What Is Operational Research?: Why Is OR Needed?

What is Operational Research?
Operational Research (OR) is the use of advanced analytical techniques to improve decision making. It is sometimes known as Operations Research, Management Science or Industrial Engineering. People with skills in OR hold jobs in decision support, business analytics, marketing analysis and logistics planning as well as jobs with OR in the title.
Why is OR needed?
Because it makes sense to make the best use of available resources. Todays global markets and instant communications mean that customers expect high-quality products and services when they need them, where they need them. Organisations, whether public or private, need to provide these products and services as effectively and efficiently as possible. This requires careful planning and analysis the hallmarks of good OR. This is usually based on process modelling, analysis of options or business analytics.
Examples of OR in action

Scheduling: of aircrews and the fleet for airlines, of vehicles in supply chains, of orders in a factory and of operating theatres in a hospital. Facility planning: computer simulations of airports for the rapid and safe processing of travellers, improving appointments systems for medical practice. Planning and forecasting: identifying possible future developments in telecommunications, deciding how much capacity is needed in a holiday business. Yield management: setting the prices of airline seats and hotel rooms to reflect changing demand and the risk of no shows. Credit scoring: deciding which customers offer the best prospects for credit companies. Marketing: evaluating the value of sale promotions, developing customer profiles and computing the life-time value of a customer. Defence and peace keeping: finding ways to deploy troops rapidly.
Some OR methods and techniques

Computer simulation: allowing you to try out approaches and test ideas for improvement. Optimisation: narrowing your choices to the very best when there are so many feasible options that comparing them one by one is difficult. Probability and statistics: helping you measure risk, mine data to find valuable connections and insights in business analytics, test conclusions, and make reliable forecasts. Problem structuring: helpful when complex decisions are needed in situations with many stakeholders and competing interests.
Advantages
Better Control: The management of large organizations recognize that it is a difficult and costly affair to provide continuous executive supervision to every routine work. An O.R. approach may provide the executive with an analytical and quantitative basis to identify the problem area. The most frequently adopted applications in this category deal with production scheduling and inventory replenishment. Better Systems: Often, an O.R. approach is initiated to analyze a particular problem of decision making such as best location for factories, whether to open a new warehouse, etc. It also helps in selecting economical means of transportation, jobs sequencing, production scheduling, replacement of old machinery, etc. Better Decisions: O.R. models help in improved decision making and reduce the risk of making erroneous decisions. O.R. approach gives the executive an improved insight into how he makes his decisions. Better Co-ordination: An operations-research-oriented planning model helps in co-ordinating different divisions of a company.
Limitations
Dependence on an Electronic Computer: O.R. techniques try to find out an optimal solution taking into account all the factors. In the modern society, these factors are enormous and expressing them in quantity and establishing relationships among these require voluminous calculations that can only be handled by computers. Non-Quantifiable Factors: O.R. techniques provide a solution only when all the elements related to a problem can be quantified. All relevant variables do not lend themselves to quantification. Factors that cannot be quantified find no place in O.R. models. Distance between Manager and Operations Researcher: O.R. being specialist's job requires a mathematician or a statistician, who might not be aware of the business problems. Similarly, a manager fails to understand the complex working of O.R. Thus, there is a gap between the two. Money and Time Costs: When the basic data are subjected to frequent changes, incorporating them into the O.R. models is a costly affair. Moreover, a fairly good solution at present may be more desirable than a perfect O.R. solution available after sometime. Implementation: Implementation of decisions is a delicate task. It must take into account the complexities of human relations and behaviour.
Some problems that can be analyzed by operations research approach are classified as follows:
1. Finance, Budgeting and Investments

Credit policy analysis. Cash flow analysis. Dividend policies. Investment portfolios.
2. Marketing
Product selection, timing, etc.
Advertising media, budget allocation. Number of salesman required. Selection of product mix.
3. Purchasing, Procurement and Exploration

Optimal buying and reordering. Replacement policies
4. Production Management

Location and size of warehouses, factories, retail outlets, etc. Distribution policy. Loading and unloading facilities for trucks, etc. Production scheduling. Optimum product mix. Project scheduling and allocation of resources.
5. Personnel Management

Selection of suitable personnel. Recruitment of employees. Assignment of jobs. Skills balancing.
6. Research and Development

Project selection. Control of R&D projects. Reliability and alternative design.
LIMITATION :Costly : Operations Research (OR) is very costly. This is because OR makes mathematical models for taking decisions and solving problems. The company has to make various models for solving different problems. All this increments the cost.

Not Realistic : OR experts make very complex models for solving problems. These models may not be realistic. Hence, they may not be useful for real-life situations. Complex : OR is very complex concept. It is very difficult for an average manager to understand it. Therefore, most managers do not use OR techniques.

What Is Operational Research?: Why Is OR Needed?

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What is Operational Research?

Some OR methods and techniques

1. Finance, Budgeting and Investments

Product selection, timing, etc.

3. Purchasing, Procurement and Exploration

Optimal buying and reordering. Replacement policies

Selection of suitable personnel. Recruitment of employees. Assignment of jobs. Skills balancing.

6. Research and Development

Project selection. Control of R&D projects. Reliability and alternative design.

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