Title

Term Paper: Digital Camera Image Capture Technology

Course Code : CSE 410 Date of Allotment : 22/08/2011 NAME:- VIJENDRA SINGH Students Roll No.: RK2113 Course Tutor (if applicable) : Sankar K. Srivatsa Date of submission : 11/10/2011 Regd. NO.: - 11105375 Section No. : K-2113

A-26

Content of Homework should start from this page only: Contents:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Abstract Introduction Image of digital camera back and front side Types of digital camera Functions Advantages of digital camera Disadvantages of digital camera Reference Comments

Abstract:- A digital camera is a device basically used in iphones , PDA , camera phones just to capture
pictures by using pixels. This type of camera is meeting the need of costless recording, freely reproducing and instantly transmitting. We live in a environment where image capturing is not just a requirement but a need Where image capturing is a life routine. During the last half decade, captured images have come to underpin crucial elements of ongoing private and public discourse; digital image capture has become a ubiquitous adjunct to memory and a pervasively accepted mode of connection and correspondence. Basically the digitally captured images are whereas going far more better that the normal roll film images..Basically use of these cameras came to existence just because of the quality picture they provide over the roll film images.

Keywords: Digital camera, Types of digital camera, advantages of digital camera, disadvantages of digital
camera, function.

INTRODUCTION
The digital camera is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. In the field f digital photography we use it most. Basically the use of digital camera came to use in the era of 21st century. To enhance the picture quality the high technology is used like CMOS. CMOS image sensors can benefit conventional camera systems by enabling more efficient implementations of several applications such as motion estimation, video stabilization, and video compression, and of new applications such as multiple captures for enhancing dynamic quality of the images.

Now the Digital camera were use by us and the modern technology were used is quite awesome as well as the modernization of the cameras were also implemented by developing the cameras into new kind of shapes and sizes. While modernizing the cameras the manufacturing companies added and subtracted some of the features into a specific type of a model of a camera for example if we see a digital camera of Samsung has a specific type of features whereas the same camera of Nikon has different type of features. Again for an instance a compact digital camera is ideal for occasional spontaneous photography on location it would be hopeless when used in a formal photographic studio to capture a painting. Basically the price offered by the companies decide that what type features should be installed to a camera.

Now if we come to see the traditional analogue camera which were used years ago were used now a days but the developing area is he field of digital camera. Today's digital cameras are being developed at break-neck speed at the forefront of technical innovation. But for the manufacturing companies developing technology day by day is becoming a costly affair. which has led to digital cameras holding a premium price for a short period before they in turn become delegated to second rate by a new crop of cameras. For a fact that the older ones are replaced by the new ones within a specific time period. In contrast Nikon's flagship analogue manual focus camera, the F3 was introduced in 1980 and discontinued 21 years later in 2001. Now these rapid development of cameras always replace the older ones with a higher valve of prices but the price is expected to come down i.e. the price falls rapidly

Figure 1: - Camera image Front and back side

TYPES OF DIGITAL CAMERAS

1. Compact digital cameras:- These are known as the point and shoot camera. Basically designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" use. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size. 2. Bridge cameras:- These cameras are higher end cameras. These digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.

Figure 2:- Lens and mounting of a large-format camera.

FUNCTION
The camera is the image-forming device, and photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the sensing medium. The respective recording medium can be the film itself, or a digital electronic or magnetic memory. Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material (such as film) to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on film) or "raw file" (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD)

or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on paper or film. The camera (or 'camera obscura') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used. A general principle known from the birth of photography is that the smaller the camera, the brighter the image. This meant that as soon as photographic materials became sensitive enough (fast enough) to take candid or what were called genre pictures, small detective cameras were used, some of them disguised as a tie pin that was really a lens, as a piece of luggage or even a pocket watch (the Ticka camera).

Figure 3: - A modern camera This s is a modern camera and very common now a days. With a sleek body and the simple operation but end with up high quality of picture.

