Workbook 1
Workbook 1
Workbook 1
WORKBOOK
Volume 1
A refresher on the important skills you will need before you can
Start Algebra. This can be used as a self-teaching guide or as
study g uide. Use it w ith a textboo k (or instructo r !) fo r mo re
practice. Use the blank pages for scraps.
Contents
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Whole numbers
Place value, Decimal system
Exponents
Scientific notation
10
Order of operations
11
Metric system
12
13
14
Application: Geometry
15
Fractions
Understanding fractions
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Multiplying fractions
24
25
Introduction to ratios
26
27
PLACE VALUES
DECIMAL SYSTEM
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Lets pick a whole number like 1,324. If you place this number in the following place-value table, will find out
the place value of each of its digit:
.. hundred millions ten millions millions , hundred thousands ten thousands thousands , hundreds tens ones . tenths hundredths thousandths ...
A decimal point separates the whole part form the decimal part. A number like 1,324 is a whole number. It doesn't have a decimal part. Each group of 3 digit is called a period and must be separated by a comma.
The table tells us that the word name for 1,324 is: one thousand, three hundred twenty-four.
Write each number in words
Example 8,926,042 : Eight million, nine hundred twenty-six thousand, forty-one
76,567 ____________________________________________________________________________
345,890 ___________________________________________________________________________
40,993,231
1,324 means: 1,000 + 300 + 20 + 4 or 1,000 + 3x100 + 2x10 + 4
Our system is said to be decimal because we pack the ones in groups of 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 .. .
Write the place and value of each underlined digit. Use the place-value table. One digit per place-value.
Example 6,847,334 : 6 millions or 6 x 1,000,000
76,567 ____________________________________________________________________________
345,890 ___________________________________________________________________________
40,993,231 ________________________________________________________________________
Write in expanded form. Place the number in the place-value if it helps.
Example 6,807,334 : 6,000,000 + 800,000 + 7,000 + 300 + 30 + 4
76,567 ________________________________345,890____________________________________
40,903,231 ________________________________________________________________________
4,082 ________________________________ 2,802 _______________________________________
Write in Standard form
Example Eight million, nine hundred twenty-six thousand, forty-two : 8,926,042
Forty eight billion, two hundred seven ________________________________________________
Nineteen million, nine hundred twenty-six thousand, forty-one
Three hundred twenty-three thousand, seven hundred four
two hundred nine thousand, three hundred seventy-six _________________________________________
Write in standard form
Example 9,000 + 40 + 1 is 9,041
40,000 + 2,000 + 3 _____________________________ 6,000,000 + 30 + 2 __________________________
6,000 + 600 ___________________________________ 80,000 + 80 + 2 ____________________________
3
COMPARING NUMBERS
ROUNDING NUMBERS
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
To compare whole numbers like 33,321 and 33,299. Start at the left. Find the first place value where the digits
are different. (the hundreds place in our example) : 33,321 and 33,299. Compare these digits.
Here we have 3 > 2 so 33,321 > 33,299
Write > (greater than) or < (less than) or = (equal to)
6,275 __________ 630
20,232,199 ____________20,233,000
1,004,042 _______________1,004,100
Some times you need to find an estimate of a number instead of an exact value. This estimate is called a round
number. Lets say you want to round 22,475 to the nearest hundred (the place to which we are to round) . It
means that you will replace all digits to the right of the rounding digit with zeros. You keep the rounding digit
and you may or may not add 1 to it. In our example, the digit 4 is in the hundreds place. 4 is called the rounding
digit. Underline it. Follow the rule: If the digit to the right of the rounding digit (7 in our example) is 5 or more,
add 1 to the rounding digit. In our example 7 >4 so we add 1 to the rounding digit and we get 5.
If this is not the case, keep the rounding digit the same. 22,475 becomes 22,500.
Round the nearest hundredth
2,248 becomes 2,240 because 4 < 5
Examples 3,288 becomes 3,300 because 8 >5
5,309________________ 77,089________________89,983____________________1,677________________
To round to the nearest thousand, same ideas. Zero all digit to the right of the thousands place.
