only have sneezed
without blinking, he could have held on to his

prey and come into the possession of millions.
But he misses his opportunity and realizes that he was dealing with no fool. If anybody asked our opinion as to which we considered the more profitable pursuit, the
chase of leprecawns
or
the chase of skunks,
we would
latter.
unhesitatingly decide in favor of the
of
As a matter of fact, the accumulation enormous wealth has been, perhaps in more
Besides,
is
cases than one, started in this way.
the leprecawn
not
an American product,
quest of him has
and, even in Ireland the
always
It
proven
said that
to
be
very
unpromising
industry.
is
when you
get near enough to
CHAPTER XXIV
165
him, you will notice that his face bears all the evidence of his extreme old age. But, of course, he has the power to give it the appearance of all the bloom of youth when he wishes to do so.
have told stories about him, which he has not taken the pains to contradict. They have made insinuations of intemperance and open charges of impertinence against him.
writers
Modern
He
has been known, according to them, to show
a predilection for loitering around houses which were possessed of well-stocked wine cellars. Oliver Cromwell, with a party of his officers,
came
upon
such
house
somewhere
to
near
Drogheda.
They were
delighted
discover
that there were several casks of excellent wine in the cellar. But that cellar had been the
haunt for centuries of a certain leprecawn, who had made himself quite at home with that
He knew what Cromwell and would first make for; and so he contrived to remove the wine from the casks and replace it with salt water.
ancient family.
officers
his
Cromwell looked at the casks. They were fair to behold, and the saliva flowed from his
molars.
Soon, in rage and disappointment, he swore, as only Cromwell could swear. He had
tasted salt water instead of wine.
166

is
"Oh,
that yourself, you wonderful saint?"

little
said a thin
voice.
"I
am ashamed
to
hear your saint-ship swearing."
The
resting
great
man
looked around and saw the
diminutive figure sitting on a cask, his chin
on
his clenched fists
and
his little eyes
glaring defiance.
"Fire
at
him and defy Satan," shouted

little fellow,
Cromwell.
"Fire away, Flanagan," said the
you put your own red nose to the touch-hole, you'd miss fire, and now, you old
"but even
if
depredator,
if it
isn't
a rude question, might a
body make bold to ask how much the painting

your nose cost? I have been a thousand years in the world and so fine a nose as that I
of
have never looked at before. I didn't think you'd have the face to show such a nose in this
country."
Cromwell turned his eyes toward heaven and prayed, but the leprecawn had no fear of him
him to get out or that make an honest and merciful man he would
or his prayers, but told
out of him, and thus put an end to his power.*

*
This scene
is
adapted from
Hall's
Picturesque
Ireland.
CHAPTER XXV
The Pooka.
Gives his
name
to places.
Some
of his tricks.
NO
apparition
terror
of
the
night
inspired
more
is
than
the
pooka.
He
is
capricious;
and some say he
malignant;
but we have never heard that his
malignity ever went any further than giving a

scare his victim never forgot.
And most
them
of the
time one would imagine, from the nature of his

pranks, that he indulged in
for his
own
have not seen him referred to as a god particularly, but as he is

simply.
certainly not quite
amusement
We
human, being able

will,
to
make
he seems to have conquered a place for himself in the Irish pagan pantheon. He is supposed to have been imported by the
himself visible or invisible at
Danes.
Whether
this
be so or not his name
is
associated with so
it
many
places in Ireland that
would seem as if the Irish, from time immemorial, had a pooka of their own.
167
168
do not know, and it is probable that we never can find out, when those places got those names. One of the best known of them is
Pollaphooka, or the pooka's Hole in County
We
Wicklow.
falls
It
is
a wild chasm where the Liffey
over a ledge of rock into a deep pool or
cavern.
taine in
Then there is a Puckstown near ArCounty Dublin; and Boheraphooka,

This road has such a
passing over
it
fit
or the pooka's road, not far from Roscrea, in
the
County Tipperary.
if
bad name that

he
is
one
is
at night
of piety
sure to be seized with a violent

if,
and devotion, even

If
in times
when no danger
all.
threatens, he never says his prayers at
people dreaded the arch-enemy of man's
salvation half as
they would fare
much as they dread the pooka much better in many ways.

Carrigaphooka, or the pooka's
Then
there
is
rock, near
Macroom.
On
the top of this rock
stands the ruin of the ancient castle of a great family of the MacCarthys.
The
place
is
distin-
guished also as the scene of the
first
attempt at
aviation, although the fact does not
seem to
be known to our modern birdmen.
was from this spot that Daniel O'Rourke started out on his voyage to the moon on the back of an eagle.
It
CHAPTER XXV
All over the country there are such
169
names as Ahaphooka, or these, and such names also as the pooka's ford, and Lissaphooka and rathpooka or the pooka's fort. All this goes to show how clearly and extensively the pooka has left his footprints on the sands of time in
Ireland.
Shakespeare has immortalized him in England and has indicated his habits and powers when
he makes him describe himself as "a merry wanderer of the night," who "can put a girdle
round about the earth

Charles
chapter,
It
in forty minutes,"
and
Lamb, whom we quoted in a former describes his tricks more minutely.

full
would be impossible to give a
account
of all the tricks of the Irish pooka.

versatility
His villanous
and resourcefulness are marvellous.
We
be content with giving a translation of an account of him we find in "Siomsa an

shall
Geimre," a
little
book giving
stories
that beguile the long winter nights in
and games West
Connaught.
"There are few townlands in Ireland," this book tells us, "that have not a hill, a valley or a cliff which takes its name from the pooka; but what kind of being or animal he is, few, very few indeed, know. Some poet has said that
170
m0
the pooka has existed from the time of the
Flood and that he changes his form
many
times
and
than
in
many ways;
and that he
is
that he
is
is
a cat or a dog at
in that
night,
no sooner
form
in the
shape of an old white horse.

late at night.
"It
the habit of the pooka to give a ride to
any one he catches out two ways of doing this.

shape, he contrives to
his
When
trick,
he
is
He has in human
to
lift
the traveller on to
back by a wrestling head down,
known only
himself.
The unfortunate wayfarer
begins his
ride with his
his face to the pooka's
back, his legs doubled over the pooka's shoulders
and
his shins held tight
one in each hand of the

is
goblin;
and
in this
way he
carried with awful
speed over hills and valleys, lakes and lakelets, up and down hills, and when he is exhausted and thoroughly frightened, he is set down and let go on his way again. "The other way is when he makes a horse of himself. He comes up behind the unsuspecting
wayfarer, thrusts his head between the latter's
throws him up on his back, and suddenly assuming unusual height, leaves his human
legs,
butt the alternative of holding on like a bold

rider or sliding
down and taking a chance
of
breaking his bones.
As a general thing the
CHAPTER XXV
rider holds
171
on with a death-grip and off goes the pooka whithersoever he pleases, and the
greater his speed, the tighter the grip of the
rider
on
his
mane.
it
"The pooka does not always have

way, though.
along to
his
own
Once
in
a while, a
is
man comes
whom
this free ride
a joy ride indeed.
"There was once a merchant who came to Connemara before roads were built there, and he came on horse-back. He found a lodging, as there were one and twenty welcomes for the traveller, and the princely hospitality of the people of West Connaught was known far and near. He let his horse out through the fields and went to sleep. When he had slept
enough, he got up, ate his breakfast and dressed
himself for travel.
it
He knew by
the stars that
was earlier than he had at first supposed, and he thought it would be better to be getting the journey over him. He went looking for his horse; but whom should he meet but the pooka! This fellow lifted him up on his. back, and started out at a brisk trot, which he soon increased to a gallop. He went like the wind through bogs, swamps and fields, over hills and glens and across rivers, and was about to let the rider down, when all of a sudden he changed
172
his
mind and made a sudden dash for the bank of a great river and was about to leap across it, when it dawned on the rider for the first time that he had his spurs on. With a powerful
effort
he drove these to the quick in his mysteristeed.
ous
The
latter
trembled,
seemingly
paralyzed by the unexpected shock.