Figure 4:- A portable folding reflector positioned to "bounce" sunlight onto a model

Now here we have an example of implementation of modern technology and the use of side instrumentsthe spot boy is using a portable folding reflector positioned to bounce sunlight onto a model. Now a days to increase the performances we Here we have a performance chart. In all but certain specialized cameras, the process of obtaining a usable exposure must involve the use, manually or automatically, of a few controls to ensure the photograph is clear, sharp and well illuminated. The controls usually include but are not limited to the following: Control Focus Aperture Description The adjustment to place the sharpest focus where it is desired on the subject. Adjustment of the lens opening, measured as f-number, which controls the amount of light passing through the lens. Aperture also has an effect on depth of field and diffraction the higher the f-number, the smaller the opening, the less light, the greater the depth of field, and the more the diffraction blur. The focal length divided by the f-number gives the effective aperture diameter. Adjustment of the speed (often expressed either as fractions of seconds or as an angle, with mechanical shutters) of the shutter to control the amount of time during which the imaging medium is exposed to light for each exposure. Shutter speed may be used to control the amount of light striking the image plane; 'faster' shutter speeds (that is, those of shorter duration) decrease both the amount of light and the amount of image blurring from motion of the subject and/or camera. On digital cameras, electronic compensation for the color temperature associated with a given set of lighting conditions, ensuring that white light is registered as such on the imaging chip and therefore that the colors in the frame will appear natural. On mechanical, film-based cameras, this function is served by the operator's choice of film stock or with color correction filters. In addition to using white balance to register natural coloration of the image, photographers may employ white balance to aesthetic end, for example white balancing to a blue object in order to obtain a warm color temperature. Measurement of exposure so that highlights and shadows are exposed according to the photographer's wishes. Many modern cameras meter and set exposure automatically. Before automatic exposure, correct exposure was accomplished with the use of a separate light metering device or by the photographer's knowledge and experience of gauging correct settings. To translate the amount of light into a usable aperture and shutter speed, the meter needs to adjust for the sensitivity of the film or sensor to light. This is done by setting the "film speed" or ISO sensitivity into the meter. Traditionally used to "tell the camera" the film speed of the selected film on film cameras, ISO speeds are employed on modern digital cameras as an indication of the system's gain from light to numerical output and to control the automatic exposure system. The higher the ISO number the greater the film sensitivity to light, whereas with a lower ISO number, the film is less sensitive to light. A correct combination of ISO speed, aperture, and shutter speed leads to an image that is neither too dark nor too light, hence it is 'correctly exposed,' indicated by a centered meter.

Shutter speed

White balance

Metering

ISO speed

Autofocus point

On some cameras, the selection of a point in the imaging frame upon which the auto-focus system will attempt to focus. Many Single-lens reflex cameras (SLR) feature multiple autofocus points in the viewfinder.

Many other elements of the imaging device itself may have a pronounced effect on the quality and/or aesthetic effect of a given photograph; among them are

Focal length and type of lens (normal, long focus, wide angle, telephoto, macro, fisheye, or zoom) Filters placed between the subject and the light recording material, either in front of or behind the lens Inherent sensitivity of the medium to light intensity and color/wavelengths. The nature of the light recording material, for example its resolution as measured in pixels or grains of silver halide.

One picture is worth more than ten thousand words These word called by Anonymous
Digital image: - A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colours, heights, opacities etc Digital Image Processing: - Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks: Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for autonomous machine perception Some argument about where image processing ends and fields such as image analysis and computer vision start. The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes.

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing: -

Advantages of Digital Camera

First the good news. Digital camera advantages are plenty, and they are applicable to everyone, right from amateur photographers to professional shutterbugs. Here's how:

Eliminates Film Processing: This is probably the most significant of all digital camera advantages. No longer do you have to waste your time and energy in developing the roll of film in a dark room. With digital cameras, you simply click the picture and transfer it to your computer using the camera's data cable. If you wish to print it, you can take it to the photo store in a CD and get it printed instantly. It's as simple as that! Massive Photo Storage: Digital cameras can easily store up to 10,000 photos, depending on the size of the memory card. This completely outweighs the storage capacity of traditional roll film cameras. Operating Speed: In case of earlier cameras, one always had to wind the film after clicking a photograph. This led to a certain amount of time delay and inconvenience. No such activity is required in case of digital cameras. You simply click, click, and click! Face Detection: High-end digital cameras have been meticulously designed for face detection through the camera lens. Hence you can say goodbye to all those blurry faces and red-eye photographs! Motion Detection: These days, high-end digital cameras also come equipped with inbuilt motion detection mechanisms which adjust moving images and thereby avoid blurriness. This becomes particularly useful when clicking pictures of moving objects; for example, a horse race or a football match in progress. Night Modes: Clicking pictures in the dark or in dim-lit surroundings has become much easier, thanks to special night mode features that are commonly available in today's digital cameras. Easy Image Editing: Digital images can be edited with ease. Image editing software are easily and widely available and they allow you to tweak the photograph as per your wish and requirement. Viewing Screens: Digital cameras have viewing screens on the camera body which allow you to view the image as soon as you have clicked it. If you do not like it, you can simply delete it then and there. Isn't that great? Video Recording: Today, most digital cameras come fully-equipped with inbuilt video recording features. So if you come across something that you would prefer to record rather than click, you can easily do it using the same camera.