Keep the thousands digit the same if the hundreds digit is smaller than 5. Add 1 otherwise.
Round to the nearest thousands.
Example 342,321 replace 321 by 000 (right to the thousands place) . Keep 2 as 3 <5. we get: 342,000
1,828 _________________ 42,398_________________________ 776 here 7>5 you have 1,000 !
599___________________
900__________________________ 23,748_____________________
Round to the nearest ten
Example 332 becomes 330
219 becomes 220
49 becomes 50
39____________ 543.54____________________ 435____________ 999_______________________
Round 586 to the nearest:
ten ________________hundred____________thousand______________________
Round 259,906 to the nearest:
ten__________________hundred___________thousand_____________ ten thousand _______________
BASIC ARITHMETIC
MULTIPLYING BY
POWERS OF TEN
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Multiplying by multiples of 10 is easy. Multiply the numbers and attach the zeros.
Multiply.
Example 500 x 30 = 15,000
multiply 5 by 3 (5 x 3 ) and attach 3 zeros. The product is 15,000
800 x 5 = 5 x 800 __________________________3,000 x 3,000 ______________________________
60 x 3 = 3 x 60 ____________________________70 x 4 = 4 x 70
Example 200 x 600 = 12 x 10,000 = 120,000
multiply 6 x 2 = 12 and attach 4 zeros.
20 x 60 _____________________________
40 x 200 _____________________________
70 x 300 _____________________________ 200 x 110 ____________________________________
10 x 100 _____________________________ 10 x 1,000 _________________________________
4,000 x 10 ____________________________
3 x 10, 000 ________________________________
Example: 343 x 10,000 = 340,000 attach 4 zeros 23 x 100 x 100 = 23 x 10,000 = 230,000 4 zeros attached
33 x 10,000 _____________________________330 x 1,000 __________________________________
223 x 10 ________________________________12 x 10 x 10,000 _____________________________
50 x 100 x 1,000 __________________________250 x 10 x 10 x 10 ____________________________
22,000 x 1,100 x 300 ______________________ 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 _____________________
5
WHOLE NUMBERS
2006 Veronique Lankar, PhD
Example:
To find the factors of 18, divide by 1, 2 , 3, 18
The factors are: 1, 2,3, 4, 6, 9,18. They all divide 18 evenly.
COMPOSITE NUMBERS
PRIME FACTORS
PRIME FACTORIZATION
GCF REVISITED
WHOLE NUMBERS
2006 Veronique Lankar, PhD
A prime number has only 2 factors, itself and 1. A composite numbers has more than 2 factors.
2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 7; 11 ; 13 ; 17 ; 19 ; 23 ; 29 ; 31 ; 37 ; 41 ; 43 ; 47 .. Are prime numbers.
4; 6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 15 ; 16 ; 18 ; 20 are composite numbers.
1 is neither. It has only one factor, itself. 0 is neither too.
Identify the number as prime (write P), composite (write C) or neither (write N)
Example 24 has more than 2 factors, it is a composite number . 1 is neither
17____ 13 ____26 ______39____ 52 _______11 _______ 22 ______33 ____37____23___1____0_____
To find all the prime factors of a number, a factor tree is very useful. To make a tree, write the number as the
product of two factors. Example: Find the prime factorization of 220 and find the prime factors of 220.
You can write: 220 = 110 x 2
2 is a prime number but you can factor 110. 110 = 2 x 55
2 is a prime number but you can factor 55.
55 = 5 x 11
The prime factors of 220 are therefore: 2, 5 and 11
The prime factorization of 220 is 220 = 2 x 2 x 5 x 11
1 is not included. 1 is not a prime number.
Find the prime factorization of each number. Make a factor tree to help you.
Example: 30 = 2x3x 5
2, 3 and 5 are the prime factors. 30=2x3x5 is the prime factorization of 30
160 = __________________40 = ______________ 60 = _________________ 90 = _________________
EXPONENTS
WHOLE NUMBERS
2006 Veronique Lankar, PhD
Repeated multiplication like 3 x 3 x 3 x3 can be represented using exponential notation. Rather than
writing 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 (or 3.3.3.3) we write 34 The base is 3 and the exponent is 4. The number 3 is used as
a factor 4 times. This is read 3 raised to the power 4 or 3 to the 4th . 32 is 3 squared and 33 3 cubed.