pull the spikes out of his sides
When
he
got himself together he begged of the rider to
would
in
let
him down.
The
latter complied,
and that he and
a twinkle the pooka was on the other side of
the river.
"The merchant was

easy.
sorry he let
him go
so
He tried to coax him back, hoping to break him of some of his tricks. He called to him
aloud, saying he
had something nice to tell him. " 'Have you got those spikes on yet? returned
'
the pooka.
'If
'I
have,
you have,' said

I will not go I
are.
off.
am
through
you another time spikes on, you will learn a few things or lose a fall by it.'"
This
goblin's
man. the pooka, 'stay where you near you till you take them with you now, but if I catch when you haven't got the
indeed,'
said
the
I'll
name
is
indifferently
spelled
pooka or pooca, but always puca language, and puck in Shakespeare.
in the Irish
CHAPTER XXVI
The pooka not always
diplomatic
tact.
to
blame.
St.
Patrick s
Greek, Latin
and Irish "hu-
manities"
THE
is
pooka is bad enough, but he not to blame for half the things
Irish
laid to his charge.
case in point
is
the air trip of Daniel O'Rourke.

it was Maginn. Daniel, after written by certain experiences, found himself alone on a
An
excellent description or report of
William
"dissolute" island.
How
to get out of there
and get home was the problem that confronted

him.
An
eagle
appeared,
and,
to
Daniel's
astonishment, talked to
him
"like a Christian,"
and
the
offered to fly
him home.
misgivings, but he accepted
Dan had some

offer.
Instead of bringing him home, the
him up to the moon and left him there, saying she was glad to get even with him as he had robbed her nest a few months before. Dan was mystified, chagrined and disappointed. He did not want to betray his feelings fully; and so he cursed the eagle vigorously in
eagle carried
173
174

that she would not understand
Irish, thinking
him.
had robbed the nest, but how the eagle found out that it was he that did it, he could not understand. But there he was, left alone hanging on to the moon. Soon a door opened; and it creaked and grated as if it had not been opened before for a
well that he
He knew
thousand years.
resented
The "Man
in
the
Moon"
accus-
appeared and looked at Dan.

the
intrusion.
He
evidently
He was
not
tomed
to visitors,
and
felt
he did not know how

been monarch
to take them.
He had,
all his life,
of all he surveyed,
and did not know but that
this Irishman might have some designs on his
sovereignty.
He
thought to himself that an

fly to
Irishman who would

enterprising
the
moon would be
and adventurous enough to attempt So he kicked Dan out, or rather off, and the latter proceeded towards the earth in a series of somersaults, reminding one somewhat
anything.
of
chained
lightning.
The poor
fellow
was
about to despair of ever reaching Ireland in safety, when he met a flock of wild geese, flying along under the generalship of a gander from
his
own
bog.
He knew
that gander well, and

to him, and
the gander
knew him and spoke
CHAPTER XXVI
asked him to hang on to his
leg,
175
would take him to the earth safe Dan said something to himself the gander did not understand.
that gander very much.
help," says
and that he and sound.

in Irish,
but
On
account
of his experience with the eagle, he distrusted
"But there was no Dan, "so I caught the gander by the leg and away I and the other geese flew after him as fast as hops."
Soon, however, he discovered that the geese
were flying to Arabia; and so he prevailed on

the gander to drop
him some place where he

without breaking his
into the sea.
could reach
bones.
If
the
earth
we remember
rightly he
fell
After some more adventures he
woke up
at the
foot of Carrigaphooca, dreaming that he
had
been tossed about on the crest of a great wave.
As a matter of fact, his poor, disgusted, but devoted wife had been soussing him with cold
water during the whole course of his
trip.
Why
haunted
he went to sleep at the base of

rock
this
anyone may conjecture; and although there were reasons enough to account for his wild and hazardous trip, it would not do
to let the
pooka go without
his share of the
blame.
176
The poor pooka!

oughly unpopular,
it
Even though he
is
is
thor-
blame things on.
The
Irish
good to have him to made a mistake in

to this country.
not bringing him with
them
He
could have had lots of fun here, and
made
more people than he ever Denmark, England and Ireland. knew Besides the pooka there is a great number of
the acquaintance of
in
apparitions
recorded,
not
so
much
in
Irish
books, or even in Irish folk stories, as in Irish

place names.
Tell the traveller in Ireland the
and if, by any chance, he sees through the etymology of these names, he will be apt to tell you that he " would rather not" stay in any of them that night, as he remembers he has some business to transact elsewhere. These apparitions are called by The Latin word "effigies" different names. was found by Zeuss glossed by the word "delb," the ancient form of the modern "dealb," a shape, a form, a phantom, something evanesCillin na n-dealb, or the little church of cent. the phantoms, in Tipperary, is named after an
names
of certain places,
old churchyard which
was particularly haunted. for phantom, and it is found incorporated in the name of Glennawoo in Fermanagh, and in many other such names.
Fua
is
another
name
CHAPTER XXVI
Tais, pronounced thash,
for
is
177
also often used
spectre,
and
is
found
in
such names as
Tobar a' Taise or "The well of the ghost." A most hideous class of spectre is the Dullaghan.
He
haunts
cemeteries,
but does
not
dishonor the dead.
He may
be seen carrying
head fact, one

his
in his
may
hands or under his arm. In meet whole troops of them,

one
to another, as
if
walking along in irregular formation, tossing

their
heads
from
in
playfulness.*
Tom
Moore, somewhere
in "Lalla
Rookh,"
introduces us to a somewhat similar belief in
the East, where souls are said to watch in

loving vigilance at the graves of the bodies from
which they have been released. Taken altogether it is hard to find a country where ancient paganism or mythology has left
a more indelible impression than in Ireland.
The very
all this,
face of the country seems to be one

its
great voice, speaking of
remote past;
and
notwithstanding
its
grand, indestructible
and pure Christianity. With the well-known reservation that every

comparison limps, we
*
may
say that as the
Apostles "buried the synagogue with honor,"

Dr. P.
W.
Joyce: "Irish
Names
of Places."
178

paganism
St. Patrick buried the ancient Irish
with honor
also.
The change he brought about was not a violence to the feelings of the people. They
saw
its
reasonable and heaven-sent nature, as
they went along; and hence, humanly speaking,

the stability and lasting character of the structure our glorious apostle built.
The more one

is
thinks of him, and of the work he did, and
how he went about
that work, the more one

his ability
impressed not only with
and
forceful-
ness as a missionary, but also with his perfect

tact
and Christian prudence.

great diplomat, in the best sense of the
The
word, speaks in every paragraph, and in every

line of his " Confessions." St.
He was
truly another
Paul
in personality as in achievement.
He
was the very man to face a great and

problem.
difficult
approached the people with preconceived respect, and although he destroyed their ancient
beliefs
He
and pagan practices he made no
effort to
obliterate these things forever as historic traditions.
He allowed these "humanities" to live on; and as a matter of fact, is not Europe indebted to the "humanities" of Greece and Rome for
CHAPTER XXVI
its
179
education, and very largely for the language
in its
mouth?
literature in
The
lives is
which ancient Ireland
still
if
indeed literature of the purest kind,
literature
to
be.
be what Brother Azarias defines it "What, then, constitutes literature?"
says he.
of
"Two things:
first,
the subject treated
must be such
as appeals to our
common
it
humanity; second, the subject must be treated

in
such a style that the reading of
gives
general pleasure."
CHAPTER XXVII
Threefold classification of Irish gods.
Divi.
The Irish
Aed Ruad and Donn.

