DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A CONTINUOUS GRAIN DRYER

Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Rajive Gandhi Produyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (MP)

By

Banshi Dhar Shukla Chandra Gopal Rao Vishwa Nath Pratap Singh

Kailash Nath Trikha Raja Ram Yadav

JNCTS

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jai Narain College of Technology & Science, Bhopal

June 2012

DECLARATION
We, Banshi Dhar Shukla, Chandra Gopala Rao, Kailash Nath Trikha, Raja Ram Yadav and Vishwa Nath Pratap Singh, the students of Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering), Jai Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal hereby declare that the work presented in this Major Project is an authentic record of our own and has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics under the guidance of Prof. S.K. Tikaria.

Banshi Dhar Shukla

Chandra Gopala Rao

Kailash Nath Trikha Vishwa Nath Pratap Singh

Raja Ram Yadav

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Major Project entitled Development and Testing of a Continuous Grain Dryer has been satisfactorily completed by the students of final year, Mr. Banshi Dhar Shukla, Mr. Chandra Gopala Rao, Mr. Kailash Nath Trikha, Mr. Raja Ram Yadav and Mr. Vishwa Nath Pratap Singh. The work was carried out satisfactorily under the supervision and guidance of the undersigned in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jai Narain College of Technology and Science, Bhopal for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of degree of Bachelor of Engineering during the Academic year 2011-2012

S. K Tikaria Professor and Project Guide, Mechanical Engineering Department

Approved

Prof S.K Tikaria Head of Department

Principal/ Director

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This gives us a great pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude to our project supervisor Prof. D. P. Nair, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering for guidance, suggestion, support, help and constructive criticisms throughout the period of project work. Without his able guidance it would not have been possible to complete the project in time. We are greatly indebted to Prof. S.K Tikaria, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his keen interest in this work and time to time guidance, encouragement and providing required facilities for completing the project work. We are grateful to Dr,., Principal, Jai Narain College of Technology for his guidance and critical comments which improved the quality of this report. Thanks are due to Dr. Vijay Kumar, Director, JNCT for providing necessary help and time to time necessary guidance in completion of this task. Then other faculty members, friends, etc, may be added accordingly in the acknowledgement to whom the students want to acknowledge for their help and guidance in the project.. Banshi Dhar Shukla Chandra Gopal Rao Kailash Nath Trikha Raja Ram Yadav Vishwa Nath Pratap Singh

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CONTENTS
DECLARATION CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLWEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 1. INTRODUCTION 2. REWVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of Thermal Conductivity 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Mathematical Modeling 3.2 Experimental Procedure 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5. REFERENCES ii iii iv vi vii ... 01 04 05 25 26 30 40 41

List all titles heading with page numbers on this page. While mentioning page number, three dots should be added before printing the page number.

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LIST OF FIGURS
Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Line diagram of a continuous grain dryer Furnace of the dryer Air circulation and distribution system of the dryer Relationship between drying time and moisture content Figures in chapter 4, results and discussion. 06 07 08 25 35

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Table 3.1 Table 4.1 Drying characteristics of grains 05 Properties of materials used in development of dryer 30 Variation of temperatures with respect to drying time during testing period of the dryer 45

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1. INTRODUCTION
The introduction includes the definition of problem, brief work reported on the subject, work which have not been attempted and aimed to take the problem for the studies. The answer of the questions like why have you taken this problem, what benefit will be there for students, scientists, industrialists, institutions, nation, etc from the solution of this problem, how you are going to approach the problem for solution? Define the objectives of the problem. Introduction will be of 3 to 5 pages. For preparation of the report, important points incorporated in report are listed as (1) Use capital letters in heading (title) of all the chapters. (2) Dont mention chapter number separately, rather the number mentioned before the heading (title) is the chapter number. For example 1. INTRODUCTION 1. is the chapter number and Introduction is the title of the chapter. (3) The heading (title) will be of CAPITAL bold letters using 14 fonts of the Times New Roman (micro soft). Text of the report will be in 12 fonts using the Times New Roman. Justify all the text of the report. It is advisable to use Micro Soft window throughout the report. No heading will be underlined. Even any line in the text will not be underlined. Use paragraphs in the text. There should be one stroke (letter) gap in starting the text of the paragraph. Line to line spacing will be only 1.5 strokes. Space between paragraphs will be of 2 strokes. There will be no sub heading, figure and table in the Introduction chapter. Change of paragraph will indicate the divergent of topic in the text. There will be no subheading like Objectives, etc, in the Introduction. The objectives will be mentioned at the end of the chapter and will be numbered as following: (1). (2). (3) Note: There must be uniformity throughout the text of the report. Page number: The starting page of any chapter will not be numbered, but from the next page number will be in continuation. The page number should be marked at the top in center of the page.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURES
The first paragraph will summarize the literatures reviewed. The review included in this chapter will be on the topic of the project. Related materials to topic shall also be included in the reviews. The review of literatures will be in 20-25 pages. Like the Introduction chapter, numeral 2. refers the chapter number and REVIEW OF LITERATURES is the heading of chapter. 2.1. Main Sub Heading

