Modeling of Helical Coil Steam Generator

INL/EXT-10-19621
Modeling a Helical-coil
Steam Generator in
RELAP5-3D for the Next
Generation Nuclear Plant
Nathan V. Hoffer
Piyush Sabharwall
Nolan A. Anderson
January 2011
DISCLAIMER
This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any
agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed
or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness, of any information, apparatus, product, or
process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise,
does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,
or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and
opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect
those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.
INL/EXT-10-19621
Modeling a Helical-coil Steam Generator in RELAP53D for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
Nathan V. Hoffer
Piyush Sabharwall
Nolan A. Anderson
January 2011
Idaho National Laboratory

Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project
Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415
Prepared for the

U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Nuclear Energy
Under DOE Idaho Operations Office
Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517
ABSTRACT
Options for the primary heat transport loop heat exchangers for the Next
Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) are currently being evaluated. A helical-coil
steam generator is one heat-exchanger design under consideration. Helical-coil
steam generators are preferred over other steam generators for their increased
heat transfer and compactness. Safety and reliability are an integral part of the
helical-coil steam generator evaluation for NGNP. Transient analysis plays a key
role in evaluating the safety of steam generators. Operational transients, such as
start up, shut down, and loss of coolant accidents, are transients of interest. The
helical-coil steam generator is modeled using RELAP5-3D, an Idaho National
Laboratory in-house code. The transient response of an exponential loss of
pressure (simulating double-ended shear) in the primary side of the steam
generator is simulated. The exponential loss of pressure models a break of the
steam generator inlet pipe.
This report details the development of the helical-coil steam generator model
and the loss of pressure transient. Background on high temperature gas-cooled
reactors and steam generators is provided to aid the reader in understanding the
material presented. A detailed description of the RELAP5-3D helical-coil steam
generator model is presented. An explanation is given of each of the RELAP53D components used in modeling the steam generator. Also reported is the
response of the steam generator primary and secondary systems to the
exponential loss of primary pressure.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to convey special thanks to Mr. Michael W.
Patterson, Mr. Cliff B. Davis, and Mr. Paul D. Bayless for their expertise,
guidance, and willingness to assist with the project.
vii
viii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ vii
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... xi
NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................................... xii
1.
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Historical Development and Background of HTGRs .............................................................. 1
1.1.1 HTGR Core Designs ................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Historical Development and Background of Steam Generators .............................................. 4
2.
NGNP STEAM GENERATOR DESIGN .......................................................................................... 5
3.
CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 Heat Load Balance: Secondary System Initial Calculations .................................................... 7
3.2 Heat Load Balance: Secondary System Mass-Flow Rate ........................................................ 9
3.3 Heat Load Balance: Primary System Mass-Flow Rate .......................................................... 11
3.4 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient ......................................................................................... 11
4.
RELAP5-3D STEAM GENERATOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION ........... 12

4.1 Model Development ............................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Model Description.................................................................................................................. 14
5.
RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 18

5.1 Steady-State Results ............................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Transient Results: Exponential Decrease in Primary Pressure .............................................. 18
6.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ....................................................................................... 23

6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 23
6.2 Future Work ........................................................................................................................... 23
7.
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix A Comparison of Heat Exchangers Reference Next Generation Nuclear Plant:

Intermediate Heat Exchanger Development and Trade Studies ....................................................... 25
Appendix B Transient Helical-coil Steam Generator, RELAP5-3D Input Deck ....................................... 28
Appendix C Beginners RELAP5-3D User Guide..................................................................................... 49
ix
FIGURES
Figure 1. NGNP reference design. ................................................................................................................ 1
Figure 2. Schematic of a prismatic reactor vessel. ........................................................................................ 2
Figure 3. Schematic of the pebble-bed reactor vessel. .................................................................................. 3
Figure 4. Cutaway of a helical-coil steam generator..................................................................................... 4
Figure 5. NGNP helical-coil steam-generator preconceptual design. ........................................................... 5
Figure 6. Calculation sections with corresponding notation. ........................................................................ 7
Figure 7. Helical-coil bundle simplifications. ............................................................................................. 13
Figure 8. RELAP5-3D/ATHENA steam-generator model node visualization: primary system. ............... 15
Figure 9. RELAP5-3D/ATHENA steam-generator model node visualization: secondary system. ............ 16
Figure 10. Heat structure connections with hydrodynamic component. ..................................................... 17
Figure 11. Exponential pressure decrease of primary inlet pressure........................................................... 19
Figure 12. Secondary inlet/outlet pressure response. .................................................................................. 20
Figure 13. Primary inlet/outlet temperature response. ................................................................................ 21
Figure 14. Secondary inlet/outlet temperature response. ............................................................................ 21
Figure 15. Primary inlet/outlet mass-flow rate response. ........................................................................... 22
Figure 16. Secondary inlet/outlet mass-flow rate response. ....................................................................... 22
TABLES
Table 1. Preconceptual NGNP helical-coil steam generator design parameters. .......................................... 6
Table 2. Heat-load balance: secondary system initial conditions. ................................................................ 7
Table 3. Heat-load balance: primary system initial conditions for mass-flow rate calculations................. 11
Table 4. Conditions used in solving for the overall heat-transfer coefficient. ............................................ 11
Table 5. Steady state results. ....................................................................................................................... 18
Table 6. Primary inlet/outlet pressure inputs. ............................................................................................. 19
Table 7. Comparison of Heat Exchanger (Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, 2009). ........................ 26
ACRONYMS
HTGR
High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor
INL
Idaho National Laboratory
LOCA
loss of coolant accident
LMTD
log mean temperature difference
NGNP
Next Generation Nuclear Plant
PWR
pressurized water reactor
SG
steam generator
xi
NOMENCLATURE
Heat capacity [kJ/kgK]
Average heat capacity [kJ/kgK]
Tube diameter [m]
Heated tube length [m]
Mass-flow rate [kg/s]
Number of tubes
Tube perimeter [m]
Difference in heat load [MWt]
Heat load [MWt]
Heated surface area [m2]
Difference in temperature [K]
Temperature [K]
Overall heat transfer coefficient [J/m2sK]
Subscripts
inlet
Inlet of primary or secondary system of steam generator
LMTD
Log mean temperature difference
Tube outer dimension
RELAP5-3D Coding
ANNULUS
Annulus component: used to model an annulus
PIPE
Pipe component: used to model pipe or tubes
SNGLJUN
Single junction component: a hydrodynamic component used to join other hydrodynamic

components together, model abrupt area changes, and pressure loss coefficients.
TMDPJUN
Time dependent junction component: controls the mass-flow rate
TMDPVOL
Time dependent volume component: controls the temperature and pressure and acts as a
source or sink
xii
Modeling a Helical-coil Steam Generator in RELAP53D for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
1.
INTRODUCTION
With the recent advances in nuclear technologies, the possibility of using nuclear plants for process
heat production is closer than ever before. The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), a high
temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) design, is based on providing process heat to a wide range of
high temperature processes. NGNP will be able to provide electrical power and process heat to be used in
hydrogen production, industrial applications, coal gasification, enhanced oil recovery (Sabharwall, 2009),
and several other petro-chemical processes. Safety and reliability are paramount to the success of the
NGNP. A key component of the NGNP reference design is the steam generator (SG) as shown in Figure 1
(NGNP Senior Advisory Group, 2009). Analysis of the steam generator under operational as well as
transient conditions is an integral part of the safety and reliability of the NGNP (Munshi et al. 1986). To
analyze transients in the steam generator, it is necessary to develop accurate models. RELAP5-3D is an
industry-accepted code that provides a platform for steam generator two-phase flow transient analysis.
Figure 1. NGNP reference design.
1.1
Historical Development and Background of HTGRs
Since the inception of nuclear power there have been several advances in nuclear power plant design,
especially with regard to reactor core design. Several different designs are being considered for the next
generation of nuclear power plants. One such design is the HTGR concept, which has the goal of
providing high temperature process heat (General Atomics, 2009).
HTGRs use helium as the coolant because of its non-reactivity at high temperatures. The inert nature
of helium is also beneficial to the reactor core structure as well as to the steam generator where other
coolants corrode the structure at high temperatures (Melese and Katz, 1984). Also, as helium passes
through the core, it does not become radioactive, which provides added safety in the event of a breach in
the reactor.
1.1.1
HTGR Core Designs
There are two distinct core designs for HTGRs: prismatic and pebble bed.
1.1.1.1
Prismatic Core Design
The prismatic core is made up of an outer core barrel, permanent and replaceable side reflectors,
annular core, and a replaceable central reflector, as shown in Figure 2. The annular core consists of
hexagonal graphite blocks stacked on top of each other. Each graphite block contains cylindrical holes.
Helium coolant passes through these holes, which also house cylindrical fuel compacts and control rods.
Figure 2. Schematic of a prismatic reactor vessel.

1.1.1.2
Pebble-Bed Core Design
The main characteristic of a pebble-bed reactor is its fuel form. As with a prismatic core, the pebble
bed core has a core barrel with side reflectors, a central reflector, an annulus for fuel, and helium for
coolant. Unlike the prismatic core hexagonal fuel elements, the pebble bed uses billiard-ball-sized spheres
packed with fuel particles suspended in a graphite matrix. The spheres slowly flow down through the
annular section of the core and are then cycled back into the core. The annular geometry of the pebble bed
core provides the same benefits with regard to heat transfer and passive safety. A cross section of a
pebble-bed reactor is shown in Figure 3 (Idaho National Laboratory, May 2009).
Figure 3. Schematic of the pebble-bed reactor vessel.
1.2 Historical Development and