Greek mythology.
story about
St.
Instances in
Roman and
sters.
Aquatic mon-
Snake
Patrick
IRISH
The
mythology did not begin with the disappearance of the Tuatha De Danaan.
"shees," into which these retired, are
represented as previously existing, and not as

residences built
up or excavated
Besides,
for their special
accommodation.
conversed
inhabitants
we
that
are
is,
told,
they
the
with
of
"shees,"
with
the
shees,
under the ground.
Some of the Milesians were also adopted into

the Pantheon, as
we
see in the case of
Aed
Ruad, the father of Macha, the foundress of Emania. He was drowned in the waterfall at Ballyshannon, which was on that account called "Eas-Aeda Ruaid," or "Aed Ruad's
waterfall,"
now
shortened to "Assaroe."
He
was buried
in the
mound
over the cataract,

this
now
in
called Mullaghshee;
but
was a burial
appearance only.
He
180
has reigned over that
CHAPTER XXVII
district as fairy
181
king for the past two thousand
years.
then we have the conspicuous example of Donn, who was drowned in the magic storm raised by the Tuatha De Danaan to prevent
the Milesians from landing.
And
But
this
drowning
was simply
fairies
his passage to
Olympus.
From
the
top of Knock-fierna he rules as king over the

of
the great Limerick plain.
Andrew
Mac
poem
shee;
Curtin, a poet of Munster, addresses a

to
him,
begging for admission to his

is
and his great anxiety to be heard evident from the lines in which he says:
"Munar bodar
taoide,
tu o trom gut na
No mur
bh-fuarais bas
mar each a
Doinnghill."
" Unless thou art deaf from the heavy
voice of the tide,
Or
unless
else,
you died like every one fair Donn."
There was another poet, Doncad Ruad Mac Conmara (Red Denis MacNamara), who, how-
saw Donn down in the infernal regions. Red Denis was born in Clare about the beginning
ever,
of the
eighteenth century.
In a serio-comic,
tells
heroic
poem on
his
own adventures he
us
182

Eevill, the
North Munster banshee, brought him down to Hades, where they found Conan of the ancient Fenians, and not Charon, in charge of the ferry-boat across the Styx. Conan made no attempt to disguise himself. Such an attempt would have been useless. Denis recognized him at once from the circumstance that he wore "an ewe's black fleece around his back for clothing." This was an article of clothing that Conan, for some reason that we now forget, had been unable to separate himself from in this life, and it seems
he carried
it
how
with him to the infernal regions.
He was
pudence
not glad to see Eevill.

in
He
hurled a
volley of abusive language at her for her im-
bringing that poor mortal

fearful place.
gawk
down
to
that
She,
however,
appeased him and he
them across. Red Denis saw Cerberus and has since put himself on record to show that Virgil was right in what he had said about that dog. It was Cerberus himself that was there, sure enough, and no other dog. Denis, and even the banshee,
ferried
were
frightened
at
the
appearance
of
this
canine.
There was no need

by?
to look out for the dog.
to
get
them But how were they Conan, who was showing them
of a sign for
CHAPTER XXVII
around,
solved this problem.
183
He
seized
the
dog by the throat and held him up in the air such air as there was in that place while they ran by and in through the gate. The poet was much interested in the splendid representation the "Clann Gadelus," or " children of the original Gael," and even the Tuatha De Danaan, had down there. When he came to Donn, of the sons of Miled, he exclaimed to his fair companion:
An
Ag
"bh-feicirse
Donn, sa lann ar
faobhar,
teilgeann
ceile;"
Ceann a n-gabal a
"Do you
see
Donn and
his blade,
keen-edged,
Tossing heads in a heap together?
"
Besides Aed Ruad and Donn, there can be no doubt but that many other names of deified Milesians would have reached us, if the euhemerists had not done their work so well in depleting the Pantheon. Aed Ruad and Donn
belong to the class of gods that ancient

called "Divi."
Rome
knows
Every
classical scholar
that there was in Greece and

line of
Rome
a sharp
demarcation drawn between those who
184
had been always gods and those that were

adopted as such after their death.
Horace
tells
us that
Romulus was admitted
to the skies in spite of the opposition of Juno,
who hated
belonged.
the race of Aeneas to which he
She only relented after receiving a promise that neither god nor man should ever
attempt the rebuilding of Troy.
Emperor Augustus in the odes of Horace, is well known, and from the poetical view-point must be admitted to be very beautiful. "Augustus purpureo bibit ore
The
apotheosis of the
nectar," says the poet, placing his idol
among
the gods, drinking the nectar of immortality
with empurpled
and before that he had said, "Praesens Divus habebitur Augustus," "Soon Augustus shall be considered a divus,"
lips;
or adopted god.
It
is
well
known
that the later
perors
flagrant
thought
themselves
of
Roman EmNo more gods.

or,
expression
pride,
perhaps,
of
more or less ceeded from the mouth of man than the phrase "quid times, Caesarem preserved by the poet: vehis?" "What do you fear, or why do you fear, you have Caesar on board." There were two classes of gods then, recog-
responsible blasphemy, ever pro-
CHAPTER XXVII
nized
185
"Divi."
by Greece and Rome, the "Dei" and the There were really three classes in
including the aboriginal deities;
Ireland,
the
Tuatha De Danaan who were associated with these, and the adopted Milesian gods. The two original classes have almost come to be regarded as one. So profoundly impressed was Amergin with the Divine character of the Tuatha De Danaan, even before their retirement, that he invoked the elements and all the powers of the one great god, or, pan-theos, as he saw
it,
against them.
Before
consider
Irish
leaving
the
peopled
to
other
things
Pantheon, to which the ancient
gave religious veneration, we
may
here
bring attention to a class of monsters or demons
that harassed them.
These were huge creeping things that St. Patrick is said to have cast to the deepest depths of some of the lakes and lakelets
of
Ireland.
They have
to remain there,
it is
bound in chains, till the Day of Judgment. Every seven years, however, they were allowed to come to the surface, and then a clanking of chains and other strange noises were heard in the vicinity. These reptiles were not poisonous. They were voracious, and their favorite morsel was a princess or chieftain's daughter.
said,
186

luckless girl
Some such
lot,
was picked out by
and bound to a tree or post near the spot where the monster was to emerge from the
had to be made to avert a greater calamity, such as the "drowning"