You have to know: (number) 1 = number and (number) 0 = 1 . example: 31 = 3 and 30 = 1
Name the base and the exponent. Example: 57 : base is 5 and exponent is 7
85____________________56 ______________ 234 ________________32______________________
Write using an exponent Example 22 x 22 x 22 x 22 = 224 and 3x3x3x3x5x7x7=34x5x72
6 x 6 x 6 ________________10 x10 ___________________________ 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 ______________
2x2 x 7x 7_______________10 x 10 x 10________________________2 x 2 x 2 x 11x11________________
7 x 7 x 7 x7 x 5 x 5x 2 x 2 __________2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 5 ____________10 x 10 x 2 x 2 x 2 ____________
Evaluate. Example 10 2 = 10 x 10 = 100 and 32x42 = 3x3x4 x 4 = 9x16 = 144
104_____________53 x 22_____________105____________34__________________22 x 113 _______________
103 ____________23 x 11 _____________33_____________102_________________32 x 50 x 101___________
232021____________102101100 _______________ 2x23x24x20 _________________30x0x30x30 _____________
Write the prime factorization using powers
Example 24 = 2 x 12 = 2 x 4 x 3 = 2x 2 x 2 x 3 = 23 x 3
1000________________ 32 _______________18 ___________________ 90 _________72________________
120________________60 ___________10,000 ___________1,000________
50__________________
Product Rule of Exponents : To multiply powers with the same base, add the exponents and keep
the common base. 43 x 42 = 45 because 43 x 42 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 45
Write in exponential form
Example 57 x 50 = 57+0 = 57 or 57 x 50 = 57 x 1 = 57 Remember 50 = 1
85 x 83 x 81 __________56 x 52 x 50_________234 x 22 x 2 _________32x3x54x52x50____________
23x25x2x34x33x50x5 ___________________102x103x100x10 ____________43x0x4x54__________
Review: write in expanded form
32,006,409 ___________________ 10,034,005 ________________ 30,231,000 _______________
Round to the nearest hundred: 45,876 _________________ 45 _________ 13 ______________
8
ORDER OF OPERATIONS I
MULTILPYING BY A POWER OF 10
WHOLE NUMBERS
2006 Veronique Lankar, PhD
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION I
WHOLE NUMBERS
2006 Veronique Lankar, PhD
10
ORDER OF OPERATIONS II
WHOLE NUMBERS
2006 Veronique Lankar, PhD
multiply
divide
subtract
100 - 33
9 + 2 (5) __________________________________________________________________________________________
3
25 5 - 2 (2) +100 ________________________________________________________________________
42 - 24 _________________________________ 34 92 __________________________________________
2,000 - 103 + 202 ________________________10 + 102 + 103 ____________________________________
2
If an expression has grouping symbols lie ( ) or { } or [ ] , compute inside the grouping first following the
order of operations described previously. Compute from the inside groupings to the outside groupings.
Only when there is no more grouping can you apply once more the previous rules.
3.(3 + 2) - 32 - 3 = 3 . 5 - 32 -3 = 3.5 - 9 -3 = 15 - 9 -3 = 15 + 9 3 =
15 + 3 = 17
Add inside the parentheses
exponent
multiply
divide
add
METRIC SYTEM
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Unit of mass
Kilogram (kg)
Unit of Capacity
Liter (l)
1 kilometer = 1 km =
1,000 m = 103 m
1 metric ton = 1 t =
1,000 kg =103 kg
1 liter = 1 L =
1,00 centiliters (cL)
1 meter = 1m =
100 centimeters = 102 cm
1 kilogram = 1kg =
1000 grams = 103 g
1 centi8liter = 1 cL =
10 milliliters (mL)
You multiply by a power of ten to change from a smaller unit to a larger unit.