Background of Steam Generators
A steam generator is a heat exchanger made up of a shell
(primary side) and several small tubes (secondary side), on the order
of centimeters in diameter, which are bundled together. There are
several shell and tube configurations. To increase heat transfer,
baffles can be used to force the shell side coolant to cross over the
tubes. Baffle designs vary widely, but serve the same purpose to
increase the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Tubes can also
make more than one pass through the shell to increase the heat
exchanger effectiveness. The tubes can be modified to have fins that
increase heat transfer area.
Steam generators typically transfer heat from the shell side
coolant to the tube side coolant, producing steam within the tubes.
However, in PWRs, lower-pressure steam is produced on the shell
side, and the high-pressure reactor coolant is circulated through the
tubes. This design minimizes the shell wall thickness, but also
makes the shell susceptible to corrosion (Melese and Katz, 1984).
An advance in steam-generator design is the helical-coil design
which offers compactness and increased heat transfer (Prabhanjan,
et al., 2002). The tubes of the steam generator are wound into helical
coils, forming a large bundle as shown in the Figure 4 (Areva,
2008). Helical-coil heat exchangers can have a 16 to 43% higher
heat transfer coefficient than straight pipe heat exchangers
(Prabhanjan, et al., 2002). Several issues still exist related to steam
generators in nuclear power plants. For example, fouling and
plugging of tubes is a major concern because it decreases the
efficiency of the steam generator and requires a complete plant
shutdown for servicing. Steam generators are also at risk of bursting
tubes, which causes the mixing of the primary and secondary fluids,
disrupting reactor conditions (Electric Power Research Institute,
1994).
Figure 4. Cutaway of a helical-coil
steam generator.
2.
NGNP STEAM GENERATOR DESIGN
The NGNP project is evaluating several different heat exchangers as candidates for the primary heat
transport system. The primary heat transport system consists of the reactor, heat exchanger, and powerproduction system. The helical-coil steam generator design is currently at the forefront of these heat
exchangers. The NGNP design is based on a modular HTGR (MHTGR) steam-generator design. The
steam-generator reference design is a vertically oriented, once-through, up-boiling, cross-counter-flow,
shell and tube heat exchanger (Idaho National Laboratory, August 2009), shown in Figure 5. The multiple
tubes are helically wound into bundles. The NGNP design has an upper bundle and lower bundle. The
upper bundle experiences very high temperatures (~750C) which require high temperature alloys like
Inconel 617 and Incoloy 800H (General Atomics, 2008). These alloys have high corrosion resistance and
structural strength at high temperatures. The upper and lower bundles are joined by a bimetallic weld. The
lower bundle experiences lower temperatures and is made of a lower temperature alloy 2-1/4Cr-1Mo. The
lower bundle can be divided into three sections. The first section can be thought of as an economizer that
preheats the feedwater. The second section can be thought of as an evaporator that converts water into
steam. The last section of the lower bundle represents the initial superheater that converts left-over liquid
water into steam. The upper bundle acts as the finishing superheater that completely converts saturated
steam into dry steam to prevent damage to the turbine.
Figure 5. NGNP helical-coil steam-generator preconceptual design.
Helium enters the steam generator through the cross duct and is directed down through a central pipe.
The central pipe opens up into an inner plenum. The helium then flows down around the individual
helical-coil tubes. At the base plenum, the helium is redirected up through the annulus between the outer
and inner shrouds, combining into the upper plenum. The helium then exits out the cross duct back into
the reactor.
On the shell side, liquid water enters through the feedwater inlet and passes through the economizer,
evaporator, and superheater sections, producing steam. The steam continues to the finishing superheater,
which converts all steam into dry steam, before entering the turbomachinery.
The design parameters for the NGNP helical-coil steam generator (General Atomics, 2008; General
Atomics, 2009) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Preconceptual NGNP helical-coil steam generator design parameters.
Parameter
NGNP Value
Heat Load, MWt
600
Primary Inlet Temperature, C
750
Primary Outlet Temperature, C
322
Primary Mass-Flow Rate, kg/s
250
Primary Inlet Pressure, MPa
7.0
Primary Outlet Pressure, MPa
6.976
Secondary Inlet Temperature, C
200
Secondary Outlet Temperature, C
540
Secondary Mass-Flow Rate, kg/s
216
Secondary Inlet Pressure, MPa
18.2
Secondary Outlet Pressure, MPa
17.2
Number of Tubes
441
3.
CALCULATIONS
A heat-load balance was performed as the basis for the steady-state RELAP5 steam-generator model.
The steam generators secondary side was split into three sections, as shown in Figure 6. The lower
section (points marked Tin to T4) consists of the feedwater inlet to the point at which water begins to
vaporize at the inlet pressure. The next section (points marked T4 to T5) lies between the water
vaporization point and the bimetallic weld (point marked T5), being the separation point of the two
different tube materials; within this section, the secondary fluid is a two-phase fluid. The third section
(points marked T5 to T6) consists of the portion above the bimetallic weld to the steam outlet. This
section is assumed to be completely steam. It is assumed that the value of the specific heat, can be
averaged between temperature points. Table 2 shows the initial conditions that were used in calculating
the heat load balance for the secondary system.
Figure 6. Calculation sections with corresponding notation.
3.1
Heat Load Balance: Secondary System Initial Calculations
Table 2. Heat-load balance: secondary system initial conditions.

Parameter
Value
Heat Load, MWt
600
Secondary inlet temperature, C (F)
200 (392)
Secondary inlet pressure, MPa (psi)
18.2 (2640)
H2O phase change temperature, C (F) 358 (676.4)
Secondary mass-flow rate, kg/s (lbm/s) 216 (476.2)
Solving for heat load from inlet to H2O phase change of the secondary side.
1. Calculate average heat capacity:

2. Calculate the temperature difference:

3. Calculate heat load:

Solving for the heat load form the H2O phase change to the change in tube material of the secondary
side:
1. Assume that the fluid temperature at the point where the material change occurs is 450C.


3. Calculate temperature difference:


5. Calculate heat load difference between total heat load and Q3:

Solve for the heat load from the change in tube material to the steam outlet.

Solving for the secondary outlet temperature:
1. Assume an outlet temperature of 540C for outlet heat capacity.

3. Calculate outlet temperature:

The outlet temperature is significantly lower than the design temperature of 540C. Since the heat
capacity and the heat load are assumed to be parameters, the secondary mass-flow rate must be adjusted
to achieve the desired steam outlet temperature.
3.2
Heat Load Balance: Secondary System Mass-Flow Rate
The secondary mass-flow rate was solved for iteratively by assuming a heat load for the section
containing the secondary inlet to the temperature at which H2O changes phase for a pressure of 18.2 MPa.
The heat load choice was checked against the steam outlet temperature until it coincided with the design
steam outlet temperature of 540C.
Solving for mass-flow rate of the secondary side:
1. Assume a heat load of 346.3 MW from the inlet to the phase change section. This heat load value is
an iterative estimation which is then used to determine the mass-flow rate necessary to obtain an
outlet temperature of 540 C.



4. Calculate secondary mass-flow rate:

Solving for the heat load from the H2O phase change to the change in tube material of the secondary
side.
1. Assume material change occurs at a fluid temperature of 450C.

2. Calculate heat load difference between total heat load and .


4. Calculate temperature difference:


Solve for the heat load from the change in tube material to the steam outlet.

Solving for the secondary outlet temperature:
1. Assume an outlet temperature of 540C at 17.2 MPa for outlet heat capacity.

Calculate steam outlet temperature:

The calculated temperature now coincides with the design temperature of 540C. The secondary
mass-flow rate was adjusted from 216 to 245.31 kg/s.
10
3.3
Heat Load Balance: Primary System Mass-Flow Rate
The primary system coolant is helium, which has little variation in heat capacity over large
temperature ranges. Because of this characteristic, the primary system mass-flow rate is solved without
dividing the system into three sections. The section temperatures will however be calculated. Table 3
shows the initial conditions that were used in calculating the primary system mass-flow rate.
Table 3. Heat-load balance: primary system initial conditions for mass-flow rate calculations.
Parameter
Value
Heat Load, MWt
600
Primary Inlet Temperature, C (F)
750 (1382)
Primary Outlet Temperature, C (F)
322 (611.6)
Primary Inlet Pressure, MPa (psi)
7.0 (1020)
Solving for mass-flow rate of the secondary side:


3. Calculate primary mass-flow rate:

The calculated primary outlet temperature matches the design temperatures. The primary mass-flow
rate was adjusted from 250 to 270.17 kg/s so that the design outlet temperature could be obtained.
3.4
Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient
Table 4 shows the conditions that were used in solving for the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Table 4. Conditions used in solving for the overall heat-transfer coefficient.
Parameter
Value
Heat Load, MWt
600
Number of Tubes
441
Tube Outer Diameter, m (ft)
0.0318 (0.104)
Assumed Single Heated Tube Length, m (ft)
144 (472.4)
Primary Inlet Temperature, C (F)
750 (1382)
11
Primary Outlet Temperature, C (F)

Secondary Inlet Temperature, C (F)
Secondary Outlet Temperature, C (F)
322 (611.6)
200 (392)
540 (1004)
Solving for the overall heat transfer coefficient

1. Calculate single tube perimeter:
2. Calculated heated surface area:

3. Calculate the log mean temperature difference:

4. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient
4.
RELAP5-3D STEAM GENERATOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND

DESCRIPTION
4.1
Model Development
Since the NGNP helical-coil steam generator is still being developed, several steam generators were
referenced for flow path and dimensions. Flow path was based on an MHTGR steam generator (MHTGR,
circa 1987). Dimensions and inlet and outlet conditions were referenced from other reports
(Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC, 2009, General Atomics 2008, General Atomics 2009, Oh et al.
2010).
RELAP5-3D software was used to develop a computer model of the steam generator. RELAP5 is an
Idaho National Laboratory in-house code used to simulate operational transients and loss of coolant
accidents (LOCAs) within a nuclear power plant. Modeling a three-dimensional helical-coil bundle in
12
RELAP5 required several simplifications, as show in Figure 7. First the helical-coil bundle of 441 tubes
was modeled as a single tube with equivalent flow area, heat transfer surface area, hydraulic diameter,
and heated hydraulic diameter. Equivalent areas and diameters of the single tube estimate the heattransfer and flow characteristics of the actual bundle of tubes. The single tube helical coil was further
simplified by unwrapping the coil tube to make an inclined straight pipe of the same length as a single
tube and a vertical change in elevation corresponding to the bundle height. A heat transfer multiplier was
added to the model to simulate improved heat transfer as observed in helical coils. With these
simplifications, the helical-coil steam-generator model was developed.
Figure 7. Helical-coil bundle simplifications.