water.
sacrifice
The
of the
whole island of Erin.
Rescue, however,
was
possible,
and
also
if
the avoidance of the
national calamity,
a champion would, by any
accident, appear, who would have the courage and the physical strength to fight the monster. Needless to say, no maiden was ever devoured. The champion was always there. While he is talking to the maiden and learning of her strange predicament, the "sea" becomes
agitated;
soon there
is
a roaring of the waves;

for the
it
they are tossed mountain-high, and in their
midst a path
reptile.
is
opened
approaching
its
head and a part of its huge neck and body on the shore. The champion gets in a terrific blow and the beast drops back into the sea or lake,
lands
With open jaws
and the waters become

blood.
It
all
over red with
its
returns for two consecutive days,
but has been gradually growing weaker, and on the third day, by strategy of the champion,
is
allowed to land
is
its
whole length, so that

it
its
retreat
cut
off;
and
thus
falls
an easy victim
CHAPTER XXVII
to his lance
187
bits.
and
is
is
finally
cut in small
of
The maiden
rescued;
and,
course the
expected happens.
She marries the hero and

fair
they live in royal state. This
may
be taken as a
sample of this
class of stories.
The monster is
called a "piast,"
in
is
modern
Irish "peist,"
and sometimes "oil"

first
suffixed (ollpheist) to bring attention to its

size.
extraordinary
is
The
meaning
of piast
"worm."
Cormac's Glossary, the ninth-cenMultitudes of
tury dictionary that has reached us, identifies

"piast " with the Latin "bestia."
these
demons are
said in old stories to
have
St.
attempted at times to block the progress of

Patrick in some of his journeyings.
for the tradition that
reptiles
And
as
he banished all venomous from Ireland, and that that is the reason why there are no snakes there, all this is due to the credulity of Jocelyn, a monk of
Furness
who wrote a
life
of St. Patrick in the
twelfth century.
in Ireland.
There were never any snakes Cajus Julius Solinus, a geographer

this
who
flourished about the middle of the third
an extraordinary and ascribes it to certain qualities in the air and in the soil. The Venerable Bede mentions the same thing.
century,
as
mentions
thing,
188
If,

indeed, there
is
anything supernatural in
or
if
Ireland's
fact
is
exemption from snakes;
the
of
due to any
special
dispensation
God's providence, we can never be quite sure
about
it.
CHAPTER XXVIII
The god Terminus. Irish The Lia ing stones.
fire
pillar stones.
Speak-
Fail.
Veneration of
and water
THERE theon
This
singularly
was a god in the Roman panwhose name was Terminus.
name
suggested
his
occupation;
and his occupation required that he should be

and
strangely
multiplied;
or,
in
other words, that he should be present, at one
and the same time, in a great many places. He was simply a pillar stone set to mark boundand frontiers. Numa Pompilius, the aries second King of Rome, ordered that these stones be consecrated to Jupiter and receive religious
veneration.
Festivals
called
Terminalia were
instituted in their honor, and, at these festivals,

sacrifices
were offered to them.
The
Irish also
had their termini or stone boundary gods. Whether they were numerous enough, as in
Rome, to mark adjacent estates or farms we do not quite know; but they were certainly numerous enough to mark large diviancient
189
190

In Ireland as in
sions of the country.
Rome
they were calculated to make people respect each other's property. In fact, this was the
idea
Numa Pompilius had in mind. A Terminus
guarded his worshipper's farm from other men just as a scare-crow guards the sown grain
from the crows.
In Ireland they were called

that
is,
clocha adrada, or stones of adoration;
stones that were the object of adoration or of

religious veneration of
times served as oracles

called
stones.
some kind. They someand were in consequence

(labrais)
clocha
lowrish
or
speaking
is
Dr.
Joyce
tells
still
us
that
there
famous
cloc lowrish
standing at Stradbally,
a village distant about two miles from Waterford. This stone has been silent for over a thousand years. A woman once appealed to it
to support her in a
lie
she was telling.
The
again.
of lies
stone split in
No
two and never spoke wonder the Irish have such a horror
and liars. Similar stones existed in Wales; and we have Giraldus Cambrensis for authority
that they were called 'lee la war' or speaking
stones.
Cloc
is
a stone of any kind;

is
lee,
com-
mon
to Irish and Welsh,
flat stone.
The Lia
Fail, or stone of Destiny,
brought
into Ireland
by the Tuatha De Danaan, was
CHAPTER XXVIII
the most remarkable of
all
191
these stones.
When
it,
a King of pure Milesian blood sat on

invariably roared.
it
Keating
tells
us that
the Irishman, Fergus, was about to
when be made
Colony
it.
King
this
of Scotland or rather of the Irish
in Scotland, in a.d. 503 he sent to Ireland for
stone that he might be crowned on

is
Although there
no doubt
of the Scotic purity
of the blood of Fergus,
we
find
no record that
the Lia Fail gave
its
when he
sat
on
tell
it.
accustomed roar or cheer Keating, the words of whose
"Gaelic History of Ireland" we follow closely,

goes on to us that that stone "is
now
in
is
the chair in which the King of England

inaugurated,
it
having been forcibly brought
from Scotland out of the Abbey of Scone; and the First Edward, King of England, brought it with him so that the prophecy of that stone has been verified in the king we have now,
namely, The First King Charles, and in his
father, the
King James who came from the

Keating quotes Hector Boetius,
Scotic race."
the historian of Scotland and other authorities

as saying that in whatever country that stone
happened to
nation, that
be, there also

is,
"a man
of the Scotic
Miled of Spain, would be in the sovereignty." There seems to

of the seed of
192
be an implication that as this 'prophetic' stone
England the ruler of the whole Gaelic world should have his throne in England too. It was called by Latin writers the Saxum Fatale. O'Curry points out how some of the early
was
in
Norman
make
occupants of Ireland appealed so
much
to the Irish
'prophecies' in the endeavor to
the Irish submit with resignation to the

If
any particular condition was 'in fate' for them, there was no use in kicking against the goad. We have no hesitation in
foreign yoke.
expressing our belief that

ecies
many
of these proph-
were coined by the English themselves or And we have no doubt at their suggestion.
that this "Lia Fail" story, at least as far as
its
presence in England
point.
is
concerned,
its
is
a case in
Ireland
derives
poetic
name
of
Inisfail from this stone. This, in a general way, is a beautiful coincidence. That Ireland is an Island of Destiny in a Christian sense is clear to any unbiassed mind.
Pillar
stones
received
sort
of
religious
veneration in
many places
in Continental
Europe
even down to the tenth century, and so did wells of spring water. In Ireland at the present
day we have our "Holy Wells."