Waterproof: These days, there are many waterproof digital cameras which allow you to indulge in underwater photography. Now you can enjoy viewing all those corals and capture them on camera too! Total VFM: Digital cameras are extremely cost-effective, adaptable, and offer total VFM (value for money). Besides, they are constantly being upgraded with new features, thanks to continuous technological advances.

Disadvantages of Digital Cameras

There are two sides to every coin. Similarly, there are a few drawbacks or disadvantages of digital cameras as well. These are some of them:

Personal Preference: Professional photographers who are used to working with roll film cameras are sometimes reluctant to switch over to digital cameras. Although this cannot be termed as a disadvantage as such, it does become a case of personal preference. Memory Card Problems: All the photographs, video clips, etc., are stored on a memory card. In certain rare cases, the memory card can become corrupt or can develop other problems which can result in loss of data. Higher Cost: High-end, fully-loaded digital cameras tend to be a little bit costly as compared to roll film cameras. Battery Consumption: Battery consumption is much more faster in case of digital cameras. This makes it necessary to keep a few spare batteries in hand, especially during lengthy photo sessions.

These were some of the advantages and disadvantages of digital cameras. Though it is evident that digital camera advantages significantly outweigh their disadvantages, choosing between digital and roll film cameras remains a personal decision. Reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. www.en.wikipedia.org www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk www. forums.cnet.com www.isl.stanford.edu www. micro.magnet.fsu.edu E. R. Fossum, \Digital camera system on a chip," 18, pp. 8{15, May-June 1998.} M. J. Loinaz, K. J. Singh, A. J. Blanksby, D. A. Inglis, K. Azadet, and B. D. Ackland, \A 200mW 3:3VCMOS color camera IC producing 352 288 24-b video at 30 frames/s," IEEE Journal of SolidState Circuits 33, pp. 2092{2103, December 1998. www.osun.org

8.

Comments :Digital camera is the main device used in the field of digital photography. The traditional analogue cameras that are in use today. Digital cameras are so expensive but with help of these screening and photography done easily. Digital cameras are applicable to everyone, right from amateur photographers to professional shutterbugs. Digital cameras can easily store up to 10,000 photos, depending on the size of the memory card. High-end digital cameras have been meticulously designed for face detection through the camera lens. Hence you can say goodbye to all those blurry faces and red-eye photographs! Night mode features that are commonly available in today's digital cameras. As a person whose introduction and early years with photography were with digital cameras, I now shoot mostly with film cameras. To some people this is unfathomable, but in the rush to embrace new technology, many are quite keen to deny older technologies bear any advantages at all. This is fortunately not true, and we now have a rich landscape of creative tools, new and old, with which to select and use as is relevant to our creative needs.