Since all of the exact dimensions of the NGNP helical-coil steam-generator design needed for 600
MWt were unavailable, some dimensions were based on other steam-generator designs. As the design
progressed, it became evident that either mass-flow rate or helical-coil heated length needed to be
changed in order to attain the design primary and secondary outlet temperatures. Heated length was
initially varied until the outlet primary and secondary temperatures were close to the design temperatures.
Mass-flow rate was varied to reach the exact temperature. This decision was made because a variation in
mass-flow rate required less coding changes than a variation in the heated length. Changing the heated
length required re-nodalization of a large portion of the steam generator model. Emphasis was placed on
the secondary steam outlet temperature as the parameter that governed the model design process since the
steam outlet temperature directly affected process steam capabilities. Once the design was completed, the
model was run at steady-state conditions until the flow within the model reached steady-state values.
The helical-coil steam-generator model used a single tube length of 144 m to achieve the design
steam outlet temperature. This length is consistent with other helical-coil steam generator designs
compared in Appendix A. Once the NGNP helical-coil steam generator design matures, the actual
dimension should be used to improve model accuracy.
Part of model development was developing a transient that would be feasible using RELAP5-3D. A
LOCA representing a rupture of the primary inlet and outlet pipes was chosen as the transient. The
13
rupture was simulated by an exponential decrease in the primary inlet and outlet pressures. Other steam
generator transient studies have also simulated LOCAs using ramp inputs for pressure (Munshi et al.
1985, Bhathagar et al. 1985, Munshi et al. 1986). Feedback from the reactor and power-conversion
system were not considered in this model.
4.2
Model Description
The primary and secondary systems of the steam generator model are divided into several nodes.
Nodes in RELAP5 are represented by hydrodynamic structures that are subdivided into volumes or heat
structures. The primary or shell side system (Figure 8) starts with an inlet boundary condition made up of
a time-dependent volume (TMDPVOL 110) and a time-dependent junction (TMDPJUN 115). The timedependent volume acts as a source and controls the temperature and pressure with respect to time. The
time-dependent junction controls the mass-flow rate. The time-dependent volume is connected directly to
the time-dependent junction, which connects to a pipe component (PIPE 120) having six volumes. PIPE
120 models the inner pipe of the cross duct, the inlet pipe, and the inner plenum. PIPE 120 is connected to
ANNULUS 130 via a single junction (SNGLJUN 125). ANNULUS 130 models the upper and lower
bundles regions. ANNULUS 130 contains 39 volumes, vertically oriented, with a downward flow. There
are abrupt area changes between the 9 and 10 volumes, 11 and 12 volumes, and the 38 and 39 volumes,
which represent the flow area change between helical-coil and straight pipe sections. ANNULUS 130 is
connected to ANNULUS 140 via SNGLJUN 135. ANNULUS 140, which is vertically oriented with upflow, models the annular section between the inner and outer shrouds. ANNULUS 140 is connected to
PIPE 150 via SNGLJUN 145. PIPE 150 represents a horizontal annular section in the cross duct. Because
ANNULUS components must be oriented vertically, a PIPE must be used. PIPE 150 is connected to
TMDPVOL 160 via SNGLJUN 155. TMDPVOL 160 acts as a sink for the primary system.
14
Figure 8. RELAP5-3D/ATHENA steam-generator model node visualization: primary system.

The secondary system, show in Figure 9, has inlet boundary conditions that are modeled by
TMDPVOL 210 and TMDPJUN 215, providing control of the inlet temperature, pressure, and mass-flow
rate. TMDPVOL 210 is connected to PIPE 220, which represents the helical coils of the steam generator.
The first volume of PIPE 220 models the feed-water inlet, followed by 28 volumes with a vertical angle
of 3.184 degrees. These 28 volumes model the lower helical bundle and are followed by two vertical
volumes, volumes 29 and 30, which allow for the bimetallic weld to be modeled, providing a separation
point for two different tube materials. Volumes 30-39 model the upper helical bundle and are followed by
a vertically oriented volume. Volumes 4144 model the steam outlet section of the steam generator.
Volumes 41, 43, and 44 are horizontal while volume 42 is vertical. PIPE 220 is connected to TMDPVOL
230 via SNGLJUN 235.
15
Figure 9. RELAP5-3D/ATHENA steam-generator model node visualization: secondary system.

Heat structures are used to join the primary and secondary systems together thermally. This thermal
connection is how RELAP5 models heat transfer. The model is divided up into three main heat structures
(220, 230, and 240) modeling the upper and lower helical-coil bundles and the short straight section just
above the upper helical bundle. The subdivided heat structures are connected to volumes in a PIPE
structure that nodalize the component. Since a written description of each of the connections between
hydrodynamic components and heat structures would be very cumbersome, Figure 10 has been provided
to show each connection.
16
Figure 10. Heat structure connections with hydrodynamic component.
17
5.
5.1
RESULTS
Steady-State Results
In order to simulate a transient using RELAP5, a steady-state case must first be run. Table 5 shows
the values RELAP5 returned once reaching a steady-state flow for the helical-coil steam-generator model.
NGNP current design values as well as calculated values are displayed.
To achieve the desired primary and secondary outlet temperature, the secondary mass-flow rate was
adjusted from the calculated value. The secondary mass-flow rate decreased from 245.31 to 232.0 kg/s
due to conservative inputs in the calculations. The single tube heated length required to achieve the
desired secondary outlet temperature was 144 m, which is consistent with steam generator tube lengths in
Appendix A.
Table 5. Steady state results.
Parameter
Heat load, MWt
Primary inlet temperature, C
Primary outlet temperature, C
Primary mass-flow rate, kg/s
Primary inlet pressure, MPa
Primary outlet pressure, MPa
Secondary inlet temperature, C
Secondary outlet temperature, C
Secondary mass-flow rate, kg/s
Secondary inlet pressure, MPa
Secondary outlet pressure, MPa
Number of tubes
Single tube heated length, m
Heat-transfer surface area, m2
LMTD, C
Overall heat-transfer coefficient, J/m2sC
5.2
NGNP Value
600
750
322
250
7.0
6.976
200
540
216
18.2
17.2
411
Calculated Value
322
270.17
540.04
245.31
144
5022.51
162.04
737.25
RELAP5-3D
Value
757.37
333.35
270.17
7.22
6.982
205.32
540.54
232.0
17.516
17.203
144
5022.51
Transient Results: Exponential Decrease in Primary Pressure
A LOCA transient, representing a rupture of the primary inlet pipe, was simulated by an exponential
decrease in the primary inlet and outlet pressures. The pressure decrease occurred over a 20 second period
and decreased the inlet pressure from 7.0 to 0.1013 MPa at the inlet and from 6.976 to 0.1013 MPa at the
outlet. In order to fully represent the LOCA transient, both inlet and outlet pressures in the timedependent volumes had to decrease at the same rate. In the event of a complete rupture, the reduction in
pressure will occur over a much shorter period of time. This transient pressure decrease was chosen in
order to better understand the results of a complete rupture of the inlet and outlet pipes. Table 6 shows the
values used to simulate the exponential decrease in inlet and outlet pressures. Neglecting to decrease the
18
outlet pressure would result in either a negative pressure drop across the primary side or back pressure,
invalidating the results.
Table 6. Primary inlet/outlet pressure inputs.
Time, s
Primary inlet pressure, MPa
10
7.2
13
3.8
16
2.0
19
1.06
23
0.45
26
0.2377
30
0.1013
Primary outlet pressure, MPa

6.976
3.68
1.941
1.024
0.437
0.2303
0.1013
The exponential decrease in pressure, as shown in Figure 11, begins at 10 seconds and ends at
30 seconds, after which the pressure stays constant at 0.1013 MPa at both the inlet and outlet.
PrimaryInletPressure
8.00E+06
Pressure(Pa)
7.00E+06
6.00E+06
5.00E+06
4.00E+06
3.00E+06
2.00E+06
1.00E+06
0.00E+00
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time(s)
Figure 11. Exponential pressure decrease of primary inlet pressure.
As the primary pressure decreases, primary and secondary side temperatures decrease. The secondary
side pressure, as shown in Figure 12, responds to the decrease in secondary temperature, initially
decreasing by about 200 kPa for the inlet and slightly decreasing for the outlet. The inlet pressure drop is
greater because the rapid pressure loss in the primary system causes energy to be transferred from the
secondary to the primary.
19
SecondaryInlet/OutletPressures
1.76E+7
1.75E+7
Inlet
Pressure(Pa)
1.75E+7
Outlet
1.74E+7
1.74E+7
1.73E+7
1.73E+7
1.72E+7
1.72E+7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time(s)
Figure 12. Secondary inlet/outlet pressure response.
The primary inlet and outlet temperature responses are shown in Figure 13. Inlet temperature
decreases as the primary coolant expands in response to the decrease in pressure. The helium quickly
cools until it has a lower temperature than the finishing superheater tubes. As the cooled gas comes in
contact with the hotter tubes, the gas increases in temperature, creating the spike seen around 33 seconds.
This spike in temperature indicates a reversal of heat transfer. Normally heat is transferred from the hot
primary fluid to the colder secondary fluid, but this trend reverses after the pressure loss so that heat is
transferred from the hotter secondary fluid to the now colder primary fluid. The temperature of the inlet
and outlet level off as the primary and secondary temperatures begin to equalize.
The secondary inlet and outlet temperatures lag in response to the primary side changes. The outlet
temperature, as shown in Figure 14, decreases rapidly as the steam condenses into a liquid. The large
change in the rate of decrease of temperature around 45 seconds occurs as the steam reaches the
saturation temperature. The steam then continues to condense until it all has condensed into liquid water.
The temperature response becomes smooth and continues to decrease until it equals the inlet temperature,
at which point the primary and secondary systems have reached a new steady-state.
The primary inlet and outlet mass-flow rate responses showed interesting results. Figure 15 indicates
that there was a flow reversal for the inlet. The flow reversal occurs because of the rapid decrease in
pressure at the inlet. The primary gas rushes out the inlet as the pressure decreases. The rapid loss of
coolant causes the helium temperature to decrease rapidly as well. The cold primary gas comes into
contact with the hot tubes, causing the gas to expand, which contributes to flow reversal. The mass-flow
rates then returns to 0.0 kg/s at 30 seconds when both the inlet and outlet pressures are equal.
While the secondary inlet mass-flow rate is held constant, the outlet mass-flow rate experiences a
large decrease as shown in Figure 16. This response is caused by an entirely different phenomenon than
the primary response. Due to the temperature decrease in the primary loop, the superheated steam cools,
causing it to condense to liquid water. Because the helical-coil is inclined, the liquid water flows back
down the tubes until the tubes are filled with water. As the tubes are filled with liquid water, the massflow rate increases back to its initial rate.
20
PrimaryInlet/OutletTemperature
1100
1000
Inlet
Temperature(K)
900
Outlet
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time(s)
Figure 13. Primary inlet/outlet temperature response.
SecondaryInlet/OutletTemperature
Temperature(K)
800
Inlet
700
Outlet
600
500
400
0
50
100
150
200
Time(s)
Figure 14. Secondary inlet/outlet temperature response.
21
250
300
PrimaryInlet/OutletMassFlowRate
MassFlowRate(kg/s)
300
250
200
Inlet
150
Outlet
100
50
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time(s)
Figure 15. Primary inlet/outlet mass-flow rate response.
SecondaryInlet/OutletMassFlowRate
MassFlowRate(kg/s)
250
200
150
Inlet
Outlet
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
Time(s)
Figure 16. Secondary inlet/outlet mass-flow rate response.
22
250
300
6.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

