PRENTICE HALL INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS

William J. Hall, Editor

Au AND CHRISTIANO, Structural Analysis BARSOM AND ROLFE, Fracture and Fatigue Control in Structures, 2/E BATHE, Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis BERG, Elements of Structural Dynamics B1GGS, Introduction to Structural Engineering CHAJES, Structural Analysis, 2/E COLLINS AND MITCHELL, Prestressed Concrete Structures COOPER AND CHEN, Designing Steel Structures CORDING, ET AL., The Art and Science of Geotechnical Engineering GALLAGHER, Finite Element Analysis HENDRICKSON AND AU, Project Management for Construction HIGDON, ET AL., Engineering Mechanics, 2nd Vector EditiOn HOLTZ AND KOVACS, Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering HUMAR, Dynamics of Structures JOHNSTON, LIN AND GALAMBOS, Basic' Steel Design, 3/E KELKAR AND SEWELL, Fundamentals of Analysis and Design of Shell Structures MACGREGOR, Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design MEHTA, Concrete: Structure, Properties and Materials MELOSH, Structural Engineering Analysis by Finite Elements MEREDITH, ET AL., Design .and Planning of Engineering Systems MtNDESS AND YOUNG, Concrete NAWY, Prestressed Concrete NAWY, Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, 2/E

NAWY, Simplified Reinforced Concrete Poeov, Engineering Mechanics of Solids

PoPov, hTtroduction to Mechanics of Solids Poeov, Mechanics of Materials, 2/E SCHNEIDER AND DICKEY, Reinforced Masonry Design, 2/E WAN AND SALMON, InO'oductory Structural Analysis WEAVER AND JOHNSON, Finite Elements for Structural Analysis WEAVER AND JOHNSON, Structural Dynamics by Finite Elements WOLF, Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction WOLF, Soil-SO'ucture Interaction Analysis in Time Domain WRA, Measuring Engineering Properties of Soils YANG, Finite Element Sn'uctural Analysis

Prestresse Concrete

Structures

Department of Civil Engineeri

Denis Mitchell
Ctlanles

and Applied Me_, ng

MeGill University

PRENTICE/-/ALL, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collins, Michael P. Prestressed concrete structures / Michael R Collins, Denis Mitchell. p, cm. -- (Prentice Hall international series i1 civil engineering and engineering mechanics) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-13-691635-X I, Prestressed concrete construction, l. Mitchell, Denis II. Title. IlL Series.

TA683.2.C56 1990
624.1'83412--dc20 89-48293

CIP

Editorial/production supervision: Mary Kathryn Leclercq

Cover design: Ben Santora Prepress buyer: Linda Behrens

To
Judy and Barbara

Manufacturing buyer: David Dickey

The authors and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this
book. These effm'ts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and

programs to determine their effectiveness. The authors and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The authors and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,
performance, or use of these programs.

A Division of Sitnou & Schuster

N 1991Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means,

without permission ill writing fi'om the publisher. Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

ISBN

0-13-691635-X

Prentice-Hall international (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty, Limited, Sydney
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Contents

Preface

xvii Introduction
Prestressed Concrete Basic Concepts of Prestressing Typical Prestressed Concrete Structures Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter 1
!.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

5
7 15 18 23

Additional Introductory Reading

References

Chapter 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning Technology

Introduction Prestressing Tendons Pretensioning Operations Standard Precast Pretensioned Members Post-Tensioning Operations Post-Tensioning Systems

Grouting of Ducts
Profiles of Post-Tensioned Tendons Losses during Post-Tensioning Example of Friction Loss Calculations References Demonstration Problems

25 25 27 30 31 33 38 42

46
51

54
55

Chapter 3
3.1 3.2 3.3

Material Properties
Introduction Concrete Material Technology Concrete in Uniaxial Compression

57 57 61
ix

Contents

Preface

xvii Introduction
Prestressed Concrete Basic Concepts of Prestressing Typical Prestressed Concrete Structures Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures

Chapter 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Additional Introductory Reading

References

1 5 7 15 18 23

Chapter 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning Technology

Introduction Prestressing Tendons Pretensioning Operations Standard Precast Pretensioned Members Post-Tensioning Operations Post-Tensioning Systems Grouting of Ducts Profiles of Post-Tensioned Tendons Losses during Post-Tensioning

25 25 27

30
31

33 38
42

46
51

Example of Friction Loss Calculations

References Demonstration Problems

54
55

Chapter 3
3.1 3.2 3.3

Material Properties
Introduction Concrete Material Technology Concrete in Uniaxial Compression

57
57 61
ix

Contents
x Contents 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19

xi

Cyclic Loading of Concrete Influence of Rate of Loading and Concrete Strength

Creep of Concrete

65 66 67
71 72 74 76 79 79 8O

Chapter

5
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
5.10/

Example Calculation of Creep Strain

Concrete in Uniaxial Tension

Response of Members Subjected to Flexure Introduction Compatibility Conditions Equilibrium Conditions Predicting Response of Flexural Members
Tensile Stresses in the Concrete Layer-by-Layer Evaluation of the Section Forces Evaluation of Section Forces Using Stress-Block Factors Calculation of Moment-Curvature Using Stress-Block Factors Calculation of Moment-Curvature Using Layer-by-Layer Approach Determination of Long-Term Moment-Curvature Response Elastic Uncracked Response Example Calculations Assuming Uncracked Response