Change each measurement into the given unit. Write in standard form and scientific notation
Example 7 kilograms into grams : 7 kg = 7 x 1,000 g = 7 103 g
45 kilograms into grams ____________________________________________________________
100 kilograms into grams____________________________________________________________
2 tons into kilograms ________________________________________________________________
33 tons into grams __________________________________________________________________
230 centimeters into millimeters______________________________________________________
3,400 kilometers in meters ________________________________________________________
2 tons into milligrams _____________________________________________________________
Units for Area are = square meters = m2
1 m2 = 1 m x m = 100 cm x 100 cm = 10,000 cm2 = 104 cm2
1 km2 = 1 km x km = 1,000 m x 1,000 m = 1,000,000 m2 = 106 m2
Change the measurements into the given unit. Write in standard form and in scientific notation.
Example 3 m2 into cm2 : 3 m2 = 3 m x m = 3 x 100 cm x 100 cm = 30,000 cm2 = 3 104 cm2
Use 1 m = 100 cm and 1 km = 1,000
2
6 m into cm2_______________________________4 km2 into m2 ____________________________
50 m2 into cm2 _____________________________ 30 km2 into m2__________________________
Units for Volume = cubic meters = m3
1 m3 = 1 m x m x m = 100 cm x 100cm x 100 cm = 106 cm3
Change the measurements into the given unit. Write in standard form and scientific notation
4 m3 into cm3 ________________________________ 50 km3 into m3________________________
2 km3 into cm3 ___________________________________________________________________
12
CUSTOMARY UNITS
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Units of length
Units of capacity
Units of Weight
1 pint (pt) = 2c or 16 fl oz
1 quart (qt) = 2 pt or 4 c or 32 oz
1 gallon (gal) = 4 qt
X 4>
30 yd into feet
5 lb into oz
yd
ft
lb
oz
16
56 yd into in
4 pt into cp
22 mi into yd
gal qt
1
28
<: 4
32 oz into pt
32 cp into gal
ft
13
32 oz into lb
48 in into ft
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.6 km
1 m =1.1 yd
From a smaller unit to a larger unit you multiply. You divide from a larger unit to a smaller unit.
If necessary work into more than one step.
Change each measurement into the given unit. Use your calculator.
Example 4 ft into cm ?
You can use tables to help you with conversions.
ft
in
in
cm
? = 4 x 12 = 48 in.
The larger unit (foot > inch) goes into the first column.
1
2.54
?? = 48 x 2.54 = 121.9 cm 1 12
Write in the first row how to convert the large unit into the
4
?
X
30 yd into m
12>
5 mi into km
?=48 ??
X
2.54>
25 cm into in
yd
mi
km
1.1
1.6
30
20 m into yd
11 ft into mm
ft
in
in
cm
1
?
11
??
< : 1.1
In2
144
3
25 yd2 into ft2
yd
ft
ft
?
yd2
ft2
ft2
in2
144
??
25
18
14
cm
mm
10
??
???
APPLICATION:
GEOMETRY
WHOLE NUMBERS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
3 units
ts
ni
u
3
un
its
5 units
3 cm
9.6
9.6
cm
5 cm
Find the perimeter of a rectangle 5 cm long by 3 cm wide
________________________________________________
The sides of a rectangular garden measure 130, 120, 60 feet.
What is the perimeter of the garden ?
__________________________________________________
Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle in which each side measures 9.6 cm ?
cm
2 unit
A perimeter is the distance around a figure. The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the length of the sides.
9.6cm
What is the perimeter of an isosceles triangle that has two sides 8 yards long and a third 6 yards long ?
2 unit
8 yd
6 yd
3 units
5 units
3 units
How many square meters is the floor area of a room that measures 8 meters by 6.9 meters ?
_______________________________________________________________
How much tile is needed to cover a floor that measures 54 feet by 42 feet ?
_______________________________________________________________
UNDERSTANDING FRACTIONS
Parts of a whole or division
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Lets consider $1. If you divide $1 in 4 equal parts you get a quarter. We write quarter = 1 4 or
For convenience, I will write 1/4 instead. The dividend (1 here) is called the numerator or
number of parts. The divisor is called the denominator or the whole (4 here).