6.1
Conclusions
A loss of primary pressure transient was simulated as an exponential decrease of primary pressure
using the RELAP5-3D helical-coil steam-generator model. Heat transfer between the primary and
secondary systems experienced a reversal. The heat was initially transferred from the primary system to
the secondary system. After the pressure loss, the heat was transferred from the secondary system to the
primary system. The primary inlet mass-flow rate experiences a flow reversal. The steady-state model that
was developed solved for the design steam outlet temperature using a lower mass-flow rate than was
calculated because of conservative inputs.
6.2
Future Work
In order to fully simulate operational and LOCA transients within the helical-coil steam-generator
model, the model must be coupled with a reactor core model. Future work includes the development of a
working reactor model. Coupling the reactor and steam-generator models would allow for a feedback
loop between the reactor and steam generator, realistically changing the steam-generator inlet conditions.
Work will also be done on other transients including, but not limited to, start-up and shutdown operations
and plugged and fouled tubes.
23
7.
REFERENCES
1. General Atomics, Nuclear Heat Supply System Point Design Study for NGNP Conceptual Design,
911167, 2009.
2. General Atomics, NGNP Steam Generator Alternatives Study, 911120, 2008.
3. Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, Next Generation Nuclear Plant: Intermediate Heat Exchanger
Development and Trade Studies, NGNP-NHS-HTS-RPT-M-00004, 2009.
4. RELAP5 Code Development Team, RELAP5 Vol. 1-5, INEEL-EXT-98-00834, Rev 2.4, 2005.
5. Chang H. Oh, Eung S. Kim, and Mike Patterson, "Design Option of Heat Exchanger for the Next
Generation Nuclear Plant," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 132, No. 3,
2010.
6. AREVA, NGNP with Hydrogen Production IHX and Secondary Heat Transport Loop Alternatives,
12-9076325-001, 2008.
7. Idaho National Laboratory, Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project, 2009 Status Report, INL/EXT09-17505, May 2009.
8. Idaho National Laboratory, Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project Technology Development
Roadmaps: The Technical Path Forward for 750-800C Reactor Outlet Temperature, INL/EXT-0916598, August 2009.
9. Piyush Sabharwall, Engineering Design Elements of a Two-Phase Thermosyphon to Transfer NGNP
Thermal Energy to a Hydrogen Plant, INL-EXT-09-15383, 2009.
10. NGNP Senior Advisory Group, Senior Advisory Group Meeting Reference Configuration, Meeting
Minutes, January 28, 2009.
11. P. Munshi, R. Bhatnagar, and K.S. Ram, Steam Generator Transient Studies Using a Simplified
Two-Fluid Computer Code Ann. Nucl. Energy, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1985, pp. 155157.
12. P. Munshi, K. S. Ram, M. S. Kalra and D. V. Rao, Steam-Generator Simulation With NonEquilibrium Two-Phase Flow Models, Ann. Nucl. Energy, Vol. 13, No. 11, 1986, pp. 617621.
13. R. Bhatnagar, P. Munshi, and K. S. Ram, A Simplified Two-Fluid Model of a Steam Generator for
Digital Simulation of Operation Transients, Ann. Nucl. Energy, Vol. 12, No. 7, 1985, pp. 349355.
14. P.E MacDonald, P. D. Bayless, H. D. Gougar, R. L. Moore, A. M. Ougouag, R. L. Sant, J. W.
Sterbentz, and W. K. Terry, The Next Generation Nuclear Plant Insights Gained from the INEEL
Point Design Studies, INEEL/CON-04-01563 PREPRINT, 2004.
15. Gilbert Melese and Robert Katz, Thermal and Flow Design of Helium-Cooled Reactors, American
Nuclear Society, 1984.
16. Electric Power Research Institute, Steam Generator Reference Book Volume I, Electric Power
Research Institute, Inc, 1994, EPRI TR-103824s-V1R1.
17. Idaho National Laboratory, Pre-conceptual Design Report, INL/EXT-07-12937, 2007.
18. D.G. Prabhanjan, G.S.V. Ragbavan, and T.J. Rennie, Comparison of Heat Transfer Rates Between a
Straight Tube Heat Exchanger and a Helically Coiled Heat Exchanger, International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 29 No. 2, 2002, pp. 185191
24
Appendix A
Comparison of Heat Exchangers Reference Next
Generation Nuclear Plant: Intermediate Heat
Exchanger Development and Trade Studies
25
Appendix A
Comparison of Heat Exchangers Reference Next Generation Nuclear Plant:
Intermediate Heat Exchanger Development and Trade Studies
Table 7. Comparison of Heat Exchanger (Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, 2009).
Section/Page
Source
Total Load, MWt
Number of IHXs
Load, MWt
HX Type
Primary Side
Tin, C
Tout, C
Nominal Pressure, MPa
Flow Rate, kg/s
Secondary Side
Tin, C
Tout, C
Nominal Pressure, MPa
Flow Rate, kg/s
LMTD, C
Tubes
Number
OD, mm
Thickness, mm
Length, m
Inner Coil Diameter, mm
Outer Coil Diameter, mm
Coil Height, m
Coil Layer
Modules
Number
Length, mm
Width, mm
Height, mm
HT Core Volume, m3
Total HT Area, m2
U, W/ m2 * K
NA/S
INL
612
1
612
Helical Coil
NA/S
INL
612
1
612
PCHE
3.3.1.1.1/21
Sulzer/KVK
10
1
10
Helical Coil
3.3.1.2/31
JAERI/HTTR
10
1
10
Helical Coil
5.4.2/192
AREVA
580
2
290
Helical Coil
900
594.5
7
385
900
594.5
7
385
950
293
4
2.95
950
390
900
490
5
136
900
480
7
81.8
900
750
7
91.96
750
481
7
91.96
800
268
8.7
185
492.5
884.8
7.6
300
46
492.5
884.8
7.6
300
46
220
900
4
2.85
61
330
860
415
825
5.5
136
75
308
700
7
87.64
186
673
875
7
68.44
46
312
673
7
68.44
117
218
750
8.9
185
50
119
22
2
43
96
31.8
3.5
2966
21
2.2
18.3
1500
3490
7.8
500
45
5
22.05
1870
4080
4.58
18
1025
31.8
3.5
21.39
1600
3950
4.45
26
914
31.8
3.5
17.62
1600
3762
3.66
24
5025
20
1
42.9
490
4600
9.86
162.0
13540
1189
34
430
600
600
5.29
5805
2313
12
12
90
60.8
3581
1080
348
473
26
4.3.1.2/51
4.3.1.2/51
4.3.1.2/51
GA/Toshiba
GA/Toshiba GA/Toshiba
534
216
384
3
3
3
178
72
128
Helical Coil
Helical Coil Helical Coil
47.3
1714
559
45.6
2190
711
33.3
1609
680
2.4/55
PBMR
510
1
510
PFHE
180
553.7
50
1000
4.98
16879
604
Vessel
ID, mm
2400
Height, mm
24980
Approx. Volume, m3 [2]
163.8
177
Surface Efficiency, kW/ m3 [3]
29
Core Compactness, MW/ m3
3.8
116
HX compactness, MW/ m3
3.74
0.06
Notes:
[1] AREVA IHX diameter from Fig. 5-5, Ref. 3-6; believed to be flange OD
[2] Assumes spherical heads
[3] Heat Transfer Active Area Only
2000
11000
61
6380
81
5
0.16
27
5000
18350
275
104
4
0.65
5000
18500
278
33
2
0.26
4750
17500
246
80
4
0.52
3500
7819
70
30
102
7.29
Appendix B
Transient Helical-coil Steam Generator, RELAP5-3D
Input Deck
28
Appendix B
Transient Helical-coil Steam-generator RELAP5-3D
Input Deck with Comments
=Steam Generator 1
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * *
*
Transient Steam Generation Problem
*
Coded by: Nathan Hoffer
*
start: 6/24/10 end
* Problem: Develop a vertical, up-flow boiling, cross-counter flow,
* once-through, shell-and-tube heat exchanger, helically-wound tube
bundled
* steam generator with the following properties (NGNP Steam Generator
* Alternatives Study):
* He inlet temp, K
1173.0
* He oulet temp, K
753.0
* He flow rate, kg/s
250.0
* He inlet pressure, MPa
7.0
* He pressure drop, kPa
24.0
* Water inlet temp, K
473.0
* Steam outlet temp, K
811.0
* Water flow rate, kg/s
216.0
* Feedwater inlet pressure, MPa
18.2
* Steam outlet pressure, MPa
17.2
* Number of tubes
441.0
* Economizer tube material
2 1/4Cr-1Mo
* Evaorator tube material
2 1/4Cr-1Mo
* Finishing Superheater material
2 1/4Cr-1Mo
* Abitrary parameters
*
Assumptions:
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * *
*
run
option
100
newath transnt *stdy-st
*
in
out
102
si
si
*
CHF
*107
1
1
1
*
refv
refh fluid name
120
120010000 19.0 he
'Shell'
*
refv
refh fluid name
121
220010000 0.0
h2o 'Tube'
*
*===========================================================*
*
time step card
*
*===========================================================*
*
end
min
max
tt
minor
major restar
201
200.0
1.0-6
.005
16
10 10
2000
*
29
*===========================================================*
*
minor edit variables
*
*===========================================================*
*
*301 tempf 120150000
*
*302 mflowj 215000000
*
*===========================================================*
*
plot variables
*
*===========================================================*
*
*
varname
var#
20800001 cntrlvar 4
*
*
*===========================================================*
*
trip cards
*
*===========================================================*
* varcode par
rel varcode par +const li
*501 tempf
125001000 lt null
0
400.0
n
* varcode par
rel varcode par +const li
*502 tempf
125001000 gt null
0
400.0
n
* trip# op trip# li
*601 501
or 502
n
*
*===========================================================*
*
--PRIMARY SYSTEM--He
*
*===========================================================*
*===========================================================*
*
shell side source
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1100000
coreout tmdpvol
*
flwA
lngth vol azangl vrtangl elev walr hydrd flg
1100101
0.7854 1.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10
*
cntrlwrd trip# ctrlname
ctrl#
1100200
003
*
time
press
temp
1100201
0.0
7.2+6
1030.0
1100202
10.0
7.2+6
1030.0
1100203
13.0
3.8+6
1030.0
1100204
16.0
2.0+6
1030.0
1100205
19.0
1.06+6
1030.0
1100206
23.0
0.45+6
1030.0
1100207
26.0
0.2377+6 1030.0
1100208
30.0
0.1013+6 1030.0
*
*===========================================================*
*
shell side inlet-junction