to us
still,
They
are holy
because
St.
Patrick or some of his
CHAPTER XXVIII
disciples baptized people in
193
them
or consecrated
their
waters
for
baptismal
purposes.
From
of
being sacred to the pagan gods they became

sacred to the
God
of the Christians.
Some
them were even regarded

found
called
as deities.
St.
Patrick
a deity-well in Connaught. It was "Slan" * because its waters imparted health and safety. It was a veritable healing fountain in pagan Ireland. Fire also received divine honors; but, by some, it was regarded A druid had himself buried in a as a demon.
stone coffin under the waters of the well "Slan."
His idea was that the waters would keep his

bones cool and
get at them;
make
an
to
it
impossible for
fire
to
for he
had always "adored water

evil thing."
Latin, sanus
and hated
*
fire
as
"Slan",
akin
= sound,
safe
and
healthy, etc.
CHAPTER XXIX
Worship of fire. The God Baal. The bonfire. The elements. Elemental oath. WeaponThe Irish elysium. Immortality. worship. Metempsychosis. Metamorphosis
MUIRCHIU,
tells
in his
life
of
St.
Patrick,
us
that
on
one
occasion
the
Saint challenged the druids to throw

their sacred
books into the water and that he
would also throw his into the same pool at the same time to see which set would come out uninjured. But they had seen him baptizing and therefore declined the challenge on the ground that he was a water-worshipper. He then wanted both sets of books thrown into the
fire
but they declined this
also,
because there
was some evidence that he worshipped fire. In fact he had been accused of this by one of King Leary's druids; and the charge was probably founded on the propensity the Saint showed for lighting fires at times when pagan
festivities
forbade
such conduct.
194
At
certain
times in the year, the druids, with great in-
CHAPTER XXIX
cantations, lighted fires
195
were burning
all
other
fires
and while these fires had to be covered

were lighted gen-
or extinguished.
These
fires
erally at Tara, Uisneach, or Tlachtga.
They
and were also made the occasion and the means of honoring the Sunreceived divine honors,
god,
Baal.
Sacrifices
were
offered
to
him
while they were burning, but these sacrifices

consisted
merely
in
"assigning,"
of all
or
sacred to
herds.
him the
firstlings
making flocks and
Baal, promiscuously written Bel, Bial
and Beal, and supposed to be the "Beel" in the Hebrew word Beelzebub, is a Semitic word that would give the idea of a supreme god or a supreme demon. Beal, the god, was worshipped by the Assyrians, Arabians, Mesopotamians and, among many others, by the Phoenicians.
The
cian, of
Irish notions of
him are so like the Phoenithat even writers who deplore the amount
is
nonsense that
written about the connection
between the ancient Irish and the Phoenicians, are constrained to admit that the Irish Baal is
an immigrant from Phoenicia. That the Irish worshipped the sun under its Irish name, Grian, is well known; and it is not improbable
that
Baal.
they
confusedly
like
identified
this
Grian
with
Something
had happened to
196

his eastern
Baal before in
at times
identified
On
the
first
day
of
home, where he was with Saturn and Jupiter. May when the summer was
Erin,
beginning
in
ancient
the
druids,
with
and drove the cattle between them to cure them from disease and protect them from the maladies of the coming year. The month of May is called in Irish Beltaine, and the first day of May is
great incantations, lighted great
fires
called in Irish-speaking districts
"La
'1
Beltaine"
or "the
day
of the feast of the fire of Baal."
When
in
the sun was in his glory in the heavens,
mid-summer, fires were also lighted, with incantations and sacrifices; and again at Samain or Hallowe'en, when he was about to withdraw much of his genial warmth for a while from the earth, sacrificial fires burned on the Irish hills. It is not a matter of wonderment that our pagan forefathers ascribed a sort of supremacy to the Sun-god; for they also worshipped the moon and everything they conceived to be sublime and grand in the heavens. In the east, Baal was supposed to represent the male principle in nature. The festivals held in his honor would put to shame the Saturnalia of pagan Rome. We read nowhere of low or immoral rites entering into the
CHAPTER XXIX
ritual of the
197
pagan
fire
Irish.
They
expected, and
prayed
for, real benefits
Mid-summer
St.
festival
from their gods. The happened on the

still
24th of June, which coincides with the feast of
John;
and the custom
flourishes
is
in
many
parts of Ireland.
bonfire
built
on
that night with "turf" contributed by the whole

village.
When
the night has darkened
suffi-
is lighted, and the people gather around it and engage in pleasant conversation, poking fun at each other, the practical jokers
ciently, the fire
looking for a chance to throw, or rather pretend

to throw each other's caps or
it.
As a matter
prank
is
of
fact
"cawbeens" into no gossoon places
implicit confidence in
any
of his fellows, as far
as this
concerned, but holds on care-
fully to his head-dress.
The people
attach no
bonfire.
all,
religious
If
significance
whatever to the
they give the matter any thought at
they wonder
how
it is
that St. John happens to
be honored in this way.

of the people
this
is
In the present age of
enlightenment regarding Gaelic matters,
many
have learned, no doubt, that all a survival of the ancient pagan rite. But
it,
they will not abandon

are
because
it
gives a
chance for a brief village reunion;

delighted
and boys
with
it
because they
may
be
198
allowed to remain out later than usual and have
a good time.
The custom of carrying burning sods of turf away and throwing them into the fields for
"luck" is fast dying away; and probably has not been taken seriously for centuries. The bonfire is to the Irish to-day what it is to most
other peoples, merely a
way
of expressing joy.
All the elements, or, to be
more
precise, all
the divinities supposed to reside in the elements,
were given religious veneration. All did not unite in worship of any one element, but all
felt
is,
that an oath taken

in
"on the elements,"
that
an oath
a guarantee of
that the one
to
which the elements were given as good faith, was inviolable and
sure
who broke such an oath was
meet with some dreadful misfortune. King Leary had made an unsuccessful attempt He fell into the to levy the Borromean tribute. hands of the Leinster men. To secure his ransom, he swore by the "Sun and Moon, Water and Air, Day and Night, Sea and Land,"
that he would never again seek to recover that
tribute from the Leinster
men.
But
in spite
of all this he again invaded their province for
the self-same purpose^ and the result was that
"the elements passed a doom of death on him,"
CHAPTER XXIX
199
"to wit, the earth to swallow him up, the sun to burn him and the wind to depart from him,
and wind killed him, because he had violated them"; and we are solemnly told that "no one durst violate them in those
so that the sun
days."
The
ancient Irish worshipped their weapons,
and swore by them; and it may go without saying that such an oath was strictly executed. It was no uncommon thing to hear a sword talk in those days and tell what had been achieved by it. It was demons that spoke in those weapons; and we are told in a manuscript, published by Dr. Whitley Stokes in the Revue
Celtique, that
"the reason
why demons
used to
speak from weapons was because weapons were then worshipped by human beings."
most
is
remarkable
it
thing
about
ancient
had such a tremendous pantheon, there seem to have been no distinct

Ireland
that, while
ideas regarding heaven.