A lot of people would have us believe with with new technological advances, it is an either-or proposal, and that as there are technological advances that all older technology is dead and worthless. This to me is as worrying an attitude as those die-hards, who refuse to embrace new technology at all. For me, shooting film cameras offers me several advantages, some of which may be similar to the reason others still use outdated technologies. With film, one is still able to capture a wider range of tones, not to mention that as you go beyond 35mm photography, larger film formats excel in all areas over a digital camera/ sensor. For many though, I imagine the process is part of the attraction of older, manual instruments, whereby the process/ workflow is more hands on. In the case of photography, this is simply the manual nature of everything, from taking an image without any sort of preview, to actually creating the image in a darkroom with your own hands and actions. This is in stark contrast to modern tools, many of which out a number of obstacles in the way of your control of the object, in the guise of 'helpful' aids which serve frequently to take any choice/ control from your own hands, as you are encouraged to let the machine do it, as someone else designed. In addition, for many, we want to work directly our craft instead of supervising the creation of something via a computer. Lastly, the most worrying trend of the rush to embrace new technologies, and discarding all previous, is that we are being pushed to embrace disposable technologies. The age of electronics is such that when something breaks, you simply buy a new one, in most cases as its simply the most affordable option as opposed to the prohibitive cost of having it repaired. This feeds nicely into a consumer mindset, focussed on constantly buying and replacing. On the flipside of the coin, the film camera I shoot was made in 1967, requires no batteries, and was made of such a high mechanical standard that such a camera (with the occasional service every decade or so, or perhaps every decade or two), that just like a high quality watch, will outlast me. I can understand how digital technologies make day-to-day life easier for someone working within an industry, for example a working professional photographer, but in most cases fail to see why the working practices of of a professional should be adopted wholeheartedly by amateurs and enthusiasts. The French define an amateur as a 'lover of', and I cannot see how better to love something than to strip away all between you and it, and focus on the object of your passion, be that photography, words, music or whatever else. Often the easiest way to strip away all such distraction, is with a manual instrument, which in many cases is the simple analogue instrument, as opposed to the feature-laden technological wonder. I use a DSLR for about 99% of stuff that I get paid for. There's lots of things that I definitely wouldn't go back to shooting with a film camera--digital is a godsend for photographers of, say, pro boxing, which I shoot a lot of. And it *is* easier to manipulate--to make the photo look like what I saw when I took it (to be a good photographer, you still have to be smarter than your camera, and your brain is a better image processor than the one in the camera)--and much simpler to transmit to the client. Some few things even simply look better on digital. However, I also keep a wide variety of film cameras & film lying about. My Leica M3 with a couple of lenses is much more pleasurable to carry about than a hulking DSLR and a megazoom--yeah, I've got 'em, but I prefer to leave them at home and instead zooming with my feet when I'm out having

fun. I also don't fall into the nasty habit of "machine gunning" the shutter when I've only got 36 exposures on a roll of film--or 10/12 when I'm shooting medium format...or 1 with large format. When I lay a large print from medium format black & white film next to a similarly sized digital print, people are always more impressed by the film shot--because the piece of film is simply so much more massive in size than a DSLR sensor and the "pixels" (the molecule-size grains of silver) are so much smaller, it captures much more resolution and gradation between tones. (Yes, I'm skilled at Photoshop--but if your sensor didn't capture the information, PS ain't gonna put it there--all you're doing is making what it did record look a bit better...or faking it.) Because I grew up shooting film, I know how to make my digital shots look so much better in camera--I know about exposure. I often have to explain to young photographers weaned on digital how to pull off a shot that they are trying to execute, as back in the old days, we had to get it right when we took it--you didn't want any nasty surprises when the film came back from the processor! Really, right now we are living in the best of all worlds as far as photography is concerned. Digital has finally gotten to the point where it is as good as 35 mm film--and for some applications, better-and yet there are still plenty of great films being produced or at least still available. To me, it's just like a musician using different guitars. If I want one kind of feel, I'll pull out the digital camera. If I want something that looks a bit different, or if I'm working with someone particularly interesting, I'll make time to run some film through a camera or two as well. If I want convenience and flexibility, I'll turn to the digital camera. If I want ultimate quality, though, I'll still pull out a medium format film camera which will casually destroy the image quality of even the most expensive Canon and Nikon DSLRs. And because everyone started dumping all their film gear back when the "digital is better" boom started, I've got lots of really nice kit that I picked up dirt cheap and a whole freezer full of film scooped up off eBay for pennies ready to run through it! I was doing a shoot yesterday, and the early-20-something stylist asked me if she could put on her Frank Sinatra CD. We both got a laugh out of the idea of someone suggesting to Ol' Blue Eyes that his voice might could use a bit of help from the AutoTune! At the same time, the fact that the music was now stored digitally meant she could carry it around with her physically. So what's the problem? Horses for courses! Use the best tool/recording technology/storage medium for the purpose at hand. And, yes, sometimes that is still film. The HDTV interlaced specifications are broadcast standards that were originally drafted for CRT displays, that used interlaced displays. Well before plasma screens were viable as home consumer products, and LCD TV displays were not even possible at the time. Transforming interlaced TV material to progressive scan format has been the prerogative of PC TV tuner cards almost from the outset, and these were all initially for progressive scan CRT computer monitors. Plasma displays and LCD displays for current large flat screen televisions, use progressive scan for the display, not interlaced scan. The interlaced broadcast signal is transformed, technology as above. The other thing to note is that modern TV cameras used, are in effect progressive scan, and their output has to be transformed into interlaced format for broadcasting. Plasma screens are still being produced in pixel formats that do not go correspond to broadcast standards. Typical is the 1024x768 pixel display. Divide these numbers by 256 and you get 4x3 the