If this square is $1, each part is 1/4 of the square. A quarter is represented by a shaded part.
A fraction is also a division. You know already that a quarter is $ 0.25. using your
calculator you can check 1 4 = .25
1 = 4/4 = 1
44=1
1
4
Write the fraction for each square. Use your calculator to divide the parts by the whole.
Example:
3/4 of the shape is shaded. 3/4 = 0.75
________of
Did you notice something ? 1/3 ; 2/6 ; 3/9 ; 4/12 are said to be equivalent. They represent the same ratio.
When you divide the numerator by the denominator you get the same quotient.
What about 5/15 ? Use you calculator to divide 5 by 15. WE have 1/3 = 2/6 = 3/9 = 4/12 = 5/15
Shade the figure to represent each fraction. Use your calculator to divide the numerator by the denominator.
What do you notice ?
16
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
COMPARING FRACTIONS
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
1/2 ; 2/4 ; 3/6 ; 4/8 ; 5/10 are equivalent fractions. They represent the same ratio. To find equivalent fractions,
multiply or divide both the numerator and the denominator by the same number.
2 / 4 = 1 / 2 because 2 = 1 x 2 and 4 = 2 x 2 . Like wise, 3 = 1 x 3 and 6 = 2 x 3 ...
Write the missing numerator or denominator. Using a calculator, find the quotients of the fractions.
Example: 3 / 4 = ? / 16
16 = 4 x 4 so ? = 3 x 4 = 12 . 3 / 4 = 12 / 16 and 3 4 = 12 16 = 0.75
check !
3 / 4 = ? / 20 _____________________________________________________________________
3 / 5 = ? / 15_____________________________________________________________________
1 / 3 = 2 / ? ____ 2 = 1 x 2 so ? = 3 x 2 = ________________________________________________________
6 / 10 = 30 / ? _________________________________________________________________
3 / 8 = 9 / ? __________________________________________________________________
Write one fraction equivalent to the given fraction. Use your calculator to evaluate the ratio.
Example 4 / 5 = 8 / 10 because 8 = 4 x 2 and 10 = 5 x 2. 4 / 5 = 8 / 10 = 0.8
4 / 6 = ____________________________________
3 / 5 = ___________________________________
3 / 20 = ___________________________________
7 / 8 = __________________________________
3 / 12 = ____________________________________
5 / 3 = ___________________________________
3
4
first
numerator 1 x denominator 2.
3x7>4x5
5
7
calculator
17
MULTIPLES
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Write the fractions from least to greatest. Use the calculator to check
Example 3 / 7 ; 4 / 7 ; 1 / 7 1 / 7 < 3 / 7 < 4 / 7
with a calculator we find: .14 < .43 < .51
2 / 9 , 56/9 , 1 / 9 _____________________________________________________________________
4 / 11 , 2 / 11 / 1 / 11 ______________________________________________________________________
Every whole number has a set of multiples. The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9,12, 15 . . This set can be found
by multiplying by 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .. The multiples of 4 are : 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30 (multiply 4 by 1, 2, 3, 4 ..)
Write some of the multiples of 2 , 5 , 6
Multiples of 2 : ________________________________________________________________
Multiples of 5:__________________________________________________________________
Multiples of 6: __________________________________________________________________
You need to know how find the Least Common Multiple (or LCM) of 2 numbers.
For example: Lets find the LCM of 6 and 4 (the answer is 12)
Multiples of 6 : 6, 12 , 18 , 24 , 30 .
12 is also a multiple of 4. it is the LCM
Multiples of 4 : 4 , 8 , 12 ; 16 ; 20 ..
You can check if 12 is also a multiple of 4
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
We can write 3 /4 = 21 / 28
with 21 = 3 x 7 and 28 = 7 x 4
5 / 7 = 20 / 28
with 20 = 5 x 4 and 28 = 4 x 7
28 is called the Least Common Denominator or LCD of the fractions 3 / 4 and 5 / 7 .
28 is found by finding the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the denominators 4 and 7.