literature tells of
aspire.
What
is
left
all
is
of our
no heaven to which Such heaven as there was,
might
repre-
sented as being a kind of monopoly of the

fairies.
it,
No
on
one dared enter
it,
or could enter
willingly or un-
unless they carried

his part.
him
off;
if
willingly,
And
he did not get
200
into a fairy

-
heaven there was no other for him, and, consequently, no assured immortality. And as we saw in the case of Ossian, people, thus carried off, were allowed to revisit the land of Erin to see their friends again, but if they set foot on its soil, all hope of returning to Elysium
was gone. Connla, the son of "Conn of the hundred battles," was carried away in a crystal boat
by a fairy maiden, in the presence of his friends and relatives, and he has not come back yet. Bran, the son of Febal, sailed among the happy
islands of the blest for hundreds of years
it
and
seemed to him as
if it
was only a few hours,
so pleasantly did the time pass. Approaching the coast of Kerry, however, one of his com-
panions foolishly leaped ashore and at once became a heap of ashes. In the eleventh book
of the Odyssey, the shade of Achilles tells the
wandering Ulysses that he would sooner be the servant of a landless man on earth than the
he was, among the ghosts of the dead. In the Irish Elysium not everybody was happy Dian, after countless ages, comes out either.
chief, that
of the fairy rath of
says
regretfully
that he
Mullaghshee at Assaroe and would rather be a

the
fairies.
servant to a servant of the Fenians than be the

prince that he was
among
CHAPTER XXIX
The
and
fairy
201
heaven
is
sometimes referred to as
In
fact,
being at the bottom of the sea, or under lakes

wells,
or in the fairy mounds.
every fairy
mound was
a sort of heaven.
There
was a tradition, and perhaps the strongest and most beautiful of all such traditions, that there was a vast heaven situated somewhere in the western ocean. It was visible from Arran, in the evening. It was the phantom city that Gerald Griffin saw "in turreted majesty riding." Poets are the only people who ever see it any more. It seemed to ride or dance on the waves; and if one got near enough to throw fire into it he would thereby "fix" it. This has
been accomplished, but the Aerial City did not remain fixed as long as might be desirable.
In keeping with
tions, it is
many
of our hopes
and
aspira-
very elusive.
heaven is known by very many beautiful names, such as Tir Na N-Og, or Land of the Young; Tir Na M-Beo, Land of the
Irish
The
Living;
Hy
Brazil, or I Bresal,
Land
of Bresal;
Magh
Meala, Plain of Honey;
Magh Mon,
of Lights,
Plain of Sports, in other words,
Happy Hunting
and
Grounds; Tir
a
Na
Sorcha,
of
Land
Tir Tairngire, or
Land
Prophecy or Promise,
name
evidently suggested
by the old Testa-
202

in
ment and found by Zeuss

glosses.
eighth -century
A
that
belief in the imperfect sort of
immortality
may
be found in Metempsychosis was not

This sort of rebirth was sup-
general, either.
posed to have been the privilege of certain

heroes only.
Cucullain was a reincarnation of
"Lugh
god;
of the long arms," the
De Danaan
hero-
and Mungan, King of Dalriada, in the seventh century, was a rebirth of the great Finn MacCool. A species of metamorphosis is known to have been practiced in Ossory. It is not in any way
related to metempsychosis,
strictly
so called;
but
it
is
taken so seriously and described so
and put forward as such a great wonder by Geraldus Cambrensis that one would think he believed every word of it. A certain class of people changed themselves at will into wolves and devoured their neighbor's flocks. When sated, they resumed their proper human forms. This change was effected by "draoideact" or magic, and was very convenient at times, especially if the price of mutton were high and one did not mind eating it raw.
graphically
CHAPTER XXX
Turning Deisiol.
Odd numbers.
The
ordeal.
Geasa.
The
evil eye.
THE
Irish
also attached a superstitious
importance
certain
to
certain
movements, to
and to certain inDeas is the Irish junctions called geasa. word for right; and hence turning from left to right, or right-hand-wise was called "deisiol," and as it was the same as turning in the direction in which the sun goes, it was considered the lucky thing to do. It was a move in the right
numbers,
direction.
We
are told that
when
it
St.
Patrick
was given the land on which he at Armagh he walked around

right-hand-wise to consecrate
built his church
three times
It would be it. would yield to the absurd to think that he superstition associated with the act, but as there
was nothing bad in the movement itself, he may have shown respect for the ancient custom.
We
are told also in ancient writings, that
when
a horde of British pirates landed on the eastern coast, St. Findchua, a born soldier, who was
then at Tara, advised the national forces to
204

right-hand-wise
circuit in marching This proved to be an excellent strategical move, as it brought them right down
make a
against them.
on the enemy's flank. We are told the Lady Boand went left-hand-wise around the well which became the source of the Boyne, and
the sinister movement, done in contempt, resulted disastrously for her.*
The odd numbers,

ticularly true of the
three and seven, had a
certain religious significance; but this
number
nine.
was parThe Tuatha

retire
De Danaan
persuaded the Milesians to
nine waves from the shore, believing that this
would give themselves the advantage over

invaders.
their
And
during the prevalence of the
yellow plague in Ireland, Colman O'Clausaige
(O'Cloosy or O'Clohissy), a professor in St.

Finbar's school in Cork, fled with his pupils to
an
island, nine
waves from the shore, believing
that pestilence could not reach

sacred distance.
him
at that
"The well burst up round her, and broke her thigh bone and one hand and one eye. She fled in terror eastward, but the water pursued her till she arrived at the seashore and was drowned. Even after that the water continued to flow so as to form the river Boand or Boyne which took its name from her." Dr. P. W. Joyce, " Social History of Ireland."
*
CHAPTER XXX
205
A
the
remarkable practice among the Irish was imposing of injunctions or prohibitions

geasa.
called
The
of fact
geis
(gesh),
which
is
the
feet.
singular of geasa, tied a
man, hands and
As a matter
we seldom
it
is
find geis in the
ancient literature;
almost always geasa.
They went
of
in bunches; and there was little or no protection against them. They had a kind
preternatural
sanction
tyranny inexorable;
his geasa
made their and the one who violated

that
was sure to meet with a great misfortune of some kind. Men were often placed under geasa by people asking for some favor and appealing to them in some such phrase as this: "I place you under heavy geasa which no true champion would break"; and then would follow a list of things which the champion must, or must not, do till he grants the request. If the request was in any way just or reasonable it was considered highly dishonorable to refuse
it,
irrespective altogether of the consequences
that might follow the breaking of the geasa.
Sometimes these geasa were very sensible restrictions. The King of Emania was forbidden
ever,
den.
of
when alone, to attack a wild boar in his Most men would refrain from this kind
even
without
being
sport,
under
geasa,
206
unless indeed they were
power, rapid-firing
rifles
armed with the highthat could not be had
in those ancient times.
Some
of the geasa It
were
penal and oppressive laws.

to the
was forbidden
King
of Ireland to let the sun-rise catch
him
lying in his bed at Tara.
No
reasons can
be assigned for some geasa.