168
170 171 171 172

Shrinkage of Concrete
Thermal Properties of Concrete

173
175

Weight of Concrete
Stress-Strain Response of Confined Concrete Types of Reinforcement Stress-Strain Response of Reinforcement Relaxation of Prestressing Steel Fatigue Characteristics of Reinforcement Thermal Properties of Reinforcement Bond Characteristics of Reinforcement

177 182
187 190 195 201 204 208 210 213 221

87 90
92 95

96
105 116 120

5.12f
5.1/ ....

Durability Considerations
References Demonstration Problems

Chapter 4
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17

Response of Members Subjected to Axial Load

Introduction

Compatibility Conditions Equilibrium Conditions Predicting Response of Axially Loaded Members

Accounting for Relaxation, Creep, Shrinkage, and

124 124

5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21

Estimation of Camber and Deflections Examples of Calculating Camber and Deflection Crack Widths and Crack Spacing Example Calculations of Crack Widths
Accounting for Construction Stages - Composite Construction

126 127
131 133 135

Thermal Effects
Predicting Long-Term Response of Member C Comparison of Short-Term and Long-Term Responses Linear Elastic Uncracked Response

5.22 5.23 5.24

5.25

Accounting for Nonuniform Thermal and Shrinkage Strains Evaluation of Fatigue Resistance Members with Unbonded Tendons Example of a Beam with Unbonded Tendons Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and
Flexure Examples of Calculating /!-N Interaction Diagrams

227 229
229 235

137
139 142

Example Calculations Assuming Elastic Uncracked

Response Tensile Stresses in the Concrete after Cracking Example Using Average Tensile Stresses in the Concrete Tension Stiffening in Prestressed Concrete Members

237
241 242 245

147
150 152 152
Chapter

5.26

Examples of Calculating 24--N Relationships Slender Columns - The PA Effect Example of a Slender Column
References Demonstration Problems

249
250

Crack Widths and Crack Spacings CEB-FIP Code Expressions for Crack Spacing and Crack Widths Gergely-Lutz Expression for Crack Widths Example of Crack Width Calculations
Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Control References Demonstration Problems

154 157 159

6
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

Design for Flexure

Introduction General Design Considerations Permissible Stresses in Tendons Permissible Stresses in Concrete Calculation of Stresses in the Concrete

256 256

163 164

Example of Calculating Stresses in the Concrete Control of Crack Widths

258 258 259 266 270

? I Contents

xiii

xii

Contents Chapter
6.8 6.9

9
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13

Design of Disturbed Regions

Introduction Behavior Prior to Cracking - Elastic Analysis Example Design of Anchorage Zone Reinforcement

6.10
6.11 6.12

Camber and Deflections Design for Flexural Strength and Ductility The Design Process Additional Considerations for Composite Construction Example Design of Double-Tee Floor Member
Example Design of Post-Tensioned, One-Way Floor Slab

270 273 278 286 289

296

412 413 418 422 424 426 444 449 453 459 462 463

6.13

References
Demonstration Problems

305
305

Chapter

7
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12

7.13

Members Subjected to Shear Introduction 309 Diagonal Cracking 309 Example of Estimating Diagonal Cracking Shears 317 Behavior after Diagonal Cracking 320 The 45 Truss Model 323 Traditional ACI Approach 325 Design Example Using ACI Shear Provisions 330 Variable-Angle Truss Models 334 Compression Field Theory 338 The Modified Compression Field Theory 343 Example of Predicting Response in Shear 353 Design Using Modified Compression Field Theory 359 Design Example Using Modified Compression Field Theory 368 References 375
Demonstration Problems 377

Using Elastic Analysis Deep Beam Analogy for Design of End Zones Behavior after Cracking Strut and Tie Models Example Design of Anchorage Zone Using Strut and Tie Model Example Design of Corbel Using Strut and Tie Model Example Design of Deep Beam Using Strut and Tie Model
Example Design of Post-Tensioned Deep Beam Special Considerations for Bearing Areas Special Considerations Where Tendons Change Direction Shear Transfer across Planes of Weakness - The Shear

466 468
471 473

9.14

Friction Concept Design of Shear Interface of Composite Beams

References Demonstration Problems

Chapter

10
10.1 10.2

Statically Indeterminate Structures

Introduction Restraint Actions in Prestressed Concrete Structures

476

10.3
10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

Chapter

8
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
8.'9

Design for Torsion

Introduction

Thin-Walled Tubes in Torsion

Torsional Response Prior to Cracking Example of Calculating Pre-Cracking Response Torsional Response after Cracking