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
30
*1150000
heinjun
tmdpjun
*
from vol
to vol
flwA
flag
*1150101
110010000
120000000
0.0
0
*
cntrlwrd trip# ctrlname
ctrl#
*1150200
1
*
time
liqmflow vapmflow
interf vel
*1150201
0.0
0.0
270.17
0.0
*
*card # name
type
1150000
junction
sngljun
*
from vol
to vol
flwA f.loss r.loss flag
1150101
110010000 120000000 0.0
0.0
0.0
0
*
flag
liqmflow
vapmflow interf vel
1150201
0
96.388
96.388 0. * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
inner cross duct/He inlet pipe/shell inlet plenum
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1200000
crsdct pipe
*
vn
1200001
6
*
flwA
vn
1200101
0.7854
5
*
flwA
vn
1200102
17.6605 6
*
flwA
jn
1200201
0.7854
5
*
length
vn
1200301
1.0
1
*
length
vn
1200302
2.385
2
*
length
vn
1200303
2.0
4
*
length
vn
1200304
3.0
5
*
length
vn
1200305
1.0
6
*
vol
vn
1200401
0.0
6
*
incl
vn
1200601
0.0
2
*
incl
vn
1200602 -90.0
6
*
elev
vn
1200701
0.0
2
*
elev
vn
1200702 -2.0
4
*
elev
vn
1200703 -3.0
5
*
elev
vn
1200704 -1.0
6
31
*
walr
hydrd
vn
1200801
1.0-6
1.0
5
*
walr
hydrd
vn
1200802
1.0-6
4.4816 6
*
floss
rloss
jn
1200901
0.0
0.0
5
*
flag
vn
1201001
0
6
*
jefvcahs jn
1201101
000
4
*
jefvcahs jn
1201102
100
5
*
ebt
press
temp
vn
1201201
0
7199932. 3212785. 3212785. 1. 0. 1
1201202
0
7199700. 3212820. 3212820. 1. 0. 2
1201203
0
7199434. 3212843. 3212843. 1. 0. 3
1201204
0
7199228. 3212872. 3212872. 1. 0. 4
1201205
0
7198971. 3212920. 3212920. 1. 0. 5
1201206
0
7200190. 3204678. 3204678. 1. 0. 6
*
cntrlwrd
1201300
0
*
liqv
vapv
intv
jn
1201301
96.389 96.389 0.
1 * 260.422
1201302
96.3916 96.3916 0.
2 * 260.422
1201303
96.3942 96.3942 0.
3 * 260.422
1201304
96.3966 96.3966 0.
4 * 260.422
1201305
96.3998 96.3998 0.
5 * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
junction between inlet plenum and shell annulus
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1250000
junction
sngljun
*
from vol
to vol
1250101
120010000 130000000 0.0
0.0
0.0
0
*
flag
liqmflow
vapmflow interf vel
1250201
0
11.02578
11.02578 0. * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
shell side inner shroud - annulus
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1300000
shell
annulus
*
vn
1300001
39
*
flwA
vn
1300101
6.8486
9
*
flwA
vn
1300102
15.8972 11
*
flwA
vn
1300103
6.8486
38
*
flwA
vn
32
1300104
17.8139 39
*
flwA
jn
1300201
6.8486
8
*
flwA
jn
1300202
15.8972 9
*
flwA
jn
1300203
6.8486
38
*
length
vn
1300301
0.1666
9
*
length
vn
1300302
1.0
11
*
length
vn
1300303
0.1666
38
*
length
vn
1300304
3.0
39
*
vol
vn
1300401
0.0
39
*
incl
vn
1300601 -90.0
39
*
elev
vn
1300701 -0.1666
9
*
elev
vn
1300702 -1.0
11
*
elev
vn
1300703 -0.1666
38
*
elev
vn
1300704 -3.0
39
*
walr
hydrd
1300801
1.0-6
0.7509
*
walr
hydrd
1300802
1.0-6
3.1057
*
walr
hydrd
1300803
1.0-6
0.7509
*
walr
hydrd
1300804
1.0-6
4.5026
*
floss
rloss
1300901
0.0
0.0
*
floss
rloss
1300902
0.0
0.0
*
floss
rloss
1300903
0.0
0.0
*
floss
rloss
1300904
0.0
0.0
*
flag
vn
1301001
0
39
*
jefvcahs jn
1301101
100
8
*
jefvcahs jn
1301102
000
9
*
jefvcahs jn
1301103
100
10
*
jefvcahs jn
vn
9
vn
11
vn
38
vn
39
jn
8
jn
9
jn
10
jn
38
33
1301104
*
1301201
1301202
1301203
1301204
1301205
1301206
1301207
1301208
1301209
*
1301210
*
1301211
*
1301212
1301213
1301214
1301215
1301216
1301217
1301218
1301219
1301220
*
1301221
1301222
1301223
1301224
1301225
1301226
1301227
1301228
1301229
*
1301230
1301231
1301232
1301233
1301234
1301235
1301236
1301237
1301238
*
1301239
*
1301300
*
1301301
1301302
100
38
ebt
press
temp
0
7200030. 3153104. 3153104.
0
7200042. 3098155. 3098155.
0
7200055. 3040024. 3040024.
0
7200068. 2979100. 2979100.
0
7200082. 2916053. 2916053.
0
7200096. 2851918. 2851918.
0
7200110. 2788069. 2788069.
0
7200125. 2727728. 2727728.
0
7200140. 2672551. 2672551.
ebt
press
temp
0
7200310. 2663402. 2663402.
ebt
press
temp
0
7200138. 2654696. 2654696.
ebt
press
temp
0
7199968. 2613416. 2613416.
0
7199980. 2574266. 2574266.
0
7199992. 2536702. 2536702.
0
7.2+6
2499976. 2499976.
0
7200016. 2460961. 2460961.
0
7200028. 2424913. 2424913.
0
7200039. 2391596. 2391596.
0
7200050. 2360779. 2360779.
0
7200062. 2332246. 2332246.
ebt
press
temp
0
7200073. 2305736. 2305736.
0
7200084. 2280685. 2280685.
0
7200095. 2256325. 2256325.
0
7200106. 2232454. 2232454.
0
7200116. 2208925. 2208925.
0
7200128. 2185629. 2185629.
0
7200138. 2162481. 2162481.
0
7200150. 2139397. 2139397.
0
7200160. 2116323. 2116323.
ebt
press
temp
0
7200172. 2093202. 2093202.
0
7200183. 2069983. 2069983.
0
7200194. 2046616. 2046616.
0
7200206. 2023055. 2023055.
0
7200218. 1999262. 1999262.
0
7200230. 1975212. 1975212.
0
7200242. 1950873. 1950873.
0
7200254. 1926216. 1926216.
0
7200266. 1901207. 1901207.
ebt
press
temp
0
7200418. 1889335. 1889335.
cntrlwrd
0
liqv
vapv
intv
jn
10.84826 10.84826 0.
1 * 260.422
10.65897 10.65897 0.
2 * 260.422
34
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
vn
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
vn
0.
vn
0.
vn
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
vn
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
vn
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
vn
0.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1301303
10.45872 10.45872 0.
3 * 260.422
1301304
10.24885 10.24885 0.
4 * 260.422
1301305
10.03166 10.03166 0.
5 * 260.422
1301306
9.81073 9.81073 0.
6 * 260.422
1301307
9.59078 9.59078 0.
7 * 260.422
1301308
9.38292 9.38292 0.
8 * 260.422
1301309
3.96033 3.96033 0.
9 * 260.422
1301310
3.9467 3.9467 0.
10 * 260.422
1301311
9.13134 9.13134 0.
11 * 260.422
1301312
8.98926 8.98926 0.
12 * 260.422
1301313
8.8544 8.8544 0.
13 * 260.422
1301314
8.725
8.725
0.
14 * 260.422
1301315
8.59848 8.59848 0.
15 * 260.422
1301316
8.46408 8.46408 0.
16 * 260.422
1301317
8.3399 8.3399 0.
17 * 260.422
1301318
8.22512 8.22512 0.
18 * 260.422
1301319
8.11896 8.11896 0.
19 * 260.422
1301320
8.02067 8.02067 0.
20 * 260.422
1301321
7.92934 7.92934 0.
21 * 260.422
1301322
7.84305 7.84305 0.
22 * 260.422
1301323
7.75913 7.75913 0.
23 * 260.422
1301324
7.6769 7.6769 0.
24 * 260.422
1301325
7.59584 7.59584 0.
25 * 260.422
1301326
7.51559 7.51559 0.
26 * 260.422
1301327
7.43585 7.43585 0.
27 * 260.422
1301328
7.35632 7.35632 0.
28 * 260.422
1301329
7.27684 7.27684 0.
29 * 260.422
1301330
7.19719 7.19719 0.
30 * 260.422
1301331
7.1172 7.1172 0.
31 * 260.422
1301332
7.03671 7.03671 0.
32 * 260.422
1301333
6.95554 6.95554 0.
33 * 260.422
1301334
6.87358 6.87358 0.
34 * 260.422
1301335
6.79073 6.79073 0.
35 * 260.422
1301336
6.70688 6.70688 0.
36 * 260.422
1301337
6.62194 6.62194 0.
37 * 260.422
1301338
6.53579 6.53579 0.
38 * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
junction of inner shell and base plenum
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1350000
ssjun
sngljun
*
from vol
to vol
flwA
f.loss r.loss flag
1350101
130010000 140000000 0.0
0.6
0.6
0
*
flag
liqmflow
vapmflow interf vel
1350201
0
98.539
98.539
0. * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
outter shroud-annulus
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1400000
shroud annulus
35
*
vn
1400001
10
*
flwA
vn
1400101
0.4514
8
*
flwA
vn
1400102
0.4434
9
*
flwA
vn
1400103
16.1029 10
*
flwA
jn
1400201
0.4514
7
*
flwA
jn
1400202
0.4434
9
*
length
vn
1400301
3.0
1
*
length
vn
1400302
1.5
4
*
length
vn
1400303
2.0
5
*
length
vn
1400304
1.5
6
*
length
vn
1400305
1.0
7
*
length
vn
1400306
3.0
8
*
length
vn
1400307
2.0
10
*
vol
vn
1400401
0.0
10
*
incl
vn
1400601
90.0
10
*
elev
vn
1400701
3.0
1
*
elev
vn
1400702
1.5
4
*
elev
vn
1400703
2.0
5
*
elev
vn
1400704
1.5
6
*
elev
vn
1400705
1.0
7
*
elev
vn
1400706
3.0
8
*
elev
vn
1400707
2.0
10
*
walr
hydrd
1400801
1.0-6
0.06
*
walr
hydrd
1400802
1.0-6
0.05893
*
walr
hydrd
1400803
1.0-6
3.270
*
floss
rloss
1400901
0.0
0.0
vn
8
vn
9
vn
10
jn
9
36
*
jefvcahs jn
1401101
100
1
*
jefvcahs jn
1401102
000
9
*
flag
vn
1401001
0
10
*
ebt
press
temp
vn
1401201
0
7146579. 1888036. 1888036. 1. 0. 1
1401202
0
7133603. 1888151. 1888151. 1. 0. 2
1401203
0
7124985. 1888519. 1888519. 1. 0. 3
1401204
0
7116368. 1888883. 1888883. 1. 0. 4
1401205
0
7106312. 1889450. 1889450. 1. 0. 5
1401206
0
7096236. 1889716. 1889716. 1. 0. 6
1401207
0
7089024. 1889859. 1889859. 1. 0. 7
1401208
0
7077510. 1890916. 1890916. 1. 0. 8
1401209
0
7061712. 1891161. 1891161. 1. 0. 9
1401210
0
7085319. 1892673. 1892673. 1. 0. 10
*
cntrlwrd
1401300
0
*
liqv
vapv
intv
jn
1401301
98.877
98.877
0.
1 * 260.422
1401302
98.985
98.985
0.
2 * 260.422
1401303
99.0731 99.0731 0.
3 * 260.422
1401304
99.1618 99.1618 0.
4 * 260.422
1401305
99.2738 99.2738 0.
5 * 260.422
1401306
99.3712 99.3712 0.
6 * 260.422
1401307
99.4392 99.4392 0.
7 * 260.422
1401308
101.3894 101.3894 0.
8 * 260.422
1401309
101.5415 101.5415 0.
9 * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
junction of outer shroud and upper SG annulus
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1450000
upperjun
sngljun
*
from vol
to vol
1450101
140010000 150000000 0.0
0.0
0.0
0
*
flag
liqmflow
vapmflow interf vel
1450201
0
184.6733
184.6733 0. * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
upper steam generator-pipe
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1500000
uppersg pipe
*
vn
1500001
1
*
flwA
vn
1500101
0.2435
1
*
length
vn
1500301
1.0
1
*
vol
vn
37
1500401
0.0
1
*
incl
vn
1500601
0.0
1
*
elev
vn
1500701
0.0
1
*
walr
hydrd
vn