stand them.
Some
of
do not underthem are clear enough
We
as statutory prohibitions of the strictest obligation.
On
the day of the celebration of King
Leary's festival at Tara, no one in the vicinity
dared light a
fire till
Leary's
fire
was burning.
as the
The dread
terror
of sitting at table with thirteen, at

is
the present day,

inspired
of the
same nature
by the geish or geasa. One superstition is no more foolish than the other. The etymology of the word " geish " is unknown;
but
it
is
used so abundantly in our ancient

that
it
is
literature
impossible not to
know
precisely
from the context what it means. Another object of terror in ancient Ireland was the evil eye; and even to this day it is
supposed, in remote parts of the country, that
certain people have a strange
power to blight
of the
or injure a person or thing

eye.
by a glance
This would make a wonderful psychologi-
cal study.
Of course, some
definite attitude of
CHAPTER XXX
207
mind must go with the baleful glance; and yet it does not seem that the person with the "evil eye" can always prevent the evil that
comes from
to
it.
its
glance, or
is
ever a willing party
The eye seems

its
to act independently of
the volition of
owner.
This superstition
is
common
In fact,
to the Irish with

it is
many
other peoples.
now a
tradition rather than a
superstition.
It dates probably
from "Balor of
hero-
the Evil Eye," the Tuatha

god.
De Danaan
Through a chink in the door he had surreptitiously watched his father's druids while
they were engaged,
like
Shakespeare's witches,
whiff of the poisonous
in concocting sorcery.
steam from the cauldron struck him in the eye.
He
never again opened that eye by his
own
ex-
ertions.
He never could.
of
lid.
It took four
men, two
on each side
to raise the
him and using powerful hooks, But when the eye was open,
the poor wretch on

rested
whom
one ray of
its light
was doomed. A glance from it enfeebled an army drawn up in battle array and made its defeat inevitable. But Balor had its lid raised once too often. At the second battle of Moytura,
Lug
of
the
long
arms,
his
grandson,
its
watched
for
its
opening, and before
evil
influence could reach him, he let fly a hard ball
208

his sling
went through eye, brain and all, and Balor's "Evil Eye" was forever closed and himself counted among the hosts of
from
and
it
Erin's dead.
How did they find out in ancient Erin whether

a
man was
lying, or whether, or not,
he was
any crime that he was accused of? There were many kinds It was by the ordeal. of ordeals; and they were common to most ancient nations. Ireland had some ordeals of her own, and she had some others that she borrowed from other nations. Altogether the ordeal was practised in twelve different ways in
guilty of
Ireland.
We
It
are told that
Cormac
Art, in his
parliament at Tara, arranged and promulgated
would be a waste of time to describe them all. One or two will do. If a man had to prove his innocence one of the ways of doing
twelve.
it
was to pass
If
his
tongue over a piece of red hot

it
would burn him. If he were innocent, the fire would not produce its natural effect, nor even dry up the saliva in Another way was to put on his mouth. "Morann's Collar." If the witness told a lie, it pressed on his throat, and would choke him if he lost any time in taking back what he had said and coming right out with the truth.
iron.
he were guilty
CHAPTER XXX'
What
a pity that collar was
lost.
209
Guilt or
innocence, truth or falsehood were also deter-
mined by "Crannchur," which, as the name implies, was a casting of lots. The "Coirefir" or "Cauldron of truth" was another test. This, as Windisch tells us in his " Irische Texte," was
filled
with boiling water, and the person accused

it.
plunged his hand into

it
If
he were innocent
did not burn him.
CHAPTER XXXI
Multiplicity
of
Irish
gods.
Julius
Caesar*
Gaulish and Irish druids.

their
Irish druids
and
practices.
King Dathi.
Magical arts. Divination. The Druid Dubbtach.

did not
surpass
number and variety of their gods, and it is safe enough to say that they had no god which was not represented in the Irish pantheon. The Roman gods fitted well in Rome; but they were foreigners there. They were simply naturalized. They were borrowed principally from Greece. The Irish gods fitted so well in Ireland that one would think they had grown on the soil. There is no doubt that a vast number of them were brought in by the earliest colonists; but we
Irish in
THE
old
Romans
the
the
may
say, without fear of exaggeration, that this
must have happened not only before the dawn

of history, but even before the dawn of fable. These imported gods, like the Angle-Normans of later days, became "more Irish than the
Irish
themselves."
210
CHAPTER XXXI
The
211
sacred people of the ancient Irish were
the Druids.
the gods.
These stood between them and

influence the fairies for
They could
evil
good or
disposed.
people from any deity or
and had the power to protect demon that was evil-
The
sacred
tells
Irish
gave the name of druids to the

of all other nations.
men
Julius Caesar
us distinctly that the Germanic peoples
had no druids; but he describes at length, in the sixth book of his Gallic War, the great
druidic system he found in Gaul.
He
tells
us
of
the
druids
and knights were the people
highest rank in that country;
that the druids
were thoroughly organized, having one of their
number presiding over all the others; that they had all to do with the sacrifices or public functions of religion; and that to be interdicted by them from these functions was the worst form of ostracism. They were teachers and tutors. They were counsellors to the great, settlers of disputes for all, and administrators of justice. They offered human sacrifices; sometimes in whole hecatombs. He concludes by stating that the system came from Britain, and that
people
who wanted
to study
it
thoroughly went
says nothing
to that country to do so.
He
212
about the Irish druids.

nothing about them;
He
probably knew
but writers have been
accustomed to take
it
his description
and apply
ancient
to
the
Irish
druids.
Unlike
the
Gauls and the ancient British, the Irish have their native records from which our knowledge
of the Irish
druids
is
drawn.
Unfortunately
these records are very imperfect;
and
it
is
impossible to get a clear-cut idea of the Irish

druid.
But we do know
for certain that the
Irish druids
not
all
were not organized; that they had to do with the sacrifices; that they did
all
not pronounce
the spells or prepare
all
the
charms; that they offered no
human
sacrifices
and did not teach general metempsychosis as their Gaulish brothers did. With these exceptions, Caesar's description would fit them very well. There was a popular belief that the word "druid" was derived from the Greek " drys," meaning an oak, and that therefore the druids worshipped the oak and performed their
religious functions within the recesses of beautiful
oak groves.
It
is
But
there
is
no foundation
for
this.
certain that the Irish druids did not
worship the oak tree;

veneration
for
but they had a kind of

the
hazel
of
the
yew,
and the
in their
quicken
tree.
They used wands
yew
CHAPTER XXXI
incantations
13
fairies
and scared away the

tied
by
the quicken tree.
down to any pargod or gods, or to any particular form of worship or sacrifice; neither was any other Irishman. Although all revered the druidical character, everyone selected his own particular kind of paganism, and hence the religion of the
ticular
The druid was not
ancient Irish
is
better expressed
by the word
it
is
paganism than by druidism, as

incorrectly called.
often
The
Irish druid
man
rather than anything else.
was a wizard and a learned He combined

the office of historian, poet,
in his
own person
prophet, brehon and even physician;

the course of time these offices were
as
but in
filled
by
The druids were the They were also great magicians. The Irish word for magic is still "druideact," which literally means druidism,
distinct of
many sole men
men.
learning.
showing that druidism and magic were regarded by our fathers as identical things. The druids
could direct
the
course
of
the
wind.
They
could raise a storm on land or at sea, but they

it. They could bring down showers of fire or blood from the clouds. They could drive a person insane by flinging
could not always quell
214

face.
a "magic wisp" in his
It
is
a remarkable
thing that St. Patrick, in his famous "lorica,"
sung on his way to Tara, asks for the divine

protection
against
"the
spells
of
women,
St.
of
smiths and of druids."
These women were the
pythonesses, or druidesses,
later
whom
Patrick
on mentions
in
one of his canons,
where
he warns Christian Kings against consulting

them.
so
Certain princes had continued far into
Christian times to be influenced
by the druids;
one chief asking a druid to put a "protecting fence" around his

so that
find
much
we
army when he was marching

fence, of course,
to battle.
This
and selfmoving. It was merely a spell pronounced by the druid while walking or running around the army. The druids pronounced malign incantainvisible
had to be
tions that enervated
whole bodies of fighting