Multiples of 7: 7 , 14, 21, 28, 35 ..
Remember start with the larger number (7 here).
Multiples of 4 : 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 ... Stop when you find a multiple of the smaller number (4 here).
28 is divisible by 4 so you can stop.
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
ADDING WHOLE NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS
MIXED NUMBERS
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
You can simplify fractions by dividing the numerator and the denominator by the same number.
For example. consider the previous fraction 10 / 15. 10 and 15 are divisible by 5.
10 / 15 = 2 / 3. Check on with your calculator: 10 15 = 0.66 and 2 3 =0.66.
Simplifying fractions is also called reducing to the lowest terms.
Reduce to the lowest terms.
10/12 ________________ 55/100 ______________ 72/32_____________ 125/25_____________
50/100 _______________100/1000 _____________33/11 _____________24/17 ____________
144/36 _______________44/60 ________________8/88 ______________ 32/120_____________
Add. Example 2 + 2/3 = 2/1 + 2/3 = 6/3 + 2/3 = 8/3. The LCM is 3. Write a 1 under the whole number.
2 + 1/3 ____________________ 3 + 4/5 ___________________ 3 + 2/7 __________________________
2+2/3
can be written as
2
3
Each rectangle is one whole or 1 and each little square is one third or 1/3
You can see that 7 thirds is also 2 wholes and one third
Or: 7/3 = 2 + 1/3 = 2 1/3
7/3 is called an improper fraction and 2 1/3 is called a mixed number. They represent the same quantity.
The numerator of an improper fraction is equals or is greater than its denominator. You can write a improper
fraction as a whole number and a fraction part (if any). 4./3 , 3, 5/2 , 100/33 are improper fractions.
Proper fractions cant be written as a whole number and fraction part.
The numerator is smaller than the denominator. 2/3, 5/89, 1/2, 4/7 are proper fractions.
20
MIXED NUMBERS
WORD PROBLEMS
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Write the improper fractions as mixed numbers. Reduce the fractional part if possible.
Example 14 / 4 = 3 2/4 = 3 1/2
2/4=1/2
We divide the numerator and the denominator by 2.
23 / 5 _______________________________
11 / 2 _____________________________________
10 / 2 ________________________________
19 / 2 _____________________________________
21 / 5 _______________________________
25 / 8 _____________________________________
34 / 34 ______________________________
8 / 2 _____________________________________
In the last 2 exercises there is no fraction part., only whole numbers. 8 / 2 = 2 and 34 / 34 = 1
Keep in mind: 5 / 5 = 4 / 4 = 8 / 8 = 10 / 10 = = 1 !
Word problems and review:
Marilyn bought a pizza for dinner. In the way home she ate 1/8 of the pizza. While her brother was setting the table, he ate 1/4
of the pizza. How much pizza is left for dinner ? _____________________________
Grandma keeps a basket of fruit on her kitchen table. Half the fruit is apples; 1/3 is bananas. The rest is orange.
What fraction is oranges ? __________________________________________________________
John had a bag containing 32 marbles. He gave his friend Sam 1/4. How many marbles did Same get ?
__________________________________________________________________________
The class has 15 boys and 12 girls. On Wednesday, all the girls were present and 1/5 of the boys were absent.
How many boys were at school ? ________________
How many students in class that day all together ? ________________________
Make a list of five different fractions that are equivalent to 2/3 : ______________________________________________________
Show that 15/24 = 5/8 : ________________________________________________________________________
Find the GCF 12,4 and 6 _________________ Round to the nearest hundred 45,860 __________________________________
Kent had 4 Superman comic books and 6 times more as many Batman comic books. How many did he have altogether ?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Debbys family bought a new car that cost $9,000. They made a down payment of $1,500. If they pay $250 a month, how many
months will it take to pay to the car ?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cheryl bought 2 packages of beads with 425 in each package. She divided them equally among herself and 4 other people.