1500801
1.0-6
0.1
1
*
flag
vn
1501001
0
1
*
ebt
press
temp
vn
1501201
0
6981901. 1886808. 1886808. 1. 0. 1
*
*===========================================================*
*
junction of upper SG annulus and cross junction
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1550000
upcjjun
sngljun
*
from vol
to vol
flwA
f.loss r.loss flag
1550101
150010000 160000000 0.0
0.0
0.0
0
*
flag
liqmflow
vapmflow interf vel
1550201
0
185.8346
185.8346
0. * 260.422
*
*===========================================================*
*
shell side sink
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
1600000
soulet
tmdpvol
*
flwA
1600101
0.2435 1.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10
*
select data types
1600200
003
*
time press
temp
1600201
0.0
6.976+6
606.35
1600201
10.0 6.976+6
606.35
1600203
13.0 3.680+6
606.35
1600204
16.0 1.941+6
606.35
1600205
19.0 1.024+6
606.35
1600206
23.0 0.437+6
606.35
1600207
26.0 0.2303+6
606.35
1600208
30.0 0.1013+6
606.35
*===========================================================*
*
--TUBES--H20
*
*===========================================================*
*===========================================================*
*
tube source
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
2100000
h2oin tmdpvol
*
flwA
2100101
0.213 1.0
0.0 0.0
90.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
10
*
select data types
38
2100200
003
*
time press
temp
2100201
0.0
1.75+7 478.3
*
*===========================================================*
*
tube inlet-junction
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
2150000 h20injun tmdpjun
*
from vol
to vol
flwA
flag
2150101
210010000
220000000
0.0
0
*
ctrlwrd trip# ctrlname
ctrl#
2150200
1 *
0
cntrlvar
2
*
time
liqmflow vapmflow
interf vel
2150201 0.0
232.0
0.0
0.0
*
*===========================================================*
*
TUBE BUNDLE
*
*===========================================================*
*===========================================================*
*
lower tube bundle
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
2200000
lower
pipe
*
vn
2200001
44
*
flwA
vn
2200101
0.213
44
*
flwA
jn
2200201
0.213
43
*
length
vn
2200301
3.0
28
*
length
vn
2200302
1.0
30
*
length
vn
2200303
3.0
39
*
length
vn
2200304
1.0
40
*
length
vn
2200305
4.75
41
*
length
vn
2200306
3.0
42
*
length
vn
2200307
4.75
43
*
length
vn
2200308
1.0
44
*
vol
vn
2200401
0.0
44
*===========================================================*
* The following cards change the elevation from 0.0 meters *
* to 13.0 meters
*
39
*===========================================================*
*
incl
vn
2200601
90.0
1
*
incl
vn
2200602
3.18474
28
*
incl
vn
2200603
90.0
30
*
incl
vn
2200604
3.18474
39
*
incl
vn
2200605
90.0
40
*
incl
vn
2200606
0.0
41
*
incl
vn
2200607
90.0
42
*
incl
vn
2200608
0.0
44
*
elev
vn
2200701
3.0
1
*
elev
vn
2200702
0.1666
28
*
elev
vn
2200703
1.0
30
*
elev
vn
2200704
0.1666
39
*
elev
vn
2200705
1.0
40
*
elev
vn
2200706
0.0
41
*
elev
vn
2200707
3.0
42
*
elev
vn
2200708
0.0
44
*
walr
hydrd
vn
2200801
1.0-6
0.0248
44
*
*===========================================================*
* The following cards change the loss rate at the junctions *
* of pipes with bends.
*
*===========================================================*
*
floss
rloss
jn
2200901
0.0
0.0
43
*
flag
vn
2201001
0
44
*
flag
jn
2201101
0
43
*
ebt
press
temp
vn
2201201
0
17501800. 883921. 2394549. 0. 0. 1
*
ebt
press
temp
vn
2201202
0
17487060. 930015. 2394981. 0. 0. 2
2201203
0
17484346. 975440. 2395060. 0. 0. 3
2201204
0
17481642. 1020260. 2395138. 0. 0. 4
40
2201205
*
2201206
2201207
2201208
2201209
2201210
*
2201211
2201212
2201213
2201214
2201215
*
2201216
2201217
2201218
2201219
2201220
*
2201221
2201222
2201223
2201224
2201225
*
2201226
2201227
2201228
2201229
*
2201230
*
2201231
2201232
2201233
2201234
2201235
*
2201236
2201237
2201238
2201239
2201240
*
2201241
2201242
2201243
2201244
*
2201300
*
0
17478948. 1064526.
ebt
press
temp
0
17476260. 1108294.
0
17473580. 1151611.
0
17470906. 1194539.
0
17468236. 1237167.
0
17465570. 1279579.
ebt
press
temp
0
17462904. 1321865.
0
17460240. 1364123.
0
17457576. 1406439.
0
17454908. 1448970.
0
17452236. 1491848.
ebt
press
temp
0
17449556. 1535257.
0
17446864. 1579442.
0
17444156. 1624730.
0
17441418. 1668231.
0
17438634. 1676889.
ebt
press
temp
0
17435482. 1677860.
0
1.7432+7 1677875.
0
17428170. 1677689.
0
17423860. 1677458.
0
17419254. 1678308.
ebt
press
temp
0
17413922. 1678140.
0
17407766. 1677907.
0
17400860. 1677661.
0
17394896. 1677561.
ebt
press
temp
0
1.7392+7 1677466.
ebt
press
temp
0
17386382. 1677218.
0
17378744. 1676914.
0
17370034. 1676566.
0
17361180. 1676211.
0
17350250. 1675772.
ebt
press
temp
0
17337926. 1675278.
0
17324208. 1674727.
0
17309132. 1674122.
0
17292766. 1673464.
0
17280500. 1672970.
ebt
press
temp
0
1.7264+7 1672305.
0
17241488. 1671399.
0
17218966. 1670490.
0
17202820. 1669838.
cntrlwrd
0
liqv
vapv
intv
jn
2395217. 0. 0. 5
vn
2395295. 0. 0. 6
2395373. 0. 0. 7
2395450. 0. 0. 8
2395528. 0. 0. 9
2395606. 0. 0. 10
vn
2395683. 0. 0. 11
2395760. 0. 0. 12
2395838. 0. 0. 13
2395916. 0. 0. 14
2395993. 0. 0. 15
vn
2396071. 0. 0. 16
2396150. 0. 0. 17
2396228. 0. 0. 18
2396308. .02109797 0. 19
2396389. .192476 0. 20
vn
2396455. .3328553 0. 21
2396523. .446225 0. 22
2396606. .538182 0. 23
2396702. .601068 0. 24
2482943. .63805 0. 25
vn
2535315. .66909 0. 26
2565664. .696018 0. 27
2583793. .73285 0. 28
2397871. .92182 0. 29
vn
2397821. .928885 0. 30
vn
2459598. .916175 0. 31
2452869. .969221 0. 32
2501054. .99958 0. 33
2594541. .999998 0. 34
2685656. 1. 0. 35
vn
2772924. 1. 0. 36
2855662. 1. 0. 37
2933763. 1. 0. 38
3007104. 1. 0. 39
3018913. 1. 0. 40
vn
3019054. 1. 0. 41
3018972. 1. 0. 42
3019028. 1. 0. 43
3018878. 1. 0. 44
41
2201301
1.25917 1.427534 0.
1 * 232.
2201302
1.277304 1.277304 0.
2 * 232.
2201303
1.296472 1.296472 0.
3 * 232.
2201304
1.316612 1.316612 0.
4 * 232.
2201305
1.33789 1.33789 0.
5 * 232.
2201306
1.360435 1.360435 0.
6 * 232.
2201307
1.384396 1.384396 0.
7 * 232.
2201308
1.40997 1.40997 0.
8 * 232.
2201309
1.437283 1.437283 0.
9 * 232.0003
2201310
1.466665 1.466665 0.
10 * 232.0003
2201311
1.498495 1.498495 0.
11 * 232.0004
2201312
1.533274 1.533274 0.
12 * 232.0005
2201313
1.571743 1.571743 0.
13 * 232.0007
2201314
1.613987 1.613987 0.
14 * 232.001
2201315
1.661526 1.661526 0.
15 * 232.001
2201316
1.715557 1.715557 0.
16 * 232.001
2201317
1.777753 1.777753 0.
17 * 232.0014
2201318
1.851096 2.46382 0.
18 * 232.0016
2201319
1.966355 2.131197 0.
19 * 232.0026
2201320
2.27818 2.635737 0.
20 * 232.0034
2201321
2.561367 3.301065 0.
21 * 232.004
2201322
2.82192 3.919805 0.
22 * 232.0045
2201323
3.04009 4.56111 0.
23 * 232.005
2201324
3.08896 5.35482 0.
24 * 232.005
2201325
3.24906 6.31192 0.
25 * 232.0053
2201326
3.29774 7.2523 0.
26 * 232.0055
2201327
3.24471 8.18609 0.
27 * 232.0057
2201328
3.24241 8.97588 0.
28 * 232.006
2201329
6.63819 6.96388 0.
29 * 232.006
2201330
6.73069 7.10493 0.
30 * 232.006
2201331
4.59015 8.55405 0.
31 * 232.0064
2201332
4.10592 9.31524 0.
32 * 232.007
2201333
1.192595 10.4335 0.
33 * 232.007
2201334
12.02192 12.0197 0.
34 * 232.007
2201335
13.64731 13.64731 0.
35 * 232.0054
2201336
15.27255 15.27255 0.
36 * 232.0055
2201337
16.8603 16.8603 0.
37 * 232.0056
2201338
18.37262 18.37262 0.
38 * 232.0056
2201339
19.79245 19.79245 0.
39 * 232.0057
2201340
20.0312 20.0312 0.
40 * 232.0057
2201341
20.05315 20.05315 0.
41 * 232.006
2201342
20.07785 20.07785 0.
42 * 232.006
2201343
20.1053 20.1053 0.
43 * 232.006
*
*===========================================================*
*
tube side outlet-junction
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name
type
2350000
outjun
sngljun
*
from vol
to vol
flwA
f.loss r.loss flag
2350101
220010000 230000000 0.0
0.0
0.00
0
*
flag
liqmflow
vapmflow interf vel
42
2350201
0
20.12134
20.12134
0. * 232.006
*
*===========================================================*
*
tube side sink
*
*===========================================================*
*card # name type
2300000
h2oulet
tmdpvol
*
flwA
2300101
0.213
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10
*
select data types
2300200
003
*
time press
temp
2300201
0.0
1.72+7
813.0
*===========================================================*
*
--HEAT STRUCTURES-*
*===========================================================*
*===========================================================*
*
lower bundle heat structure
*
*===========================================================*
*===========================================================*
*
economizer,evaoprator,superheater
*
*===========================================================*
*
hsn
mp
geotyp
flg
lftbnd
12200000 29
6
2
0
0.0124
*
flg
flg
12200100 0
1
*
mp-1
rcoordnt
12200101 5
0.0159
*
comp# mp-1
12200201 1
5
* 2 1/4Cr-1Mo
*
Qi
mp-1
12200301 0.0
5
*
temp
mp
12200401 600.0 6
* the next set of cards specify the
* up the node of the heat structure
* LEFT BOUND
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
12200501 220010000 10000
1
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
12200502 220290000 0
1
* RIGHT BOUND
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
12200601 130390000 -10000 110
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
12200602 130110000 0
110
*
pwr
Pf
lmult
12200701
0
0.0
0.0
flow direction by lining