Example of Calculating Torsional Strength

Combined Torsion and Flexure Variable-Angle Truss Model for Combined Torsion, Shear, and Flexure Design Approach for Combined Torsion, Shear, and Flexure

38O 38O 383 385 386 391 394

Calculation of Deformations Use of Virtual Work to Calculate Deflection Calculation of Restraint Actions - Flexibility Approach Finding Restraint Actions by Moment Distribution
Calculation of Fixed-End Moments Due to Prestress

478 479
481

484
488 489 491 495 495 502 503 506

10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15

Example of Finding Restraint Moments Restraint of Axial Deformations Example Involving Restraint of Axial Deformation Finding Restraint Actions Using Standard Computer
Programs

396
398 400 401

Calculating Restraint Actions Using Elastic

Plane-Frame Program Influence of Creep on Restraint Actions Example Design of a Statically Indeterminate Structure Influence of Restraint Moments on Load Distribution at

509
517

8.10 8.11 8.12

Detailing Considerations Redistribution of Torsion in Statically Indeterminate

Structures

Ultimate
References Demonstration Problems

Design of Guideway Girder for Torsion, Shear,

and Moment References Demonstration Problems

405 410
411

519 519

xiv

Contents Post-Tensioned Slabs

Introduction 14.7 Tests of Complex Structures References

Contents

xv

Chapter 11
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

Factors Influencing Choice of Slab Thickness

Corrosion Protection of Unbonded Tendon

11.10 11.11 11.12

Load Balancing Distribution of Tendons in Two-Way Slabs Analysis Using the Equivalent Frame Method Stress Checks and Control of Cracking Special Considerations for Edge and Corner Panels Investigation of the Flexural Capacity of Slabs Shear Design of Slabs Estimation of Deflections of Slabs
Example Design of Post-Tensioned Flat Plate References Demonstration Problems

523 525 527 528 533 535 539 542

660 667
668

Chapter 15
15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5

Evaluation and Rehabilitation

Introduction Symptoms of Distress

669
677 684 686 705 707

Testing Techniques
Analytical Assessment

Rehabilitation and Upgrading Measures

References

542
545 552
Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Index

Computer Program RESPONSE Computer Program SHEAR Computer Program MEMBRANE

554
579 580

745
747

Chapter 12
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5

Buildings
Introduction

Typical Framing of Precast Concrete Buildings Structural Integrity of Precast Concrete Buildings
Parking Structures

581 581
582

753

Special Applications of Post-Tensioning to Building

Structures Post-Tensioned Foundations References

590 598 600 607

608 6O9

12.6

Chapter 13
13.1 13.2

Bridges
Introduction Types of Prestressed Concrete Bridges Economic Considerations

13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6

13.7 13.8 13.9

609
613 616 620 622

Special Construction Techniques Loads Analysis Membrane Action in Deck Slabs Dimensioning and Detailing Example Design of Precast Bridge Girder
References

625
625

639 640
641

Chapter 14
14.1 14.2

Design of Complex Structures

Introduction Linear vs. Nonlinear Analysis

14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6

Types of Elements
Membrane Elements

Example of Calculating Stresses in a Membrane Element Shell Elements

644 646 650 656

Preface

The primary objective of this book is to explain the basic concepts necessary to understand and predict the response of prestressed concrete members and to design prestressed concrete structures. The approach taken reflects the authors' strong belief that the engineer needs to develop a solid understanding of fundamental principles rather than relying upon a large collection of restricted, empirical equations for design. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the basic concepts of prestressing, give a brief history of its development, and explain the technology involved in pretensioning and post-tensioning. A comprehensive summary of the material properties of concrete, prestressing steel, and reinforcing bars, which are of particular significance in the design of prestressed concrete structures, is given in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 provides'a basic understanding of prestressed concrete behavior, upon which all other chapters build. In a major departure from the traditional approach, the basic principles of prestressed concrete behavior" are presented first for the simplest case of members subjected to pure axial load. The principles are then extended to members subjected to flexure and axial load in Chapter 5. The basic concepts involved in designing prestressed concrete members for flexure are explained in Chapter 6. Innovative rational design procedures for shear and torsion are explained in Chapters 7 and 8. Chapter 9 introduces the powerful, yet simple, strut and tie models which can be used to design deep beams, corbels, anchorage zones, and other regions characterized by a complex flow of internal stress. While Chapters 4 through 9 are concerned with the response of prestressed concrete members, Chapter 10 begins the discussion of prestressed concrete structures. In this chapter the additional considerations involved in designing statically indeterminate prestressed concrete structures are explained. Chapters 11, 12, and 13 highlight the important aspects of the design of prestressed concrete two-way slabs, buildings, and bridges.

Chapter 14 demonstrates how the basic principles can be applied in the design of
complex prestressed concrete structures such as offshore platforms and nuclear containment structures. Chapter" 15 illustrates how the behavioral tools developed in the text can be applied in the evaluation and rehabilitation of existing prestressed concrete structures.

xvii