How many beads did each person receive ? ________________________________________________________________
21
MIXED NUMBERS
ADDING
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
You can also change a mixed number into an improper fraction. 2 1/4 = 9 / 4 . Remember $2 and one quarter (1 / 4)
is also nine quarters ( 9 / 4). Here is the trick: multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction part
(2 x 4 = 8). Add the numerator of the fraction part to the product (1 + 8 = 9). Write the sum over the denominator of
the fraction part : 9 / 4.
Write an improper fraction for each mixed number
Example 4 2/3 = 14 / 3 because 14 = 3 x 4 + 2
2 1/2 ______________________________
4 2/3______________________________________
5 3/4_______________________________
7 1/7______________________________________
9 3/4________________________________
5 3/4______________________________________
To add mixed number you can write the sum or difference vertically. First you add the fractions and then you add or
subtract the whole numbers.
Add the mixed numbers. Reduce the fraction part if possible
4 1/8 + 3 5/8
Example
5 2/5 + 3
3 3/4 + 5 1/4
1/8
3 7/5 + 7
3/4
7/5
3
5/8
______________
7
6/8
Or 7
3/2
5
1/4
______________
8
4/4
Or 8 + 1 = 9
7
______________
10
7/5
3 1/2+ 5 1/2
6 4/5 - 4 1/5
It the fraction parts dont have the same denominator, you have to rewrite the fractions as equivalent fractions with
the LCD as denominator. 3 1/2 + 4 1/4 = 3 2/4 + 4 1/4 = 7 3/4
3 5/6 + 7 1/8 _________________________________
5 1/3 - 5 9/10_____________________________
2 4/5 + 7/8 ___________________________________
11 1/4 + 6 2/3_____________________________
2 4/5 + 8 1/8 + 1 3/8___________________________________________________________________________
22
MIXED NUMBERS
SUBSTRACTING
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
When subtracting mixed numbers or dealing with negative mixed numbers in an expression, it is safer to write
the mixed numbers as improper factions first. At the end, you can change to mixed number again.
For example: 6 4/5 -5 1/3 = 34 / 5 - 16 / 3 = 102 / 15 - 80 / 15 = 22 / 15.
If you are asked for a mixed number: 22 / 15 = 1 7/5.
Add or subtract. Write the result as a mixed number.
Example 3 - 1 3/4 = 3/1 - 7 / 4 = 12/4 - 7/4 = 5/4 = 1 1/4 with 3 = 3/1
7 1/2 - 3 ___________________________________________________________________
3 2/5 - 2 1/5_____________________________________________________________________
4 - 4 / 3 ______________________________________________________________________
4 3/16 - 2 5/12_________________________________________________________________
1 1/8 + 2 3/4 + 2 ______________________________________________________ with 2 = 2 / 1
To evaluate an expression with mixed numbers, write them as improper fractions before following
the rules of order of operations. 32 + 2 1/4 + ( 3 3/4 - 1 ) + 4 first mixed to improper
32+ 9 / 4 + ( 15 / 4 - 1 ) + 4
inside the parentheses: find the LCD (4) , subtract the fractions 15 / 4 - 4 / 4
2
3 + 9 / 4 + 11 / 4 + 4
power next
9 + 9 / 4 + 11 / 4 + 4
multiply
36/4 + 9/4 + 11/4 + 16/4
Add, find the LCD first (4) with 8 = 8 / 1 = 32 / 4 and 9 = 36/4
= 72/4 = 36/2 = 18
Evaluate.
( 3 1/2 - 2 ) + 5325 __________________________________________________________________
33 - 3 3/2 _________________3 + (2 1/2 -1)2 x 3 _________________________________________
How would you write one fourth of $12 in Math ? (you share your $12 in 4 equal parts) ? Or 1 / 4 of 12 ?
You know the answer is $3 (3 x 4 = 12). 1 / 4 x $12 is the answer. Check with your calculator.
1 / 4 = 0.25 and 0.25 x 12 = 3 ! So 1 / 4 x 12 = 12 / 4. Now try 12 x 0.25. It is still 3. right ? So
1 / 4 x 12 = 12 x 1 / 4 = 12 / 4. The multiplication is commutative. You can move the place of the factors.
Follow the example.