The first letter of all words in Main Sub Heading will be of capital letter. Decimal point will be followed throughout the text of the report. The Main Sub Heading will be numbered by only two digits, e.g. 2.1, 2.2. 2.3, 2.4, and so on. The first digit, for example 2 indicates chapter 2 and second digit 1 indicates sub heading number 1. There will be no dot or full stop at the end sub heading or any other headings. 2.1.1 Second sub heading

Second sub heading is under main sub heading is numbered like 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3 and so on. In second sub heading only first letter of first word will be of capital letter and rest words will be of small alphabets. It is advised that dont divide or classify the subject more than two second sub headings. If there is further divisions use number in parenthesis like (1), (2), (3),.., for the heading or point or text. For further classification of heading alphabets (like a,b,c.) or roman numbers like, i, ii, iii etc. should be used. Examples of third sub heading and further sub headings are given below: (1) (a) Third sub heading Sub heading under third sub heading Note all these subheadings have only first words with capital letter. 2.2 Figure Number in Chapter

All the figures in respective chapters will be numbered with first digit of chapter number and the second digit of figure number. For example the figure number one in chapter 2 will be like Figure 2.1. Similarly the Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3, , and so on will indicate the figure number 2, 3 in chapter 2. Similarly Figure number in chapter 3, 4, and 5 will be numbered like Figure 3.1, Figure 4.1 and Figure 5.1 respectively and so on. Figure number is given before the title of the figure. The titles of the figure are mentioned below the figure. The title is in bold letters. For example,

Figure 2.1: Thermal conductivity apparatus

2.3.

Table Number in Chapter

Like the figure number (like 2.1, 2.2, 2.3...), the table will also be numbered. For example Table 2.1, Table 2.2, Table 2.3.., will also be mentioned in the respective chapters. Table heading is mentioned above the table. All the letters in table head will be bold. All the tables given in the chapter must be mentioned in the text. Table 2.1: Properties of grains S. No. Properties of grains Values

2.4

Equation Number in Chapter

Equations in chapter will also be numbered similar to Figures and Tables. The first digit will indicate the chapter number and the second digit will indicate the equation number. For example, Equation 2.1 indicates that it belongs to chapter 2 and equation number is 1. Equation number is mentioned in the same line where equation is finishing giving only three dots () at the end (before the number) and mentioning the equation number in parenthesis at the end of third dots. Example is given below: Y = mX + C 2.5 Reference Quoting in the Text (2.1)

References are quoted in the text to indicate that the matter referred in the text. If some paragraph or sentence or lines has been taken from the reference, generally the references are quoted at the end of paragraph or sentence or lines. References are quoted mentioning the Title of author and the year of publication like (Ramesh, 2011). Some times references comes first the author title is mentioned first and then the year of publication in parenthesis. For example, Mr. Ramesh (2011) has developed the theoretical model on drying of food grains. When the paper/book, etc is written by two authors, titles of both authors followed by the year of publication are mentioned in the reference. For example Shukla and Patil (2010) or at the end of the text (Shukla and Patil, 2010) are referred in the text. When there are more than two authors, title of first author followed by et. al., followed by year of publication is referred in the text. For example Shukla, et. al. (2010).

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chapter 3 is materials and methods of experiments design, mathematical modeling and theoretical aspect of problem, material used for construction and experimentations. Experimental procedures and methodologies used are described in such a way that if any one wants to repeat those methods or experiments can do on reading the

texts. It should be simple and understandable language. Clarity is must in explanation. This chapter will follow the same rule for preparation of text as explained in earlier chapter.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This is chapter 4 on the results and discussion. Similar to previous chapters, this chapter is also written and prepared. Only derived or obtained or observed results are mentioned in the text. Why and how the results are behaving, giving the reason and justifications for the same is discussion. Discussion is must for any results.

REFERENCES
References are arranged in alphabetical order. The alphabetical order is considered with title (Surname) of authors. Examples of references arrangement are given below: For Journals, single author Shukla. B.D. (2011). Drying of small cardamom. Int. J. of Drying. 5 (8). 256-270 For multiple authors Shukla. B.D., Patil. R.T., Singh. K.K. (2011). Drying of small cardamom. Int. J. of Drying. 5 (8). 256-270. For two or multiple publications in the same year by the same author (s) Shukla. B.D., Patil. R.T., Singh. K.K. (2011a), , etc. Shukla. B.D., Patil. R.T., Singh. K.K. (2011b), ..etc Shukla. B.D., Patil. R.T.,, Singh. K.K. (2011a), .., etc For book Shukla. B.D., Patil. R.T. (2011). Drying of Food Crops. Second Edition. University Science Press. New Delhi. Note: REFERENCE chapter has no number. It is placed after chapter 4, \RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For unknown author Anonymous. (2011). Mathematical modeling of drying processes. www.drying. Model. Org. etc.

Note: All the references in alphabetical order will be mentioned in chapter REFERENCES. All listed references must be quoted in the text and vice versa. No extra reference which has not been quoted in the text or listed in the REFERENCE chapter should be mentioned anywhere. Maintaining uniformity in preparation of Project Report in an art and that requires careful writing. APPENDICES Appendices are mentioned in the last. Appendices contain raw data, processing of data, deriving the results, modeling of problem, mathematical calculations details, drawing and figures references, definitions etc, all details are given appendices.