to the pipe.
scode lenght
1
1323.0
scode lenght
1
441.0
hsn
28
hsn
29
scode lenght
1
1323.0
scode lenght
1
441.0
rmult hsn
0.0
29
hsn
28
hsn
29
43
*
lbndopt
12200800
1
*
heat_hydrd hlf hlr
12200801 .0248 10. 10. 0. 0.
*
heat_hydrd hlf hlr
12200802 .0248 10. 10. 0. 0.
*
heat_hydrd hlf hlr
12200803 .0248 10. 10. 0. 0.
glf glr glcf glcr boil

0. 0. 1. .0248 1.1 1.0
0. 0. 1. .0248 1.1 1.2
0. 0. 1. .0248 1.1 1.0
ncl ratio fsct

1
ncl ratio fsct
28
ncl ratio fsct
29
*
rbndopt
12200900
1
*
heat_hydrd hlf hlr glf glr glcf glcr boil ncl ratio fsct
12200901 0.0318 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 3. 1.1 1.0 1
*
12200902 0.0318 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1.5 1.1 1.2 28
*
12200903 0.0318 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1.1 1.0 29
*
*===========================================================*
*
upper bundle heat structure(superheater finisher)
*
*===========================================================*
*
hsn
mp
geotyp
flg
lftbnd
12300000 10
6
2
0
0.0124
*
flg
flg
12300100 0
1
*
mp-1
rcoordnt
12300101 5
0.0159
*
comp# mp-1
12300201 2
5
* Inconel 617
*
Qi
mp-1
12300301 0.0
5
*
temp
mp
12300401 600.0 6
* the next set of cards specify the flow direction by lining
* up the node of the heat structure to the pipe.
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
scode lenght
hsn
12300501 220300000 0
1
1
441.0
1
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
scode lenght
hsn
12300502 220310000 10000
1
1
1323.0
10
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
scode lenght
hsn
12300601 130100000 0
110
1
441.0
1
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
scode lenght
hsn
12300602 130090000 -10000 110
1
1323.0
10
*
pwr
Pf
lmult
rmult hsn
12300701
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10
*
lbndopt
12300800
1
*
heat_hydrd hlf hlr glf glr glcf glcr boil ncl
fsct
12300801 .0248 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. .0248 1.1 1.0 1
44
ratio
*
ratio
fsct hsn
12300802 .0248 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. .0248 1.1 1.2 10
*
rbndopt
12300900
1
*
ratio
fsct hsn
12300901 .0318 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1.1 1.0 1
*
ratio
fsct
12300902 .0318 10. 10. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1.5 1.1 1.2 10
*
*===========================================================*
* upper bundle heat structure 2(after superheater finisher) *
*===========================================================*
*
hsn
mp
geotyp
flg
lftbnd
12400000 1
6
2
0
0.0124
*
flg
flg
12400100 0
1
*
mp-1
rcoordnt
12400101 5
0.0159
*
comp# mp-1
12400201 2
5
* Inconel 617
*
Qi
mp-1
12400301 0.0
5
*
temp
mp
12400401 600.0 6
* the next set of cards specify the
* up the node of the heat structure
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
12400501 220400000 0
110
*
bc
incrmnt bctype
12400601 120060000 0
110
flow direction by lining

to the pipe.
scode lenght
hsn
1
441.0
1
scode lenght
hsn
1
441.0
1
*
12400701
*
12400800
*
fsct hsn
12400801
1.0 1
rmult
0.0
pwr
Pf
0
0.0
lbndopt
1
heat_hydrd hlf
0.0248
lmult
0.0
hlr
glf
glr
10.0 10.0 0.0
0.0
hsn
1
glcf glcr boil ncl