Example: 3/4 x 12 = 12 x 3/4 = 36/4
2/5 x 10 ____________________________________ 4/3 x 15 ______________________________________
One-fifth of 25 pounds _______________________ five-thirds of 15 pounds __________________________
Half of 42 miles ____________________________ one-fourth of 16 miles ____________________________
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MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Lets say you want to make a cake that calls for two thirds of a dozen eggs or 2 / 3 of 12 eggs. You can divide
your 12 eggs into 3 groups. That makes 4 eggs in each group. Then use the eggs from 2 groups. That makes 8
eggs.
You can also
2 / 3 of 12 =
write :
2
3
x 12
2 / 3 of 12 is 8
Remember: You can multiply the numerators first (2 x 12 ) and divide by the denominators: 24/3 = 2 / 3
Find the fraction of the numbers
Example 5/2 x 4 = (5 x 4) / 2 = 5 x 2 = 10.
1/4 x 16 _____________________________________________________________________________
5/ 6 x 18____________________________________________________________________________
5/8 x 40__________________________________________________________________________________
2 / 3 x 24____________________________________________________________________________
3 / 4 x 20_______________________________________________________________________
Multiplying 2 fractions is also very easy. The product of two fractions is a fraction whose numerator is the
product of the numerators of the given fractions and whose denominator is the product of their denominators.
3 / 4 x 2 / 3 = 6 / 12
Consider 12 eggs:
In grey: 2 / 3 of 12 eggs
DIVIDING FRACTIONS
MIXED NUMBERS AGAIN
FRACTIONS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
1/ 2
7/2
1/4
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2
14
9/10 - 3/4 _________________ 2/3 - 1/5 ________________2 1/4 - 2 ___________3 2/3 - 1/2 ___________
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WORD PROBLEMS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
Mary need 2 2/3 yards of cloth to sew a dress. She has 3 3/4 yards. How much cloth will she have left over ?
Leroy ran 2 1/4 miles on Monday. He ran 3 miles on Tuesday and 3 2/5 on Wednesday. How many miles did he
run in all.
The results of a survey showed that seven tenths of the households surveyed used a computer. What fraction of the
households surveyed did not use a computer ?
A standard sheet of paper is 8 1/2 inches wide and 11 inches long. How much longer is the paper than it is wide.
For Thanksgiving dinner, Joe cooked a 17 1/2 pound turkey. His sister Diana cooked a 22 1/4 pound turkey. How
much more did Dianas turkey weigh ?
Sam, Laura, and Geena live outside town. Same lives 5 miles from town. Laura lives 3/4 miles closer than Sam.
Geena lives 1/2 closer than Laura. How far from town does Geena lives ?
The Jones farm received 7 7/10 inches of rain and 4 1/2 inches less the following year. How much rain did the
farm receive in that following year ?
A share of Maxiflex stock costs 8 7/8 dollars. A share of Bentley stock sells for 8 1/2 dollars. Which stock costs
less ? How much less ?
Kevin made 5 shirts. Each shirt used 2/3 yards of cloth. How many yards did he need in all ?
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WORD PROBLEMS
2 0 0 6 V e r o n i q u e La n k a r , P h D
There are16 cups in one gallon. How many cups of juice can be served from a container that holds 2 1/2 ?
A bundle of shingles is 12 inches high. If each shingle is 1/4 inch thick, how may shingles are in each bundle ?
A crew is paving a 22 mile road. They divided the road into 5 1/2 mile sections to pave each day. How long will it
take them to pave the whole road ?
Juan bought 24 1/2 yards of fabric to make curtains. Each Window requires 3 1/2 yards. How many sets of curtains can Juan make ?
Tanisha bought 25 1/2 feet of wood at 4 dollars a foot. How much did she pay for all of it ?
Each lap around the school track is 1/4 mile. After soccer practice, the team runs 6 times around the track. How
many miles do they run?
To make one bowl of a party punch, 4 3/4 cups of soda is used. How many cups of soda would you need to make 3
bowls of the party punch ?
Mr. Davys car has a gas tank that holds 16 gallons. He used 3/4 of a tank of gas. How many gallons of gas did he
use ?
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