older squarish standard TV aspect ratio. But these displays are 16:9 not 4:3 (12:9), so the pixels cannot be more or less square, they are rectangular. The physical screen pixel is made 16/12 = one and a third times wider than its vertical height, which does not correspond to the square pixel broadcast or on DVDs. The picture processing needs to reconstruct the transformed picture with smooth edges, normal JPEG processing, but it couldn't do that by using successive interlaced frames, it needs the full frame reconstructed as if a progressive scan frame, before starting. The 4:3 conversion has been hard-wired into STB chips for a long time, because of providing the option of a centre section full screen display from a curtained 16:9 raster. One other thing to note. Although labelled HD-Ready such a display cannot display all the 720i/p pixels. Instead of having 1280 pixels per line the picture has been reduced to 1024 pixels per line, so in detailed pictures it has been degraded, and cannot be as good as a display that shows all the 1280x72o pixels broadcast. The 50 and 60 frames per second frame rates were specified in anticipation of the screen refresh rate problem with early plasma displays. They left blurs of slowly decaying past images, in any fast movement in the frame. That is not a problem now, with the latest plasma and LCD screens, and fast processors. (Don't buy obsolescent 480 line displays produced for the USA market) But the fuzzy image that you get on an interlaced CRT television, worked as a sharp enough picture even though the position of a moving object has changed between each half frame. The overlap area of the moving object is reinforced during each half-frame, while the discrete area outside the overlap usually falls below a threshold level that the brain can ignore. Watching a 25/30 frame interlaced broadcast, using almost any digital STB, means that all the edges of moving objects have been cleaned up by the MPEG (JPEG) processing, before they reach the screen. Whatever the source was. So as broadcast, there are two artefacts to consider. There is now generally no change in position of a moving object during each half-frame using an interlaced display, because the full frame picture has been synthesised from a progressive scan camera source. And the edges of moving objects have been cleaned up anyway by the MPEG/JPEG edge processing. As for capturing motion, for example 25 frames per second is perfectly satisfactory for football. Tennis and cricket with balls moving at 100 miles per hour is not a problem at 25 fps. Smooth motion capture of very high speed movement that might require the 50 and 60 frame rates, is so rarely the content of television that these rates are probably redundant. They were not specified for smooth movement, but to overcome the anticipated refresh problems of displays. The brain interprets 25 frames per second as smooth movement. However given long viewing hours, static pictures and close viewing distance, it is easier on the eyes to double that refresh rate - so computer monitors are normally set at 50-60 Hz. or more. When there is a moving picture and more distance, the flicker effect is less, and frame refresh rate can be comfortable at 25 fps, but it is more relaxing over a long period doubled up. I don't think it is capturing movement that makes 50/60 fps better, it is because it is easier on the eyes if long viewing periods are involved. I don't agree with Jack on one point. He writes: "If you bought a similar 42 inch 1080p screen, fed it with a 1080p signal from a high-definition player (Blu-ray or HD DVD) and sat up to 6 feet away, I'd bet you probably could. However, if you were watching standard or HD broadcast television or a DVD movie from 10 feet, I'd bet you probably couldn't." Depends on your eyes, and some people have better than 20/20 vision. I can see the pixels on a 720p 42 inch screen at 8 feet. So I obviously couldn't watch one, and would need 1080i/p for satisfactory viewing.

Submitted by: - VIJENDRA SINGH(11105375) Submitted to: - Sankar K. Srivatsa