0.0
0.0
1.0
ratio
0.0248
1.1
*
rbndopt
12400900
1
*
ratio
fsct hsn
12400901
0.0318
10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.1
1.0 1
*
*===========================================================*
45
*
--THERMAL PROPERTY DATA-*
*===========================================================*
*
material type flg flg
20100100
tbl/fctn
1
1 *Inconel 617
*
temp
thermal conductivity
20100101
293.0
13.4
20100102
373.0
14.7
20100103
473.0
16.3
20100104
573.0
17.7
20100105
673.0
19.3
20100106
773.0
20.9
20100107
873.0
22.5
20100108
973.0
23.9
20100109
1073.0
25.5
20100110
1173.0
27.1
20100111
1273.0
28.7
*
temp
heat capacity
20100151
293.0
3.5028E+6
20100152
373.0
3.6784E+6
20100153
473.0
3.8874E+6
20100154
573.0
4.0964E+6
20100155
673.0
4.3054E+6
20100156
773.0
4.4810E+6
20100157
873.0
4.6900E+6
20100158
973.0
4.8990E+6
20100159
1073.0
5.1080E+6
20100160
1173.0
5.3170E+6
20100161
1273.0
5.5343E+6
*
20100200
*
20100201
20100202
20100203
20100204
20100205
20100206
20100207
20100208
20100209
20100210
20100211
20100212
20100213
20100214
20100215
20100216
20100217
20100218
20100219
material type
tbl/fctn
temp
283.00
310.78
338.56
366.33
394.11
421.89
449.67
477.44
505.22
533.00
560.78
588.56
616.33
644.11
671.89
699.67
727.44
755.22
783.00
flg flg
1
1
thermal conductivity
36.0
36.3
36.7
36.9
37.0
37.2
37.2
37.2
37.2
37.0
36.9
36.5
36.2
35.8
35.5
35.0
34.6
34.1
33.6
46
20100220
810.78
33.1
20100221
838.56
32.5
20100222
866.33
32.0
20100223
894.11
31.7
20100224
921.89
31.2
20100225
949.67
30.6
20100226
977.44
29.8
20100227 1005.22
28.4
20100228 1033.00
27.0
20100229 1060.78
26.7
20100230 1088.56
26.5
*
temp
heat capacity
20100251
296.0
3.4653E+6
20100252
800.0
5.3939E+6
20100253
1000.0
7.5970E+6
*
*===========================================================*
*
--CONTROL SYSTEM-*
*===========================================================*
* Pourpose of control system: In order to accurately model a
* steam generator the core inlet(shell outlet) temperature
* should remain a constant 595 K. To keep the constant temp
* the mass-flow rate of the tube side will be adjusted. The
* control is set up using a sum type card and a integral
* type card. Since there is not a subtraction type a
* negitvie sign is given to the cnstA0 value (word 1 on the
* card 101 to make a sum a subtraction. The scale factor
* innitial value for the sum type is set to 0.0 . The
* equation for the sum is of the form Y = S(A0+A1*V1+A2*V2+...)
* where S is a scale factor and As are constants. Word 3 of
* card 101 is the variable of interest. In this case it is
* temeprature of the gas at in the pipe 150 volume 01.
*
20500100
*
20500101
20500102
20500103
20500104
20500105
20500106
20500107
20500108
20500109
20500110
20500111
20500112
20500113
20500114
20500115
20500116
name
qsg
cnstA0
0.0
type
sum
cnstA1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
sclfctr iv
flg
1.0e-6
569.551 0
varname var#
q
220010000
q
220020000
q
220030000
q
220040000
q
220050000
q
220060000
q
220070000
q
220080000
q
220090000
q
220100000
q
220110000
q
220120000
q
220130000
q
220140000
q
220150000
q
220160000
47
20500117
20500118
20500119
20500120
20500121
20500122
20500123
20500124
20500125
20500126
20500127
20500128
20500129
20500130
20500131
20500132
20500133
20500134
20500135
20500136
20500137
20500138
20500139
20500140
20500141
20500142
20500143
20500144
*
20500200
*
20500201
*
20500300
*
20500301
*
20500400
*
20500401
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
220170000
220180000
220190000
220200000
220210000
220220000
220230000
220240000
220250000
220260000
220270000
220280000
220290000
220300000
220310000
220320000
220330000
220340000
220350000
220360000
220370000
220380000
220390000
220400000
220410000
220420000
220430000
220440000
name
type
sclfctr iv
flg
mult1
mult
1.0
550.166 0
varname var#
varname var#
voidf,220080000 tempf,220080000
name
type
sclfctr iv
flg
mult2
mult
1.0
0.
0
varname var#
varname var#
voidg,220080000 tempg,220080000
name
type
sclfctr iv
flg
tempfg
sum
1.0
551.166 0
cnstA0
cnstA1
varname var# cnstA2
1.0
1.0
cntrlvar 2
1.0
varname var#
cntrlvar 3
*===========================================================*
*
--control variables-*
*===========================================================*
. End of input.
48
Appendix C
Beginners RELAP5-3D User Guide
49
Appendix C
Beginners RELAP5-3D User Guide
C-1. Background
RELAP5 is based on FORTRAN77, and parts have been updated to newer versions of FORTRAN.
RELAP originated as a program designed to model loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs) and other
transients in nuclear power plants.
C-2. The Basics of RELAP

RELAP is coded in a text editor. Information is entered onto a card. The card is reminiscent of the
ways data were literally entered into a computer on a physical data card. The card can now be thought of
as a line of code. The pieces of data on a card are referred to as words. A card can only hold up to 80
characters. Words can be alphanumeric, real, or integer characters. Words act as pieces of data and can
also act like a directory or a set of on or off switches that determine the meaning of the words of
following cards.
C-3. Simplify
Modeling in RELAP requires simplification of the actual structures. A model is started as simply as
possible. For example, a bundle of tubes in a heat exchanger can be modeled as one large tube with the
same surface area, cross-sectional area, hydraulic diameter, and heated hydraulic diameter as the tube
bundle.
C-4. Required/Optional entries

It is important to understand which cards are required for the code to run and which are optional. In
the same way, it is vital to know when optional cars should be used and when they can be left out.
C-5. What Every User Should Know

x
Dont use tabs.
Use lower caps while coding. Comment can be capitalized.
Break up sections and give them descriptive titles.
Comment everything, including each word of a card. These comments will serve as a reminder during
debugging.
If using a fluid other than H2O, enter NEWATH for card 100. This adds a new module which allows
for the use of other fluids.
Before the code, write a brief description of the purpose of the code and the parameters used so that
others may use the code with ease.
Before the code, state the assumptions that have been made about the model.
Asterisk (*) or a dollar symbol ($) is used to indicate comments.
0********** in the .p file shows where errors have occurred.
50
Area, length and volume are input parameters for all types of volumes. Only two of the three
parameters need to be entered. The third value will be calculated and should be left blank to avoid
errors.
Make sure units match the input units.
The number of junctions is always one less that the number of volumes.
A single heat structure can be linked to multiple hydrodynamic volumes.
The sign of the elevation must match the sign of the inclination.
Spiral pipes can be modeled by unraveling the spiral, making a long tube that is slightly angled above
horizontal but ends up at the same elevation as the spiral tube originally reached.
Phase changes depend on temperature and pressure and do not need to be specified in the model.
Be careful of inputs. Some only alter the geometry and are not accounted for in the calculations.
If words of a card are missing, RELAP automatically looks to the next card to find the missing
values. If these values do not correspond in type and number, RELAP will give an error. Also, if the
words of one card are too long, they can be placed on the next card of the same type.
C-6. Hydrodynamic structures

In RELAP5, the azimuthal or horizontal angle is only used for visualization purposes and not in
calculations. Positive angles are a rotation from the x to the y axis and can have value from 0 to 360
degrees.
The inclination or vertical angle is used in determining which flow regime will be used. RELAP
considers a component that has an angle of 30 degrees or less from horizontal and will use the horizontal
flow regime. If the angle is 60 degrees or more, the vertical flow regime is used. RELAP will interpolate
between 30 and 60 degrees. In order to have an elevation change, a component must have an inclination
angle; otherwise, an error will result.
An annulus must be vertical; otherwise, use a pipe with the same flow area.
C-6.1 Hydrodynamic Components and Their Input Name

Component
Single volume
Time-dependent volume
Single Junction
Time-dependent junction
Branch
Separator
Pipe
Annulus
Pressurizer
Feedwater heater
Jetmixer
Turbine
EEC mixer
Valve
Input Name
snglvol
tmdpvol
sngljun
tmdpjun
branch
separatr
pipe
annulus
prizer
fwhtr
jetmixer
turbine
eccmix
valve
51
Pump
Multiple junction
Accumulater
Multi-dimensional component
pump
mtpljun
accum
multid
C-6.2 Time-Dependent Volume Component

The time-dependent volume is used to initialize pressure and temperature in the model. The timedependent volume usually serves as a source or inlet for the model. Temperature and pressure can be
varied with time. This is one way of modeling transients. The volume flow area should be the same as the
next hydrodynamic component.
C-6.3
Time-Dependent Junction Component
The time-dependent junction sets the initial mass-flow for the system and can also be used in the
modeling of transients. Generally, a time-dependent volume is followed by a time-dependent junction.
C-6.4 Heated Perimeter/Diameter

C-6.5 Thermal Property Data

x
Table data must be given in increasing order
Temperature must be given in K or F
Thermal conductivity units are W/m*K or Btu/s*ft*F
C-6.6 Flags
Flags are used to control options for card inputs, correlations, models, and so on. Inputs for a flag
consist of several integers. Each integer corresponds to a particular option. Integer options and meaning
can be found in Appendix A, RELAP5-3D Input Data Requirements manual. It is important to understand
that REALP reads the flag integers from right to left or back to front. This allows the modeler to enter in
fewer numbers as flags can contain upwards of seven integers.
C-6.7 Major/Minor Edits

Major edits are like taking a snap shot of all model parameters. The frequency of the edits can be
specified using Card 201. The major edits are used in generating data for plots. When running an input
deck to verify that the code works and gives results, the major edits can be infrequent so that run time is
minimized. If detailed plots need to be generated from a transient run, major edits should be taken often
52
depending on how long the code is actually running. Short transients require frequent major edits while
long transients may not need as frequent edits for data resolution.
Minor edits specify individual parameters to be taken at the specified interval. Minor edits are useful
if only one parameter or a parameter that is not on the major edits or needs to be taken often, but no other
parameters are required.
53

Modeling of Helical Coil Steam Generator

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INL/EXT-10-19621

Idaho National Laboratory

Prepared for the

NGNP STEAM GENERATOR DESIGN .......................................................................................... 5

RELAP5-3D STEAM GENERATOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION ........... 12

RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 18

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ....................................................................................... 23

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 24

Appendix A Comparison of Heat Exchangers Reference Next Generation Nuclear Plant:

High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor

Idaho National Laboratory

loss of coolant accident

log mean temperature difference

Next Generation Nuclear Plant

pressurized water reactor

Heat capacity [kJ/kgK]

Average heat capacity [kJ/kgK]

Tube diameter [m]

Heated tube length [m]

Mass-flow rate [kg/s]

Tube perimeter [m]

Difference in heat load [MWt]

Heat load [MWt]

Heated surface area [m2]

Difference in temperature [K]

Overall heat transfer coefficient [J/m2sK]

Log mean temperature difference

Tube outer dimension

Annulus component: used to model an annulus

Pipe component: used to model pipe or tubes

Single junction component: a hydrodynamic component used to join other hydrodynamic

Time dependent junction component: controls the mass-flow rate

Figure 1. NGNP reference design.

Historical Development and Background of HTGRs

HTGR Core Designs

Prismatic Core Design

Figure 2. Schematic of a prismatic reactor vessel.

Pebble-Bed Core Design

Figure 3. Schematic of the pebble-bed reactor vessel.

1.2 Historical Development and

NGNP STEAM GENERATOR DESIGN

Figure 5. NGNP helical-coil steam-generator preconceptual design.

Figure 6. Calculation sections with corresponding notation.

Heat Load Balance: Secondary System Initial Calculations

Table 2. Heat-load balance: secondary system initial conditions.

2. Calculate the temperature difference:

3. Calculate temperature difference:

2. Calculate average heat capacity:

3. Calculate outlet temperature:

Heat Load Balance: Secondary System Mass-Flow Rate

3. Calculate the temperature difference:

4. Calculate temperature difference:

Calculate steam outlet temperature:

Heat Load Balance: Primary System Mass-Flow Rate

2. Calculate the temperature difference:

Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient

Primary Outlet Temperature, C (F)

Solving for the overall heat transfer coefficient

2. Calculated heated surface area:

4. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient

Thermal conductivity units are W/mK or Btu/sft*F