or
joy.
men.
people
fell
They administered draughts that made

forget
grief
When
Cucullain
Fand, and his wife Emer naturally got jealous, they gave drinks to
in love with the fairy
the hero and to his wife that
made him
for-
get his infatuation and her her jealousy.
The
druid was also a "fait" (Latin Vates) or prophet.
He
foretold things
and clouds,
by observation of the stars by artificial rites and by studying
CHAPTER XXXI
the
operation
of
215
natural
causes,
which can
hardly be called prophecy.
But natural causes
that were quite clear to the druid were occult

to others.
In the Irish translation of Nennius

that the
Irish
we
are
told
druids
"taught
druidism, sorcery, idolatry,
how
to write bright
poems, and how to forecast the future from the
way
people sneezed, from the voices of birds
and other omens, and how to find out when there would be good or bad weather, or lucky days for entering on any enterprises." The croaking of the raven and the chirping of the wren were considered very ominous. The little wren was considered very wise; and for that reason was called "draoi na-n ean," or, "the druid of the birds." We read nowhere of divination by the blood or the entrails of victims offered in sacrifice, such as was practised There are very few references in ancient Rome. to astrology proper, or divination by the stars;
but there are very
of the clouds.
many references to When Dathi, the high
reading
king of
Ireland, asked his druid to find out

in
what was
"fate" for him as a king, the druid betook

hill
himself to the top of a

all
and remained there
night reading "the clouds of the
men
of
Erin."
Approaching Dathi next morning he
216
saluted
him
as
king of Erin and Alban, or

the addition to
Scotland.
"Whence
my
title?"
said the king;
"Why
Alban?"
"Because thou
expedition
said the druid.
art destined to
make a conquering
and Gaul,"
forthwith
into Albain, Britain
Dathi
started
out
to
fulfill
the
prophecy.
There was also a "roth ramach" or "rowing wheel" which was used for purposes of divinaThere is a passage in the " Coir Anman " tion. which says that "Mogh Ruith" signifies Magus
Rotarum
wheels
or wizard of the wheels, for

(the
it
is
by
his
he
wizard)
used
to
make
"taisceladh druidecta," or magical observation.
Very
little is
known about
and
this wheel.
The
future was read frequently in the palms

tips of the fingers;
of the hands
and
this
was done generally after some absurd rites had been gone through and sacrifices offered. These are the superstitious practices that survive in the modern " pishogue " which is as well known Spells in England and Scotland as in Ireland. and pishogues are as widely spread, in fact, as humanity itself. One of the most curious
spells
mentioned
in the ancient Irish writings
was the "glam dichenn" or curse, pronounced by one "standing on one leg, with one eye
CHAPTER XXXI
closed
217
and one arm extended."
terpreted in Cormac's Glossary as

or "outcry/'
Glam is in"Clamour"
The words
in
of
malediction were
pronounced
a loud voice.
presented
The Fomorians
in
coming
into
Ireland to oust or conquer the
Parthelonians,
themselves
this
way, for some malign purpose; and certain historians, unable to interpret the words in
which the posture
is
described, have represented
them as monsters possessed only of one leg, one arm and one eye. A party of druids tried the "Glam dichenn" on St. Caillin. The posture they assumed seemed entirely unworthy of character. They proceeded august their towards him on all fours. He, however, straightened them out and changed them into
standing stone
pillars.
Before leaving the druids
we may mention
the respect in which they were held and the

influence they wielded in the halls of Kings.
The
latter
undertook no great enterprise without
consulting them;
their children
and were
careful to see that
were educated by them. Fedelma and Eithne, the daughters of King Leary, boarded at Cruachan, in Connaught, with the druid who taught them; and St. Columbkille himself began his education under a druidic
218
teacher.
The Mesca Ulad informs us

any
that
it
was
geish, prohibition, for
of the Ultonians
at their assemblies to speak before their King,
was geish And on one for him to speak before his druid. when Concobar had stood up to speak, occasion it occurred to him that his druid had not yet spoken, so he remained standing in silence till the druid uttered something which he interpreted as a sign that he could go on and speak. As Christianity approached the druids conceived a terror of the Christians and of the Christians' God; and, as a feeble means of
it
Concobar, had spoken, and that
offsetting the influence of the Christian priests,
they affected the wearing of a tonsure and the

administration of a gentile baptism.
latter
By
this
they had hoped to dedicate the rising
generation more effectively to the pagan gods.
We
read that
when Conall Cearnach was born
"the druids came to baptize the child and they

sang the heathen baptism (Baithis Geintlide)
over the child."
It
is
impossible to account
for the presence of a
baptism of any kind among them except on the theory that they borrowed the idea from Christians and wanted to use it
in opposition to Christianity.
Nine druids, dressed
in robes of
immaculate
CHAPTER XXXI
white, which
219
was the color

him.
of their ordinary
St.
is
outer garment, tried at one time to waylay
Patrick and
that these
his progress
kill
The astounding
thing
men
their
did not succeed in hampering
have seen
of them,
more than they did. They must power departing forever as the
light of Christianity spread.
Many, very many

faith;
embraced the new
and
it
is
significant thing that the first convert

St.
made by
Patrick at Leary's Court was
Dubbtach,
the king's Arch-druid.*

* See Dr. P.
W.
Joyce's Social History of Ireland,
chapter on Paganism.
in

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"V

IRELAND'S FAIRY LORE

THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

FLYNN & COMPANY

THE NEW Y( PUBLIC LIBRARY^

copyright, 1919 BY REV. M. P. MAHON

MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

one of Ireland's most fearless and powerful advocates

following chapters appeared in the

Excursions have also been

a light vein proved irresistible.

While these pa-

pers were going through the Pilot, they were

that they will continue to please,

and, also, to enlighten.

give a fair idea

of the general character of the

ancient Gaelic Literature that survive.

commenced them he did not

foresee that they

would grow into a regular

exposition of the Ancient Irish Mythological

WERE THERE CHRISTIANS

SACRIFICE IN ST. PATRICK'S TIME

GODS. PESSIMISTIC AND OPTIMISTIC THE BOOK OF THE DUN COW

DE DANAAN MEETING AT BRUG NA ON TAIN BO CUAILGNE.

ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

MANANNAN AND CORMAC MAC ART

MODERN CONCEPTIONS OF OLIVER CROMWELL

ANCIENT REFERENCES TO HIM. HIM. HOW HE TREATED

IRELAND'S FAIRY LORE

glorious St. Patrick," says Cardinal

Newman, "did a work

he could not have a successor in

the sanctity and learning and zeal and charity

work than that conIt

whole ground and gives due

tion with St. Patrick's

Patrick found Ireland universally pagan and

antithesis, rigorous truth suffers a little violence

from the desire to secure rhetorical elegance.

IRELAND'S FAIRY LORE

Patrick could have no successor in his great

but he had a predecessor; probably

Their success, however, was

away anything had been made before

his arrival to Christianize the country,

were confined to particular

who had been

by the same Pope who

afterwards sent St. Patrick, set out with the

ceeded in founding three

Attempts have been made

to identify the sites of these churches.

ological Journal for 1872-3, identifies these sites

with Tigroney, Killeen Cormac and Donard in

Most Rev. Archbishop Healy

building has completely disappeared;

the ancient cemetery

now Shearman an old churchyard three miles southwest of